臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究首先利用西北地震帶中線型分布的測站，由於測站空間分布良好，可進行北台灣衰減特性之研究，期能獲得北台灣地區之Q模型。接著利用台灣地區強震網(TSMIP)在台灣北部的測站，包括台北地區(TAP)，西北部地區(TCU)及宜蘭地區(ILA)，選取合適的地震資料，進行震源、波徑及場址效應之頻譜分離，並著重探討各種震源參數及場址效應與區域地質的關係。此頻譜分離的方法亦可用以預測頻譜，因此加以利用後，可建立各地區地動峰值資料庫之補齊及進行衰減公式分析和修正。
本研究的目的希望能透過較為嚴謹的頻譜分離方法，對西北線型地震帶及強震網的資料加以整理，得到台灣北部的衰減特性及各地區之場址效應，提供更客觀、更準確的各區域地振動特性。本文所獲得的結論如下:
(1) 本研究得出台灣北部地區S波的Q值為:
Qs= 77.6˙f 1.6724 0.4Hz≦f≦1.4Hz
Qs= 133.7˙f 0.090 1.4Hz≦f≦2.0Hz
Qs= 86.7˙f 0.6931 2.0Hz≦f≦20.0Hz
(2) 利用空間分布良好的測站，其所得高品質的Q值進行參數分離，可獲得更完整的地震震源響應，及更佳的測站場址效應。所得的震源譜與Brune的震源模式相近，所得的場址效應確實可反應不同地質構造特性。
(3) 利用參數分離可獲得北台灣的場址效應，各地區的場址如下:
(a) 台北盆地內呈現低頻放大，盆地邊緣為中頻放大，盆地東南緣(信義計劃區)高頻放大亦為PGA放大率最大處，而沿主要河川的強震站場址並無放大現象。
(b) 宜蘭平原場址分為兩大部分，以宜蘭羅東一線為界，以東為高區，以西為低區。以不同頻段區分的話，界線以西為高頻放大，近乎岩盤性質，以東可由宜蘭河及蘭陽溪分為三區，最北為低頻放大，中部為中頻放大，南部為無放大現象。
(c) 西部麓山帶及雪山山脈地區場址為中、高頻放大，彰化平原南部亦呈現高頻放大，台中盆地及桃園台地為低頻放大，新竹及后里的部份測站各頻率無放大現象。
(4) 台北盆地PGA放大率分布與高頻10Hz之場址效應空間分布極為相似，PGA可反應高頻地動值，PGA放大率大致可代表場址效應。
(5) 北台灣地區經PGA放大率修正後之地動加速度峰值衰減公式 為:Y=0.0301e1.1997M(R+0.1580e0.7191M)-1.7304

A ten-station linear seismic array across the Northern Taiwan provides us a good opportunity to study the seismic wave propagation in this area. The data set consists of 60 earthquakes and are capable to estimatie good Q values when waves pass the array station by station. The obtained Q values are lower than those found previously. It means that a high wave attenuation may exist in the northern Taiwan which may not be negleted when considering the attenuation law for strong motion study .
Using this new Q value, we attempt to correct the propagation effect and then to separate the source and site effects within the data set of TSMIP. Stable source spectrum are extracted, which have clear ω0、ω-2 and ω-3 dependence. On the contrary, the site response spectrum are much more complex. Four different types of site responses with low, middle, high and even spectrum are found which shows good correlation with the local geology. High site responses are restricted in the basin area, except the Taichung basin which reacts as at rock sites. We obtain the following conclusions from in this study:
1) Q value of S wave in the northern part of Taiwan is:
Qs= 77.6˙f 1.6724 0.4Hz≦f≦1.4Hz
Qs= 133.7˙f 0.090 1.4Hz≦f≦2.0Hz
Qs= 86.7˙f 0.6931 2.0Hz≦f≦20.0Hz
(2) Using well-distribution stations we can obtain good Q value and then obtain more perfect source spectrum and better site responses after proceeding parameter separation method。
(3) After these spectrum separation studies, we can obtain the site responses in the northern Taiwan as follows:
(a) The site effect in the Taipei basin is found to have low frequency amplification at the area where the thickness of Sungshan Formation is over 40 meters. The middle frequency amplification area is along the boundaries, and the high frequency amplification is at the northwestern basin edge. It is interesting to find that no special amplification at any frequency along the major streams .
(b) The site effect in the Ilan plain generally can be devided into the west and the east parts along a boundary 10 km west of Ilan to Lotung. The eastern part amplifies the ground motion appreciably and the western sites are more like rock sites.
(c) The site effect in the northwestern Taiwan can be devided into several parts. The site effect have middle or high frequency amplification in the Western Foothills and Hsueshan Range and have high frequency amplification in the southern part of Changhua plain. The site effect have low frequency amplification in the Taichung basin and Taoyuan terrace. The site effect have no special amplification at any frequency at some stations of Hsinchu and Holi。
(4) The distribution of PGA magnification and site responses in the high frequency (10Hz) is in good agreement. PGA magnification can represent approximately site responses at high frequency.
(5) The attenuation formula of peak ground acceleration corrected after PGA magnification in the northern Taiwan is:
Y=0.0301e1.1997M(R+0.1580e0.7191M)-1.7304

摘要 i
誌謝ii
目錄 iii
圖目 v
表目 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.3 研究及本文內容 5
第二章 研究區域背景及資料 6
2.1 測區之地質概況 6
2.2 資料來源 17
第三章 原理及方法 23
3.1 原理分析 23
3.1.1 參數分離法 23
3.2 研究方法 24
第四章 研究結果30
4.1 北台灣地區之震波衰減特性 30
4.2 北台灣強震資料之頻譜分離 34
4.2.1 震源效應 34
4.2.2 場址效應 37
4.3 峰值預測與距離衰減率 47
第五章 討論及結論 52
5.1 研究結果之討論 52
5.1.1 距離效應 52
5.1.2 震源響應 52
5.1.3 場址效應 54
5.1.4 PGA衰減公式之比較 68
5.2 研究方法之討論 69
5.3 結論 71
參考文獻 74
附錄A 79
附錄B 82
英文摘要100

參考文獻
Aki, K. and Chouet, B., 1975. Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation, and scattering effects, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3322-3342.
Andrews, D. J. 1986 Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size, in Earthquake Source Mechanics, S. Das, J. Boatwright, and C. H. Scholz (Editor), American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 259-268.
Anderson, J. G. and S. E. Hough, 1984. A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum at high frequencies. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 74, 1969-1993.
Boatwright, J., Fletcher, J. B., and Funal, T.E., 1991. A general inversion scheme for source, site, and propagation characteristics using multiply recorded seas of moderate-sized earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 81, 1754-1782.
Boatwright, J. 1994. Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.84,1-15
Boore,D.M. and J. Boatwright 1984. Average radiation pattern coefficients , Bull.Seism.Soc.Am. 84, 1145-1148.
Brune, J.N., 1970. Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear wave from earthquakes. J. Geophy. Res.,75,4997-5009
Brune, J.N.,1971.Correction,J. Geophy. Res. 76,5002.
Campbell, K. W. 1981. Near-source attention of peak horizontal acceleration, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 71, 2039-2065.
Campillo, M., Plantet, J. L., and Bouchon, M. (1985). Frequency-Dependent Attenuation in the Crust Beneath Central France from Lg Waves: Data Analysis and Numerical Modeling. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 75, 1395-1411.
Chang, L.S. and Y.T. Yeh (1983). The Q value of strong ground motion in Taiwan, Bull. Inst. Earth Sci., Academia Sinica 3, 127-148
Castro, R. R., J. G. Anderson, and S. K. Singh (1990). Site response, attenuation and source spectra of S wave along the Guerrero, Mexico, subduction zone, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 80, 1481-1503.
Chen, K. C., T.C. Shin, and J.H. Wang (1989). Estimates of Coda Q in Taiwan, Proc. Geol. Soc. China 32, 339-353
Fletcher, J. B., and J. Boatwright (1991) source parameter of Loma Prieta aftershocks and wave progagation characteristic along the San Francisco peninsula a joint inversion of digital seimograms, Bull Seism. Soc. Am. 81, 1783-1812.
Frankel,A.(1982). The effects of attention and site response on the spectra of microearthquake in the Northeastern Caribbean, Bull Seism. Soc. Am.72,1867-1879
Frankel,A. and L. Wennerberg (1989). Microearthquake spectra from the Anza,California Seismic Network: site response and source scaling, Bull Seism. Soc. Am.79,581-609
Hanks, T. C. (1982). Fmax, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72, 1867-1880.
Hanks, T. C. and H. Kanamori (1979). A moment magnitude scale, J. Geophys. Res.
Ho, C.S.,1974. The Taipei fault and related structureal features in northern Taipei, Proc. Geol.Soc.China,17,95-110
Hough, S. E., J. G. Anderson, J. Brune, F. Vernon, Ⅲ, J. Berger, J. Fletcher, L. Haar, T. Hanks, and L. Banks, and L. Baker (1988). Attenuation near Anza, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 78, 672-691.
Hough, S. E., J. G. Anderson, J. Brune, F. Vernon Ⅲ, J. Berger, J. Fletcher, L. Haar, T. Hanks, and L. Banks, and L. Baker 1988. Attenuation near Anza, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 78, 672-691.
Seekins, L. C. and J. Boatwright (1994) . Ground motion amplification, geology, and damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the city of San Francisco, Bull. Scism. Soc. Am. 84, 16-30.
Shin, T.C., W.J. Su, and P.L., Leu (1987). Coda-Q estimates for Taiwan area, Bull. Geophys, NCU 27/28, 111-118
Tucker, B. E. and J. L. King (1984). Dependence of sediment-filled valley response on input amplitude and vally properties, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 74, 121-136.
Tucker, B. E. and J. L. King, D. Hatzfeld, and I. L. Nersesov (1984). Observations of hard-rock effects, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 74, 121-136.
Tsai, C.C., C.H. Loh and Y. T. Yeh, 1987, Analysis of earthquake risk in Taiwan based on seismotectonic zones , Memir of Geol . Soc. of China, 9,413-446
Tsai, Y.B. and B.A. Bolt, 1983, An analysis of horizontal peak ground acceleration and velocity from SMART 1 array data, Bull. Inst. Earth. Sciences, academic Sinica, 3 , 105-126
Tsai, Y.B. (1986). Seismotectonics of Taiwan, Tectonophysics 125,17-37
Tsai, Y.B. (1995). Camparison of Observed Ground Acceleration Response Spectra from Four Recent Large Earthquakes in California with the Uniform Building Code Seismic Design Spectra . Submitted for publication in the Proceeding on Urban Disaster Mitigation: The role of Engineering and Technology.
Wang, C.Y.(1988). Calculations of Qs and Qp using the spectral ratio method in the Taiwan area, Proc. Geol. Soc. China 31, 81-98
Wang, C.Y., Tsai, Y.L., Ger,M.L.,1995. Reflection seismic stratigraphy in the Taipei Basin(Ⅱ)-northwestern Taipei Basin, J. Geol. Soc. China, 38,141-172
Wen, K. L., L.Y. Fei, H. Y. Peng, and C. C. Liu, 1995. Site Effect Analysis from the Records of the Wuku Downhole Array, TAO,6,2,285-298
Wen, K. L., L.Y. Fei , H. Y. Peng, L. F. Liu, and T. C. Shin, 1995b. Basin Effect Analysis from a Dense Strong Motion Observation Network. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., Vol. 24, 1069-1083
王執明，鄭穎敏，王源，1978。台北盆地地質及沈積物之研究，臺灣礦業，第30卷，第四期，350-380。
王乾盈，陳桂寶，1993。蘭陽平原之區域場址效應，臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫研討會論文摘要，74-80。
何春蓀，1986。臺灣地質概論，中華民國經濟部。
江新春，1976。宜蘭平原之震測，礦業技術，第14卷，第6期，215-221。
亞新工程顧問公司，1989。台北盆地內台北市區地層大地工程特性。
辛在勤，1993。臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫，臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫研討會論文摘要，1-10。
林淑芳，1996。臺灣西北部地區強地動場址效應分析。國立中央大學碩士論文。
林祖慰，1996。臺灣東部三個地震的震源特性探討。國立中央大學碩士論文。
林昭儀，1997。以反應譜研究台北盆地之強地動場址效應。國立中央大學碩士論文。
林豐銘，1993。人控音頻大地電磁法應用於宜蘭平原之研究。國立中央大學碩士論文。
茅聲燾，1978。地震之工程危害度研究及其應用，中國土木水利季刊，第五卷，第一期
徐鐵良，1989。地質與工程，中國工程學會，9頁。
師宗遠，1991。蘭陽平原沖積扇地形的調查與研究，台灣省立蘭陽女中，教育部七十九學年度中小學科學教育計畫專案。
陳子鍠，1991。台灣地區最大加速度衰減公式之研究，國立中央大學碩士論文。
陳坤杰，1997。以反應譜研究宜蘭平原之強地動場址效應，國立中央大學碩士論文。
楊瑛瑛，1997。台北盆地、宜蘭平原及台灣西北部之強震頻譜分析，國立中央大學碩士論文。應
溫國樑，葉永田，1986。測站局部地質對地震記錄之影響，台灣地區地球物理研討會論文集，75至85頁
黃正耀，1995。臺灣地區強地動特性及地震危害度參數之評估，國立中央大學碩士論文。
薛含笑，1995。從強震資料探討臺灣地區震波衰減及區域場址效應，國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文。
劉坤松、辛在勤、李汯鍵、蔡義本，1993。「中央氣象局強地動觀測計畫」基本自由場強震儀比較分析，中央氣象局氣象學報，第三十九卷第三期，132-150。
劉坤松，1996。臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫研討會論文摘要，63-72。
澎瀚毅、溫國樑、劉坤松、吳坤瑞，1996。台北盆地之場址效應分析。「臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫研討會論文摘要（二）」，91-94。
澎瀚毅、溫國樑、張芝苓、陳國昌，1998。以頻譜比分析宜蘭平原之場址效應。「臺灣地區強地動觀測計畫研討會論文摘要（三）」，123-130。
羅俊雄，1996。強地動特性及耐震評估有關之參數，電性與運輸系統之耐震安全評估與補強準則，2-3