臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西元132年的古中國，張衡建構世界上最早的測震儀器，名為候風地動儀，此儀器不但可以感應地震的發生，亦可以測出地震的方向。由於現有的史料對於內部構形描述不清，且無實物流傳，因此，對於候風地動儀需要進一步探討。本研究的目的，即系統化地進行張衡地動儀感震機構的復原設計。
本研究首先回顧張衡地動儀的歷史文獻資料與現有的復原設計，探討地震波、斷層面解、以及西方地震儀器的發展，進而釐清張衡地動儀感震機構的設計原理。接著，提出一套系統化的復原方法，首先基於文獻回顧，訂定出張衡地動儀的設計需求，再根據機構一般化與特殊化的概念，合成出所有符合當代科學理論與工藝技術的可行張衡地動儀感震機構。本研究並以連桿機構與繩索滑輪機構為例，分別合成出8個與1個五桿六接頭，以及26個與6個六桿八接頭之可行張衡地動儀感震機構；根據推論，所有可行的復原設計之中，應有真正的張衡地動儀內部機構。
本研究所提出之復原方法，可系統化合成出所有的張衡地動儀感震機構，在還沒有更具體的證據之前，此一方法提供合理的依據來復原張衡地動儀的感震機構。

In 132 AD, the earliest earthquake instrument in the world named Hou Feng Di Dong Yi was invented by Zhang Heng in ancient China. This instrument was designed to indicate not only the occurrence of an earthquake but also the direction to its source. However, the relevant literary description is so brief that it is difficult to realize the actual structure of the mechanism inside the seismoscope. Moreover, there are no survived historical remains today for providing evidence to trace Zhang Heng’s seismoscope. Hence, the aim of this work is to reconstruct the detecting mechanism of Zhang Heng’s seismoscope.
The historical archives and existing reconstruction designs of Zhang Heng’s seismoscope are reviewed. Seismic wave, fault-plane solution, and the development of ancient earthquake instruments are investigated for defining the design specifications of Zhang’s seismoscope. A reconstruction design approach for the lost Zhang Heng’s seismoscope is proposed. Based on literature review, the design requirements of Zhang Heng’s seismoscope are concluded and defined. Then, according to the concepts of generalization and specialization of mechanisms, all feasible Zhang Heng’s seismoscope designs that are in accordance with the science theories and techniques of the subject’s time period are recreated. Based on linkage mechanisms and rope-and-pulley mechanisms, four design examples are provided for tracing the detecting mechanism of Zhang Heng’s seismoscope. For linkage-type Zhang Heng’s seismoscope, 8 and 26 feasible designs are resulted from those with five members and six joints as well as with six members and eight joints, respectively. For rope-and-pulley-type Zhang Heng’s seismoscope, 1 and 6 feasible designs are resulted from those with five members and six joints as well as with six members and eight joints, respectively.
The approach developed in this work provides a logical foundation for reconstructing Zhang Heng’s seismoscope. Before new and solid evidences are found, it is believed that one of above the reconstruction designs is possible to be the detecting mechanism of Zhang Heng’s seismoscope.

摘要(ABSTRACT in Chinese) I
ABSTRACT II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III
CONTENTS IV
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF FIGURES VII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1-1 Motivation 1
1-2 Objectives 4
1-3 Dissertation Organization 5
Chapter 2 Historical Developments 7
2-1 Zhang Heng the Man 7
2-2 Historical Records and Reconstruction Designs 10
2-3 Linkage Mechanisms 19
2-4 Rope-and-pulley Mechanisms 24
2-5 Summary 28
Chapter 3 Investigation of Seismology 30
3-1 Developments of Seismology 30
3-2 Seismic Waves 34
3-3 Fault-plane Solution 38
3-4 Summary 43
Chapter 4 Development of Ancient Earthquake Instruments 45
4-1 Ancient Seismometers 45
4-2 Development of Ancient Earthquake Instruments 49
4-3 Comparisons 57
4-4 Summary 58
Chapter 5 Reconstruction Design of Zhang Heng’s Seismoscope 60
5-1 Design Requirements 60
5-2 Reconstruction Design 64
5-3 Summary 68
Chapter 6 Examples of Reconstruction Design 69
6-1 Example 1: Linkage Mechanisms and with Five Members 69
6-2 Example 2: Linkage Mechanisms and with Six Members 75
6-3 Example 3: Rope-and-pulley Mechanisms and with Five Members 84
6-4 Example 4: Rope-and-pulley Mechanisms and with Six Members 88
6-5 Summary 95
Chapter 7 Prototyping 96
7-1 Detail Design of Links 96
7-2 Computer Simulation 96
7-3 Prototype 100
Chapter 8 Conclusions and Suggestions 102
REFERENCES 105
VITA 110
自述 111
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 112

1.Lin, T. Y., A Systematic Reconstruction Design of Ancient Chinese Escapement Regulators (in Chinese), Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2001.
林聰益，古中國擒縱調速器之系統化復原設計，博士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學系，台南，台灣，2001年。
2.Chen, C. W., Systematic Reconstruction Design of South Pointing Chariots (in Chinese), Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2006.
陳俊瑋，指南車之系統化復原設計，博士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學系，台南，台灣，2006年。
3.Yan, H. S., “Technology of Ancient Chinese Machines and Mechanisms,” A tutorial at 2004 ASME International DETC & CIE Conferences, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 2004.
4.Lin, T. Y. and Yan, H. S., “Approach and Procedure for Reconstruction Research for Ancient Machinery (in Chinese)”, Journal of Guangxi University of Nationalities, Natural Science Edition, Nanning, Guangxi, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 37-42, 2006.
林聰益，顏鴻森，“古機械復原研究的方法與程序”，廣西民族大學學報，自然科學版，廣西，第12卷，第37-42頁，2006年。
5.Fan Ye (Eastern Jin Dynasty), The History of the Later Han Dynasty (in Chinese), Ding Wen Publishing House, Taipei, 1977.
范曄[東晉]，後漢書，鼎文出版社，台北，1977年。
6.Feng, R., Wu, Y. X., and Zhu, T., “Research on the Historical Records and Reconstruction Models of Zhang Heng’s Seismometer,” Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, Beijing, Vol. 25, Suppl., pp. 34-52, 2006.
馮銳，伍玉霞，朱濤，“地動儀的史料和模型研究”，自然科學史研究，北京，第25卷(增刊)，第34-52頁，2006年。


7.Wang, Z. D., Ke Ji Kao Gu Lun Cong (Papers in Technical Archarology) (in Chinese), Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing, 1963.
王振鐸，科技考古論叢，文物出版社，北京，1936年。
8.Lu, J. Y., History of Chinese Machines (in Chinese), Ancient Chinese Machinery Cultural Foundation (Tainan, Taiwan), Yue Yin Publishing House, Taipei, 2003.
陸敬嚴，中國機械史，中華古機械文教基金會(台南，台灣)，越吟出版社，台北，2003年。
9.Imamura, A., Zhi Na Wen Hua Cong (in Japanese), Ming Qu Publishing House, Tokyo, 1942.
10.Milne, J., Earthquakes and other Earth Movements, Appleton, New York, 1886.
11.Wang, Z. D., “Conjecture of Zheng Heng’s Seismoscope,” Yenching University Journal of Chinese Studies (in Chinese), Beijing, Vol. 20, pp. 577-586, 1936
王振鐸，“漢張衡候風地動儀造法之推測”，燕京學報，第20卷，北京，第577-586 頁，1936年。
12.Imamura, A., “Tokyo and His Seismoscope,” Japanese Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, Vol. 16, No. 2-3, pp. 37-41, 1939.
13.Bolt, B. A., Earthquakes: a Primer, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1978.
14.Sleeswyk, A. W., and Sivin, V., “Dragons and toads, the Chinese Seismoscope of A.D. 132,” Chinese Science, Philadelphia, Vol. 6, pp. 1-19, 1983.
15.Lee, Z. C., Tian Ren Gu Yi (in Chinese), Elephant Publishing Hous, Zhengzhou, China, 1998.
李志超，天人古義，大象出版社，鄭州，1998年。
16.Feng, R., Tian, K., Shu, T., Wu, Y. X., Zhu, X. M., Li, X. D., and Sun, X. L., “Scientific Reconstruction of Zhang Heng’s Seismometer,” Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, Beijing, Vol. 25, Suppl., pp. 53-76, 2006.
馮銳，田凱，朱濤，伍玉霞，朱曉民，李先登，孫賢陵，“張衡地動儀的科學復原”，自然科學史研究，北京，第25卷(增刊)，第53-76頁，2006年。
17.Liu, X. Z., History of Inventions in Chinese Mechanical Engineering – Volume 1 (in Chinese), Science Press, Beijing, 1962.
劉仙洲，中國機械工程發明史(第一篇)，科學出版社，北京，1962年。
18.Needham, J., Science and Civilization in China (in Chinese), Vol. 4, Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, 1965.
李約瑟，中國科學與文明，第4冊，台灣商務印書館，台北，1965年。
19.Wan, D.D., Development of Chinese Mechanical Technology (in Chinese), Central Supply Agency of Cultural Subjects, Taipei, 1983.
萬迪棣，中國機械科技之發展，中央文物供應社，台北，1983年。
20.Zhao Guan-zhi (Song Dynasty), Mohist Canon (in Chinese), Yi Wen Publishing House, Taipei, 1966.
晁貫之[宋朝]，墨經，藝文出版社，台北，1966年。
21.Song Ying-xing (Ming Dynasty), Tian Gong Kai Wu (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, 1983.
宋應星[明朝]，天工開物，台灣商務印書館，台北，1983年。
22.Wang Zhen (Yuan Dynasty), Nong Shu (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, 1968.
王禎[元朝]，農書，台灣商務印書館，台北，1968年。
23.Xu Guang-qi (Ming Dynasty), Nong Zheng Quan Shu (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, 1968.
徐光啟[明朝]，農政全書，台灣商務印書館，台北，1968年。
24.Huan Tan (Han Dynasty), Huan Zi Xin Lun (in Chinese), Yi Wen Publishing House, Taipei, 1967.
桓譚[漢朝]，桓子新論，藝文出版社，台北，1967年。
25.Jin Fu-chang (Jin Dynasty), Jin Zhu Gong Zan (in Chinese), Yi Wen Publishing House, Taipei, 1972.
晉傅暢[晉朝]，晉諸公讚，藝文出版社，台北，1972年。
26.Zheng Xuan (Han Dynasty), Li Ji (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, 1967.
鄭玄[漢朝]，禮記，台灣商務出版社，台北，1967年。
27.Howell, B. F., An Introduction to Seismological Research: History and Development, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990.
28.Bolt, B. A., Earthquakes, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1988.
29.Hough, S. E., Earthshaking Science: what we know (and don't know) about earthquakes. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2002.
30.Levy, M. and Salvadori, M. G., Why the Earth Quakes, Norton, New York, 1995
31.Yeats, R. S., Allen, C. R. and Sieh, K. E., The Geology of Earthquakes, Oxford University Press, 1997.
32.Brumbaugh, D. S., Earthquakes: Science and Society, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1999.
33.Huang, B. S., “The Cause of the Earthquake and the Process of the Rupture of a Large Earthquake,” (in Chinese) Proceedings of Taiwan Active Fault and Earthquake Hazard Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, October 27 - October 28, 2004.
34.Milne, J. and Lee, A. W., Earthquakes and other Earth Movement, P. Blakiston’s Sons, Philadelphia, 1939.
35.Yan, H. S. and Hsiao, K. H., “The Development of Ancient Earthquake Instruments,” Proceedings of 2006 ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences – the 30th Annual Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 2006.
36.Dewey, J. and Byerly, P., “The Early History of Seismometer (to 1900),” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 183-227, 1969.
37.Walker, B. and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Earthquake, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1982.
38.Davison, C., The Founders of Seismology, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1927.
39.Yan, H. S. and Hsiao, K. H., “Reconstruction Design of the Lost Ancient China,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol. xx, No. x, pp. xxx-xxx, 2007. (in press)
40.Yan, H. S., “A Methodology for Creative Mechanism Design,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.235-242, 1992.
41.Yan, H. S., Creative Design of Mechanical Devices, Springer, Singapore, 1998.
42.Yan, H. S. and Lin, T. Y., “A Systematic Approach to the Reconstruction of Ancient Chinese Escapement Regulators,” Proceedings of 2002 ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences – the 27th Biennial Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, Montreal, Canada, 2002.
43.Yan, H. S. and Hwang, Y. W., “The Specialization of Mechanisms,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp.541-551, 1991.
44.Yan, H. S., Mechanisms (in Chinese), 3rd edition, Dong Hua Books, Taipei, 2006.
顏鴻森，機構學，第三版，東華書局，台北，2006年。