臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在競技運動領域中，成就目標取向的研究大多以工作取向和自我取向為主軸（Nicholls, 1984, 1989）。然而，要用原來的二向度構念來解釋所有成就情境的變項似乎是不足夠的，為了提昇目標取向的解釋力，Urdan and Maehr (1995)建議應加入另一個向度─「社會目標取向」。因此，本研究第一個目的是延伸過去二向度目標取向的研究，試圖探究國內競技運動領域中個人目標取向的向度除了工作、自我取向外，是否也包含了社會目標取向。本研究第二個目的，擬聯結成就目標理論和自我決定理論，探討競技運動情境下，目標取向、能力知覺對參與動機、滿足感的影響。
研究參與者為國內高中排球、籃球、棒球、合球、手球、桌球和足球等受過正規訓練的球類運動選手333名，平均年齡16.76 ± .81歲，其中男性參與者238名、女性參與者95名，分別來自12支男子球隊、5支女子球隊和5支男女混合的球隊（合球隊），經資料蒐集完成，以探索性與驗證性因素分析、多元迴歸分析、群集分析、單因子變異數分析和結構方程模式分析進行處理，得到以下幾點主要發現：
一、三向度運動目標取向量表初步的編製結果成功分化為三個分量表，包含「工作取向」、「自我取向」和「社會取向」，研究建立的三向度運動目標取向構念得到初步的支持。
二、工作取向能正向預測內在動機、認同調節和內射調節，並負向預測無動機，自我取向能正向預測三種調節型態的外在動機和無動機，而社會取向能正向預測內在動機。能力知覺正向預測內在動機和三種調節型態的外在動機。
三、社會取向、工作取向和能力知覺能正向預測運動滿足感，其中社會取向和工作取向的預測力相近，兩者皆比能力知覺的預測力高。
四、球員包含「高目標∕高能力」群、「低目標∕低能力」群、「中目標∕中高能力」群、「中目標∕中低能力」群四個集群。「高目標∕高能力」群在內在動機、認同調節、內射調節和外在調節和滿足感上均有最高的水準，而「低目標∕低能力」群的內在動機、認同調節、內射調節和外在調節和滿足感均最低。
五、根據結構方程模式分析結果得知，目標取向、能力知覺對參與動機和滿足感有因果關係，目標取向愈高的球員，參與動機和滿足感愈高，而能力知覺愈高的球員，參與動機也愈高。
本研究根據理論架構與上述的結果進行討論，並針對實際應用和未來研究方向提出一些具體的建議。

The majority of sport research on achievement motivation has centered on the motivational implications of achievement goal. The two central goal perspectives are labeled task and ego (Nicholls, 1984, 1989). However, it is unlikely that these two goals will explain all the variance in achievement situations. Urdan and Maehr (1995) have argued for the examination of subset of social goals that should be relevant to variability in achievement striving. Thus, the first purpose of this study was to replicate and extend the previous works of two goal orientation researches and try to examine whether there is social goal will emerge in the construct of dispositional goal orientation. The second purpose of this study was to link the achievement goal theory and self-determination theory to examine the relationship among goal orientations, perceived ability, participating motivation and satisfaction in sport context.
Participants were 333 players (males＝238 and females＝95, aged＝16.76 ± .81) recruited from 12 male, 5 female, and gender mixed (korfball) senior high school varsity teams of volleyball, basketball, baseball, korfball, handball, and table tennis. Exploratory analyses, multiple regression analyses, cluster analyses, ANOVA, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted and the major findings were as follows:
1.The three prevailing factors were conceptually consistent with the investigators’ design: task orientation, ego orientation and social orientation.
2. Task orientation positively predicted intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and introjected regulation, and negatively predicted amotivation. Ego orientation positively predicted identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation. Social orientation positively predicted intrinsic motivation. Perceived ability positively predicted intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, and external regulation.
3. Social orientation, task orientation, and perceived ability positively predicted satisfaction, which social orientation and task orientation emerged stronger prediction on satisfaction.
4. There were four clusters were identified, including high goals∕high ability group, low goals∕low ability group, moderate goals∕moderate high ability group, and moderate goals∕moderate low ability group. The high goals∕high ability group demonstrated higher intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and satisfaction than other groups. The low goals∕low ability group demonstrated lower intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and satisfaction than other groups.
Discussions are provided in terms of the findings and theoretical framework. Practical implication and further research directions are also recommended.
5. The result of structural equation modeling emerged that goal orientation and perceived ability affected participation motivation. Players who demonstrated higher level of goal orientation, exhibited higher level of participation motivation and satisfaction. Players who demonstrated higher level of perceived ability, exhibited higher level of participation motivation.

第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………… 1
第一節 問題背景 ……………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究問題 ……………………………………………… 5
第三節 名詞操作性定義 ……………………………………… 5
…
第二章 文獻探討 ………………………………………………… 7
第一節 成就目標理論 ………………………………………… 7
第二節 參與動機 ……………………………………………… 13
第三節 目標取向和參與動機的關係 ………………………… 18
第四節 研究假設 ……………………………………………… 22
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究的概念架構 ……………………………………… 23
第二節 參與者 ………………………………………………… 23
第三節 研究工具 ……………………………………………… 24
第四節 實施步驟 ……………………………………………… 34
第五節 資料處理 ……………………………………………… 35
第四章 結果
第一節 基本描述統計和簡單相關 …………………………… 36
第二節 目標取向和能力知覺對參與動機的預測 …………… 38
第三節 目標取向和能力知覺對滿足感的預測 ……………… 44
第四節 不同「目標取向∕能力知覺」之集群類型在參與
動機、滿足感上的差異 ………………………………45
第五節 參與動機和滿足感的關係 …………………………… 49
第六節 目標取向和能力知覺對參與動機、滿足感的因果
模式 ……………………………………………………50
第五章 討論
第一節 三向度運動目標取向的概念 ………………………… 54
第二節 目標取向和能力知覺對參與動機的預測 …………… 55
第三節 目標取向和能力知覺對滿足感的預測 ……………… 57
第四節 不同「目標取向∕能力知覺」之集群類型在參與
動機、滿足感上的差異 ……………………………… 58
第五節 參與動機和滿足感的相關情形 ……………………… 59
第六節 目標取向和能力知覺對參與動機、滿足感的因果
模式 ……………………………………………………60
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 ………………………………………………… 61
第二節 建議 ………………………………………………… 63
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………… 68
附錄一 三向度運動目標取向量表 ……………………………… 78
附錄二 能力知覺量表 …………………………………………… 80
附錄三 運動動機量表 …………………………………………… 81
附錄四 運動滿足感量表 ………………………………………… 83
附錄四 因果模式程式語法 ……………………………………… 84

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