臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

高分子聚乙烯基咔唑薄膜式液晶元件上具有許多複雜但有趣的特性，包括了摩擦配向引致液晶導軸排向與高分子主鏈垂直、熱致高分子鏈形變或是相分離等等。本研究主要著重於這些特性並用於製備各式液晶元件。
首先，根據聚乙烯基咔唑薄膜其摩擦配向方向與液晶導軸排向垂直的特性來開發三種放射配向液晶元件。特別是此元件的製程非常簡便、快速、便宜，更重要的是它適於大尺寸應用。元件的性能已經經過詳細測試，結果顯示此放射狀配向元件具有高度熱穩定性，並且在可見光波段沒有光損耗。另外我們可以藉由外加電壓來改變此元件內液晶的排向。因此，本元件可用來電控雷射光束的偏振或強度分佈。
我們的研究顯示聚乙烯基咔唑薄膜上的液晶配向可以用熱來切換，所選用的液晶決定了配向切換的起始溫度，這切換發生的原因是高分子側鏈受熱能的微布朗運動，此微布朗運動，會使得延著側鏈方向的自發性偶極配向力消失，最終冷卻到室溫後液晶分子將與高分子主鏈(摩擦方向)平行排列。由於高相變點液晶的切換能高於低相變點液晶，我們可以選擇適合的液晶來改善元件的熱穩定度。根據此特性，我們建立一個熱的梯度變化來製備線型與同心圓狀偏振旋轉器，這兩個偏振旋轉器性質均已詳細的檢驗，實驗與模擬結果非常吻合，因而証實了偏振轉換器的液晶配向分佈為連續的扭轉。
我們的研究成果也證實聚乙烯基咔唑會與各向同性態液晶互溶，冷卻到液晶相時會相分離。因為此特殊的製程，我們把此方法命名為特殊相分離法。製作出的樣品呈現出強烈散射，並可利用外加電壓來切換成透明態，因此，此元件可用作電控液晶光閥，且具備許多的優點，如低操作電壓、微米級的快速反應時間、偏振獨立，與高對比度(~300:1)。最後，根據這些基板的表面形貌，發現散射態的成因是由於粗糙表面引致液晶亂排列造成。
最後，我們在液晶盒內攙加少量的偶氮染料來改變液晶與聚乙烯基咔唑薄膜間的相分離過程。因為偶氮染料在照光下產生光致熱效應與光致同分異構化反應，這兩種反應可調變液晶與聚乙烯基咔唑間的溶解度與相分離過程。因此，我們可以利用不同的光強度控制高分子聚乙烯基咔唑薄膜式液晶元件的散射程度，製作出的元件可達成多個穩定態，其穩定的穿透度介於百分之0.1到百分之41.2之間。此外，可藉由特殊熱致相分離處理將各穩態切換回到原本的散射態。此機制可被用來製作光控液晶顯示器，或其他具有節能、多穩態特性的元件上。

Polymer-poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) film-based liquid crystal (LC) devices have complex, but interesting properties, which include rubbing induced the LC alignment being perpendicular to the main chain of the polymer, thermal-induced deformation of polymer chains, phase separation, and so on. This study mainly focuses on these properties and their uses for fabricating LC devices.
First, three radial LC devices have been developed according to the property of the rubbing direction being perpendicular to the LC director on a PVK film. Notably, the fabrication of these devices is easy, fast, and inexpensive. More importantly it is suitable for large-scale device fabrication. The performances of the devices have been examined in detail. The results indicate the radially aligned devices have high thermal stability, and exhibit no optical loss in the visible range. In addition, we can change the LC alignment by applying a voltage. Thus, the devices can be used to modulate the strength and polarization profile of a laser beam electrically.
Our investigations indicate LCs aligned by a PVK film can be switched thermally. The selected LC determines the onset temperature required to switch the LC alignment. The cause of the switching is due to the thermally-induced micro-Brownian motion of the side chains of the polymer. Such a micro-Brownian motion of the side chains causes the reduction of the spontaneous polarization along the side chains, which aligns LC molecules. Finally, LCs align parallel to the polymer main-chain (rubbing direction) after being cooled to the room temperature. Because the required thermal energy of a LC with a higher clearing temperature (Tc) is higher than that with a lower Tc, we can choose the proper LCs to improve the thermal stability of the device. Based on these properties, we establish a thermal gradient to fabricate linear and concentric polarization rotators. The properties of both the polarization rotators have been examined in detail. The experimental results agree well with the simulated ones confirming that the LC alignment of the polarization rotators present a continual twist.
Our investigations also verify that the PVK can be dissolved in an isotropic LC. Because of the specific process involved, we name such a method as a particular thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). The fabricated sample presents highly scattering and can be switched to the transparent state by applying a voltage. Thus, the device can be used as an electrically controllable LC light shutter, which possesses numerous good features, such as low driving voltage, fast response, independent of polarization, and high contrast ratio (~300:1). Finally, based on the surface morphologies of these substrates, we find that the cause of the scattering state is due to the rough surface inducing random alignments of the LCs.
Finally, we find that the azo dye doped in a LC cell can be used to change the phase separation processes of the LCs and PVK films. Because of photo-induced thermal and photoisomerization effects resulting from the doped azo dye, the two effects can modulate the solubility and phase separation process between the DDLCs and PVK. Thus, we can control the scattering performance of the PVK film-based LC device with light intensity. Experimentally, it is found that the device can achieve several stable states with transmittance ranging from 0.1％ to 41.2％. Moreover, the particular TIPS mentioned above can be used to reverse the stable states back to the original scattering state. Thus, the mechanism can be applied for uses as optically controllable LC displays or other devices having features of low power consumption and multi-stability.

摘要 I
Abstract IV
Acknowledgement VII
Contents VIII
List of tables XIII
List of figures XIV
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preface 1
1.2 Liquid crystals 3
1.2.1 History of liquid crystals 3
1.2.2 Category of liquid crystals 4
1.2.3 Physics of nematic liquid crystals 8
1.2.4 External influences on liquid crystals 16
1.2.5 LC alignment-Rubbing 20
1.3 Azo dyes 27
1.3.1 Photo-isomerization 27
1.3.2 Light-induced thermal effect 28
Chapter 2 Device relating theory 30
2.1 The transmissive modes of LC cell 30
2.1.1 Twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystals 30
2.1.2 Homogeneous alignment mode 33
2.1.3 Vertical alignment (VA) mode 35
2.1.4 Hybrid aligned nematic (HAN) mode 36
2.1.5 Axially-symmetry aligned mode 37
2.2 Organic polymers-Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) 40
2.2.1 Liquid crystal alignment based on the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) film 40
2.2.2 Relaxation and thermodynamics in polymers 42
2.2.3 Thermally-switched liquid crystal alignments based on the micro-Brownian motion 47
2.2.4 Photoconductivity of the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) 50
2.3 The scattering mode LC light shutters 52
2.3.1 The phase separation methods of PDLC 52
2.3.2 Scattering properties of liquid crystal/polymer composites 59
2.3.3 Light scattering-Orientational fluctuations 61
2.4 Photo-induced molecular reorientation 65
2.4.1 Jánossy Effect: Positive Torque 65
2.4.2 Gibbons’ model: Negative Torque 66
Chapter 3 Experiment preparations 68
3.1 Materials used 68
3.1.1 Liquid crystals 68
3.1.2 Organic polymer-Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) 70
3.1.3 Azo dye-Disperse red 1 (DR1) 71
3.2 Fabrications of samples 73
3.3 Analyzing tools 77
3.3.1 Polarized optical microscope (POM) 77
3.3.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 78
3.3.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 80
3.3.4 Alpha-step profilometer 81
3.3.5 Temperature controller 82
3.3.6 Thermal imager 83
Chapter 4 Alignment effects based on the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) film and its applications 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Radial LC alignment 88
4.2.1 Reviews of the axially symmetric LC alignment 88
4.2.2 Experiments 89
4.2.3 Results and discussions 91
4.3 Thermally-switched LC alignments 99
4.3.1 Reviews of the thermally-switched LC alignments 99
4.3.2 Experiments 100
4.3.3 Results and discussions 101
4.4 Conclusions 109
Chapter 5 Phase separation induced LC scattering based on the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) films 111
5.1 Particular thermally induced phase separation and its application 111
5.1.1 Reviews of the particular thermally induced phase separation 111
5.1.2 Experiments 112
5.1.3 Results and discussions 113
5.2 Optically controllable light scattering based on dye-doped liquid
crystals 125
5.2.1 Reviews of the optically controllable light scattering 125
5.2.2 Experiments 127
5.2.3 Results and discussions 128
5.3 Conclusions 141
Chapter 6 Conclusions and future works 143
6.1 Conclusions 143
6.2 Future works 147
References 149
List of publications 163

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