臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究是利用去離子水為加工液，並添加不同種類的水溶性化合物對Ti-6V-4Al 鈦合金進行放電加工。在加工進行時，不僅產生高溫的放電火花將工件熔融去除外，還會伴隨著電解反應的發生，使得加工液解離而析出氧分子，與工件表面的鈦分子產生反應形成氧化鈦。此氧化層會造成光的相互干涉而發色，增加美觀之附加價值，且隨著放電電流、放電脈衝時間、工作因子的調變而有所變化。

研究結果顯示不同水溶性化合物的添加不僅能改善工件表面粗糙度外，還會影響表面顏色之變化趨勢。以導電度較低的去離子水與過氧化氫溶液為加工液時，在放電脈衝時間為1μs下，表面有較明顯的色彩且隨著電流的改變而有所不同。以電流1安培之條件所加工的試片呈現紅色，當電流逐漸增加至8安培時，其色彩則轉變為黃色，而當放電脈衝時間拉長時，表面色彩則逐漸混濁不清楚。導電度較高之碳酸氫鈉與氫氧化鈉溶液則有相反地趨勢，在較短的放電脈衝時間下，工件表面的顏色反而呈現灰暗、模糊，而當放電脈衝時間拉長至1000μs時，表面顏色才會呈現黃色。

此方法可在加工中同時進行表面發色處理，不僅可改善工件表面的性質並可提升製程之效率。

In this research, titanium alloy is machined by electric discharge machining (EDM) with different kinds of aqueous solutions addition in deioned water. During the EDM process, the oxygen is produced from the working fluid due to electrolysis phenomenon and then combined with Ti. As the result of this reaction, titanium oxide is generated on the surface of the workpiece. Besides, the machined zone shows different color tone, which can be influenced by the peak current, pulse duration, and duty factor.

The experimental results revealed that aqueous solutions addition can not only improve the surface roughness but also affect the color tone. The workpiece machined in deioned water or hydrogen peroxide solution has evident color which changes with the peak current under the pulse duration 1μs. The color tone turn red to yellow when the peak current is increased from 1A to 8A. However, if the pulse duration is enlarged, color become muddy even in the case of small peak current. On the contrary, when using sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide solution as working fluid, the color tone of the workpiece shows muddy without any color tone until 1000μs.

By mean of this novel method, the surface coloring treatment could be carried out during the machining process, therefore the efficiency of procedure would be enhanced greatly.

目錄

中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖目錄 Ⅶ
表目錄 Ⅹ

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.3 研究目的 8
1.4 論文架構 9

第二章 相關基礎理論介紹 10
2.1 放電加工相關技術 10
2.1.1 放電加工原理 10
2.1.2 放電加工參數 12
2.2 加工液介紹 16
2.3 純水的定義與製造 18
2.3.1 純水之定義 18
2.3.2 純水之製造 18
2.4 鈦合金 20
2.4.1 鈦合金簡介與應用 20
2.4.2 鈦合金的分類 21
2.4.3 鈦合金發色機制 26

第三章 實驗方法與步驟 28
3.1 實驗規劃與流程 28
3.2 實驗設備 30
3.3 實驗材料 35
3.4 鈦合金之放電加工 39

第四章 實驗結果與討論 41
4.1 鈦合金表面粗糙度之探討 41
4.1.1 放電脈衝時間對表面粗糙度的影響 41
4.1.2 放電電流對表面粗糙度的影響 43
4.1.3 工作因子對表面粗糙度的影響 44
4.1.4 不同濃度對表面粗糙度的影響 46
4.1.5 SEM觀察 48
4.2 鈦合金表面色彩之觀察 51
4.2.1 去離子水溶液 51
4.2.2 過氧化氫溶液 55
4.2.3 碳酸氫鈉溶液 59
4.2.4 氫氧化鈉溶液 63
4.2.5 各實驗參數對表面色彩之影響 67
4.3 材料成份之分析 73
4.3.1 ESCA分析 73
4.3.2 EDS分析 75
4.3.3 AES分析 78

第五章 結論 82

第六章 未來展望 84

參考文獻 85

附錄A 88

作者簡歷 94

1.D. F. David, “Biocompativility of Clinical Implant Materials”, Boca Raton, Fla : CRC Press, Vol.1, 1981.
2.C. L. Goh, S. F. Ho, “Contact-dermatitis from dielectric fluids in electrodischarge machining”, Contact Dermatitis, Vol.28, pp.134-138, 1993.
3.T. Masuzawa, “Machining characteristics of E.D.M. using water as a dielectric fluid”, in: Proceedings of the 22nd Machine Tool Design and Research Conference, pp. 441-447, 1981.
4.T. Masuzawa, K. Tanaka, “Water-based dielectric solutuion for EDM”, Annals of the CIRP, Vol.32, No.1, pp. 199-122, 1983.
5.J. Kozak, M. Rozenek, L. Dabrowski, “Study of electrical discharge machining using powder-suspended working media”, in: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium for Electromachining (ISEM), Vol.2, pp.601-610, 2001.
6.W. Konig, L. Jorres, “Aqueous solutions of organic compounds as dielectrics for EDM sinking”, Annals of the CIRP, Vol.36, No.1, pp.105-109, 1987.
7.T. Tanimura, K. Isuzugawa, I. Fujita, A. Iwamoto, T. Kamitani, “Development of EDM in the mist”, in: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium for Electromachining (ISEM), pp.313-316, 1989.
8.M. Kunieda, S. Furuoya, “Improvement of EDM efficiency by supplying oxygen gas into gap”, Annals of the CIRP, Vol.40, No.1, pp.215-218, 1991.
9.X. Ni, J. A. McGeough, C. A. Greateu, “A study of electrical discharges in electrolyte by high speed photography”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol.140, No.13, pp.3505-3512, 1993.
10.Y. Uno, T. Nakajima, M. Okada, “Fundamental study on electrical discharge machining in deionized water”, EDM Technology, Vol.1, pp. 3-11, 1993.
11.J. P. Kruth, L. Stevents, L.Froyen, B.Lauwers, “Study of the white layer of a surface machined by die-sinking electro-discharge machining”, Annals of CIRP, Vol.44, No.1, pp.169-172, 1995.
12.A. Goto, M. Wada, T. Magara, Y. Imai, K. Kobayashi, “Study on high-quality finishing by EDM with nonflammable dielectric fluid”, in: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium for Electromachining(ISEM), Vol.2, pp.455-464, 1995.
13.B. H. Yan, H. C. Tsai, F. Y. Huang, “The effect in EDM of a dielectric of a urea solution in water on modifying the surface of titanium”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol.45 pp.194-200, 2005.
14.J. S. Soni, G. Chakraverti, “Machining characteristics of titanium with rotary electro-discharge machining”, Wear, Vol.171, pp.51-58, 1994.
15.H. Minami, K. Masui, H. Tsukahara, H. Hagino, “Coloring method of titanium alloy using EDM process”, in: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium for Electromachining (ISEM), Vol.2, pp.503-512, 1998.
16.S. L. Chen, B. H. Yan, F. Y. Huang, “Influence of kerosene and distilled water as dielectrics on the electric discharge machining characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V“, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.87, pp.107-111, 1999.
17.Y. C. Lin, B. H. Yan, Y. S. Chang, “Machining characteristics of titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V) using a combination process of EDM with USM”, Journal of Materials Processing, Vol.104, pp.171-177, 2000.
18.H. M. Chow, B. H. Yan, F. Y. Huang, J. C. Hung, “Study of added powder in kerosene for the micro-slit machining of titanium alloy using electro-discharge machining”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.101, pp.95-103, 2000.
19.Z. Wansheng, W. Zhenlong, D. Shichun, C. Guanxin, W. Hongyu, “Ultrasonic and electric discharge machining to deep and small hole on titanium alloy”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.120, pp.101-106, 2002.
20.G. W. Qin, K. Oikawa, G. D. W. Smith, S. M. Hao, “Wire electric discharge machining induced titanium hydride in Ti-46Al-2Cr alloy”, Intermetallics, Vol.11, pp.907-910, 2003.
21.H. Ohmori, K. Katahira, M. Mizutani, J. Komotori, “Investigation on color-finishing process conditions for titanium alloy applying a new electrical grinding process“, Annals of the CIRP, Vol.53, No.1, pp.455-458, 2004.
22.H. P. Godard, “The Corrosion of Light Metals”, New York : Wiley, 1967.
23.柯賢文,“腐蝕及其防治”, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 民國八十三年.
24.H. Geduld, “Anodizing titanium”, Metal Finishing, pp.62-66 1967.
25.J. Alcisto, A. Enriquez, H. Garcia, S. Hinkson, M. Hahn, J. Foyos, J. Ogren, E. E. Lee, O. S. Es-Said, “The effect of thermal history on the color of oxide layers in titanium 6242 alloy”, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol.11, pp.881-816, 2004.
26.張渭川, “圖解放電加工的結構與實用技術”, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 民國八十六年.
27.賴耿陽, “純水•超純水製造法:製程技術與應用系統”, 復漢出版社, 民國七十五年.
28.賴耿陽, “金屬鈦:理論與應用”, 復漢出版社, 民國七十九年.
29.M. J. Donachie, “Titanium : a technical guide”, Metals Park, OH : ASM International, 1988.
30.張永源, “鈦合金加工務實”, 機械工業, Vol.90, pp.146-153, 民國七十九年.
31.余樹楨, “晶體之結構與性質”, 國立編譯館, 民國七十六年.
32.J. L. Delplancke, M. Degrez, A. Fontana, R. Winand, “Self-colour anodizing of titanium”, Surface Technology, Vol.16, pp.153-162, 1982.
33.B. Seeley, “Anodic painting of titanium”, Metal Progress, pp.35-37, 1982.
34.S. V. Gils, P. Mast, E. Stijns, H. Terryn, “Colour properties of barrier anodic oxide films on aluminum and titanium studied with total reflectance and spectroscopic ellipsometry”, Surface & Coatings Technology, Vol.185, pp.303-310, 2004.