臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本試驗為評估具產酸與抑菌能力之同質型發酵乳酸菌 (Lactobacillus formosensis S215T) 接種至國產牧草調製半乾青貯料探討對青貯品質、體外瘤胃發酵特性與乳羊泌乳性能之影響。試驗一進行半乾青貯料品質試驗，以盤固草 (A254，41.49% DM) 與尼羅草 (Acroceras macrum，37.40% DM) 半乾青貯料為處理對象，分別接種109 CFU/kg L. formosensis S215T 菌液 (一公噸牧草添加10 L菌液)，製成膠膜捆包 (300 - 400 kg/bale)，處理組分別為: 盤固草未接菌 (PS)、盤固草+L. formosensis S215T (PS+L) 與尼羅草未接菌 (NS)、尼羅草+L. formosensis S215T (NS+L)。經青貯五個月後顯示，接菌處理之兩種半乾青貯料pH值、醋酸、丁酸以及梭狀桿菌菌數顯著低於未接菌組，並提升乳酸與Flieg氏評分 (P < 0.05)。PS+L組之酵母菌與大腸桿菌群菌菌數顯著低於PS組 (P < 0.05) ; 有氧穩定性於開封後第二、三與五天進行青貯料溫度、pH值、酵母菌與梭狀桿菌之檢測，結果顯示，於開封後第二天，PS、PS+L與NS、NS+L組之酵母菌菌數皆大於5 Log10 CFU/g FM (8.58 vs.7.72與7.13 vs. 8.36 Log10 CFU/g FM) 以及pH值大於4.40 (5.85 vs. 5.27與5.08 vs. 4.98) 之現象，且NS+L組青貯料核心溫度比NS組提早14小時高於室溫2℃，顯示接菌處理組對於改善青貯料有氧穩定性之效果並不明顯。試驗二進行體外瘤胃消化試驗，將青貯料調製成完全混合日糧並使用兩頭瘤胃開窗荷蘭乾乳牛提供瘤胃微生物，評估試驗飼糧營養價值，結果顯示，體外發酵之瘤胃液揮發性脂肪酸、pH值以及體外真消化率未受接菌處理所影響 (P > 0.05)，48小時之累積淨產氣量以NS+L日糧組顯著低於NS日糧組 (161.78 vs. 170.83 mL/g DM) (P < 0.05)，顯示接菌處理對於提升飼糧營養價值並不明顯。試驗三進行泌乳羊飼養試驗，試驗選取20頭平均泌乳量2.82 kg/d之阿爾拜因及薩能二品種乳羊，PS、PS+L與NS、NS+L組之飼糧採任食與羊隻個別分欄餵飼，試驗共28天 (14天適應期與14天採樣期)，結果顯示，PS+L飼糧組其乳脂校正乳泌乳效率較PS飼糧組高之趨勢 (P < 0.1) 與降低乳蛋白率之現象 (P < 0.05)，而乾物質採食量、產乳量、其他乳成分與血液生化值則無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)。綜觀上述試驗結果，可能由於添加L. formosensis S215T未能有效改善半乾青貯料之有氧穩定性，造成開封後半乾青貯料腐敗之問題，導致乳羊泌乳性能無明顯改善之效果，但具有提升盤固草與尼羅草半乾青貯料品質與Flieg氏評分，達到保存牧草營養價值之效果。

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nilegrass and pangolagrass inoculated by Lactobacillus formosensis S215T under field condition on haylage quality, in vitro rumen fernentatuin and milk characteristics of dairy goats. In trial 1, pangolagrass (A254, 41.49% DM) and nilegrass (Acroceras macrum, 37.40% DM) were ensiled with or without inoculation of 109 CFU/kg L. formosensis S215T. All forage packaged in large-round bales (300-400 kg/bale). Treatments were: Pangolagrass haylage (PS) vs. Pangolagrass haylage+L. formosensis S215T (PS+L) and Nilegrass haylage (NS) vs. Nilegrass haylage+L. formosensis S215T (NS+L). After five months of fermentation, both silage inoculated L. formosensis S215T could decreased silage pH, acetic acid, butyric acid content and inhibited the clostridia, and increase lactic acid and Flieg’s score compared with not inoculated treatments (P < 0.05). PS+L treatment underwent an inhibited the yeasts and coliform bacteria (P < 0.05) compared with PS treatment. Under aerobic conditions, the silage was sampled after 2, 3 and 5 day of aerobic exposure to detect silage temperature, pH, yeasts and clostridia. After silo opening for 2 day, PS, PS+L and NS, NS+L treatments which concentrations of yeasts higher than 5 Log10 CFU/g (8.58 vs. 7.72 and 7.13 vs. 8.36 Log10 CFU/g) and pH values higher than 4.40 (5.85 vs. 5.27 and 5.08 vs. 4.98), whereas NS+L treatment reduced aerobic stability for 14 h as compared with the NS treatment, the results indicating that inoculated L. formosensis S215T were not improved aerobic stability. As regarding in vitro rumen incubation in trial 2, silage treatments combined with various feeds as a total mixed ration to evaluate the nutritive value of experiment dietary on rumen cannulated cows. The results showed that in vitro rumen fermentation VFA, pH values of rumen fluid and in vitro true digestibility had no significant differences among the groups, but NS+L treatment decreased the 48 h net gas production as compared with the NS treatment (161.78 vs. 170.83 mL/g DM, respectively), the results indicating that inoculated L. formosensis S215T were not improved nutritive value of dietary. In trial 3, a total of 20 head Alpine and Saanen dairy goats were selected which milk production an average of 2.82 kg/d. Goats were raised in individual pens and assigned into PS, PS+L and NS, NS+L groups randomly. The trials with 28 days, the first 14 day were used for adjustment to diets followed by 14 day of sample collection. The results showed that PS+L treatment tended to increase FCM efficiency (P < 0.1) and decreased milk protein content compared with PS treatment (P < 0.05). All groups had no significant effect on daily dry matter intake, milk production, blood parameters and milk compositions except milk protein content (P > 0.05). In conclusion, maybe because of the inoculation of L. formosensis S215T can’t improve the aerobic stability of silage, lead to lack of significant of lactating goats on milk performance. However, there is still potential of adding L. formosensis S215T on pangolagrass haylage and nilegrass haylage to improve the fermentation quality and Flieg’s score.

壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻探討 2
第一章 乳酸菌劑對青貯品質之影響 2
一. 國產盤固草A254 2
二. 尼羅草台畜一號 2
三. 青貯之定義 3
四. 青貯發酵過程 4
五. 青貯發酵之微生物反應 7
六. 開封後青貯品質之變化 12
七. 青貯品質評估指數 13
八. 青貯菌劑之利用 15
九. 萎凋處理 (prewilting) 16
第二章 青貯料對於泌乳動物生產性能之影響 20
一、 體外試管發酵技術 (in vitro fermentation techniques) 20
二、 對乾物質採食量之影響 22
三、 對產乳性狀之影響 25
四、 乳酸菌劑對泌乳動物生產性能之影響 26
參、 材料與方法 27
試驗一 半乾青貯料品質試驗 27
一、 乳酸菌材料 27
二、 青貯料來源 27
三、 半乾青貯料製作方式與試驗設計 28
四、 青貯前與半乾青貯料開封後取樣方式 28
五、 曝氣穩定性測試方式 29
試驗二 體外瘤胃消化試驗 31
一、 體外氣體生成系統 (in vitro gas production system technique, IVGPT) 31
二、 體外真消化率 (In vitro true digestibility, IVTD) 35
試驗三 泌乳羊飼養試驗 38
一、 試驗動物及管理 38
二、 飼糧處理與配方 39
三、 樣品採集與處理 41
肆、 分析方法 43
一、 乳酸菌特性分析 43
二、 近似分析 46
三、 半乾青貯料發酵產物分析 59
四、 微生物學分析 67
五、 統計分析 68
伍、 結果與討論 70
試驗一 半乾青貯料品試驗 70
一、 乳酸菌之特性 70
二、 牧草原料之組成特性 74
三、 半乾青貯料之發酵產物 77
四、 半乾青貯料之微生物菌相 80
五、 半乾青貯料之營養組成 82
六、 半乾青貯料開封後之有氧穩定性 84
試驗二 體外瘤胃消化試驗 88
一、 試驗飼糧組成分 88
二、 對累積產氣曲線之影響 90
三、 對體外發酵產氣動力學之影響 92
四、 對體外瘤胃發酵特性之影響 94
試驗三 泌乳羊飼糧試驗 97
一、 對乾物質採食量之影響 97
二、 對乳量與乳組成分之影響 97
三、 對血液生化值之影響 101
陸、 結論與建議 104
柒、 參考文獻 106
捌、 附錄 118

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