臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗之研究目的，在於探討以不同溶劑萃取廢棄檸檬果皮之萃取物中，其抗氧化活性及抗氧化成分 (包括總酚與總類黃酮之含量)。結果顯示，檸檬皮之最適萃取條件為：15倍溶劑量、40℃之萃取溫度及60分鐘之萃取時間。溶劑萃取率之排序為甲醇＞水＞乙醇。在本研究中，將不同組別之萃取物作為樣品以進行抗氧化活性實驗之分析，包括檸檬皮甲醇萃取物 (ME)、檸檬皮乙醇萃取物 (EE)、檸檬皮水萃取物 (WE) 以及酸化檸檬皮甲醇萃取物 (AcME)。在總酚及總類黃酮含量的結果顯示，皆以ME中的含量為最高，分別為70.52 ± 0.77 GAE mg/g dm以及65.51 ± 0.08 QE mg/g dm。另外，在2000 ppm的濃度下，AcME有較高的抗氧化活性，其還原力、Trolox當量抗氧化能力以及鐵離子還原力皆為最高，分別為OD700nm = 2.64、58.96%以及OD593nm = 1.114。在DPPH自由基清除能力方面，500 ppm之AcME清除能力與BHA接近，但在亞鐵離子螯合能力方面低於EE。檸檬果皮中含有極豐富的抗氧化成分。然而，若先將果皮以加熱酸化處理後再以甲醇萃取，其萃取物之抗氧化活性為最高。因此AcME應具有作為天然抗氧化劑之潛力。將各組萃取物以HPLC分析其機能性成分，可以發現在酚類及類黃酮化合物部分是以hesperetin含量最多，其次為naringin、p-coumaric acid及ferulic acid；在多甲氧基黃酮化合物方面則是以nobiletin含量最多，其次為sinensetin及tangeretin。在AcME中發現，酸化處理過後確實會使5-OH Nobiletin的含量增加。接著以不同濃度之AcME添加於市售之黃豆油中以室溫儲藏6個月，以探討AcME作為天然抗氧化劑的實用性。藉由測定酸價、過氧化價、羰基價、介電常數、色澤及脂肪酸組成檢測油脂氧化安定性。結果顯示，AcME (2000 ppm) 組有好的氧化安定性，且AcME (2000 ppm) 之抗氧化性與BHA (200 ppm) 組接近。因此，本研究認為AcME應可添加在食用油中作為天然抗氧化劑。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidative activity and antioxidative components (including phenolics content and flavonoids content) of waste lemon peels (Citrus limon) extracts with different solvent extractions. Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of lemon peels were: solvent ratio of 15/1 (v/w), extraction temperature of 40℃ and extraction time of 60 min. The order of extraction yield was methanol > water > ethanol. In this study, the extracts of different groups including lemon peels methanol extract (ME), lemon peels ethanol extract (EE), lemon peels water extract (WE) and the acidification lemon peels methanol extract (AcME) were used for the analysis of antioxidative activity. The ME had the hightest total phenolics content and the total flavonoids content which was 70.52 ± 0.77 GAE mg/g dm and 65.51 ± 0.08 QE mg/g dm, respectively. On the other hand, when the sample concentration was at 2000 ppm, the AcME showed the highest antioxidative activity. The reducing power, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of AcME was OD700nm = 2.64, 58.96% and OD593nm = 1.114, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of AcME was similar to BHA at 500 ppm, but the ferrous ion chelating capacity was lower than that of EE. The lemon peels were rich in antioxidative components. Nevertheless, when lemon peels treated with heating and acidification then extraction by methanol, the highest antioxidative activity of extract was found. Therefore, AcME may be used as a natural antioxidants. The major phenolics compounds of lemon peels extract were hesperetin, naringin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Moreover, the major polymethoxylflavones of lemon peels extracts were nobiletin, sinensetin and tangeretin. Lemon peels treated with acidification indeed could increase the content of 5-OH nobiletin. In addition, the AcME was added in soybean oils with different concentrations, and store at room temperature for six months. This test was investigated the feasibility of AcME as a natural antioxidants. The oxidation stability of oils was determined by acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), carbonyl value (CV), dielectric constant, color value and fatty acid compositions. Results showed that the AcME (2000 ppm) group has a good oxidation stability. The antioxidative activity of AcME (2000 ppm) group was similar to BHA at 200 ppm. Therefore, this study suggested that AcME may be used as a natural antioxidant added in edible oils.

頁次
摘要 I
英文摘要 III
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 X
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理 3
一、檸檬 3
(一) 科學分類 3
(二) 栽種型態 3
(三) 來源與分布 3
(四) 藥性 5
二、檸檬果皮之化學成分 5
(一) 精油 (essantial oil) 5
(二) 類黃酮 (flavonoids) 5
(三) 多甲氧基黃酮 (polymethoxylated flavones, PMFs) 5
(四) 維生素C (vitamin C) 8
(五) 檸檬酸 (citric acid) 8
三、酸化處理 10
四、萃取 11
(一) 攪拌萃取 11
(二) 超音波萃取 11
(三) 超臨界萃取 11
五、抗氧化活性 12
(一) 自由基的產生 12
(二) 自由基的種類 12
(三) 自由基的危害 13
(四) 抗氧化防禦系統 14
六、油脂的氧化作用 (lipid oxidation) 17
(一) 氧化機制介紹 17
(二) 氫過氧化物裂解機制 23
(三) 聚合作用 24
(四) 油脂劣變的主要產物 26
參、實驗架構 27
一、樣品前處理 27
二、酸化處理 27
三、萃取條件探討 28
四、抗氧化成分及活性探討 29
五、檸檬皮萃取物之應用 30
肆、材料與方法 31
一、試驗材料 31
二、儀器設備 32
三、試驗方法 33
(一) 樣品前處理 33
(二) 酸化處理 33
(三) 萃取 33
(四) 機能性成分之分析 34
(五) 抗氧化性之分析 34
(六) 以HPLC鑑定檸檬果皮萃取物之抗氧化性成分 36
(七) 檸檬皮萃取物之應用 38
四、統計分析 41
伍、結果與討論 42
一、不同萃取條件對檸檬皮萃取物產率之影響 42
二、檸檬皮萃取物抗氧化能力之比較 42
(一) 機能性化合物含量分析 42
(二) 還原力 45
(三) 亞鐵離子螯合能力 45
(四) DPPH自由基清除能力 48
(五) Trolox當量抗氧化能力 (TEAC) 測定 48
(六) 鐵離子還原力 (FRAP) 測定 48
三、檸檬果皮萃取物之抗氧化性成分分析 54
(一) 酚酸及類黃酮之定性與定量 54
(二) 多甲氧基黃酮之定性與定量 60
四、檸檬皮萃取物之應用 64
(一) 氧化安定性 64
(二) 油脂品質指標 64
陸、結論 80
柒、參考文獻 82

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