臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣企業面臨國際化的趨勢下，如何由國內企業成為一多國籍企業是一值得思考的課題，另外過去研究中也認為企業的不同，考量之因素也會有所差異。對於身為全球製造分工體系中的台灣製造企業而言，其國際化之因素必有其獨特之處。本研究為探索性研究，目的在整理和了解台灣製造企業對於國際化所考量因素的認知。本研究共分為兩階段，第一階段由整理過去學術上對於因素之討論，並且利用便利抽樣，擇定七家已國際化企業之實際參與國際化的高階主管進行深度訪談。第二階段應用層級程序分析法(AHP)計算因素之權重值與分析。其用意在於不同的因素領域，對於企業國際化時的重要性及意含有所不同，針對18家企業發放，回收14份。
第一階段發現，1‧學術上是以整體性考量，與實務企業重視明確因素對國際化之影響不同。其因在於學術以權變觀點切入，而企業實際國際化時，面臨和考量到的因素以實務上需解決的因素為優先。2‧因素的重視程度上，實務較重視市場的未來發展與趨勢及客戶導向，而學術的資訊多為本身知識與市場分析兩因素。呈現實務以本身收益的成長與學術以競爭優勢觀點的不同。第二階段發現，本身能力及市場趨勢等因素對國際化之重要，台灣企業國際化在於重視企業的成長與資源的應用，也因此如何掌握市場的脈動及輔以本身的能力是更深層的思維。總結來說，本研究發現因素間的互補與權變觀點、及市場和本身能力的重要，對於正在國際化企業而言，提供一客觀、多角度的因素整理，使其國際化時考量、應用之分析觀點更具多元及周延性。

In the trend of internationalization, Taiwan’s company how can become a multinational corporate from the domestic company is important thing. Some articles suggest that the different companies have the different international factors, so Taiwan’s companies are sure to have the specific factors. The study is exploratory research; the purpose is coordination and analysis about the factors of internationalization. The study has two steps; one step finds the factors that include the some articles and 7 managers or CEOs of internationalized companies. The two step uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method that calculates the all weight of the factors, because we believe the different field of factor, the mean and influence is different. In this step, the sample has 18 companies, only 14 companies reply finally.
In one step, the study finds some contributions, 1. Different about factors mean and cognition, the view of articles about the internationalization is contingency, but the companies think the reality question and objective is important, the companies ask the factors is specifically. 2. The companies prefer to identify with the market’s future development and trend, customer concept, but literatures prefer to identify with the core capability and market’s analysis. In two step, the findings is that companies identify them with the core capability and market trend. Finally, the study suggests the factors are complementary and contingency, the important of market and core capability, when the company is internationalizing, the complete factors can be used.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機…………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的…………………………………………………………7
第三節 研究流程…………………………………………………………7

第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 國際化……………………………………………………………9
第二節 國際化考量關鍵因素相關文獻研究……………………………23
第三節 國際化因素整理…………………………………………………42
第四節 層級程序分析法…………………………………………………44

第三章 國際化因素探索性研究
第一節 研究樣本…………………………………………………………58
第二節 訪談分析…………………………………………………………63
第三節 訪談整理…………………………………………………………77

第四章 研究結果
第一節 國際化因素量化分析……………………………………………80
第二節 研究結果…………………………………………………………83

第五章 結論與建議
第一節 文獻與訪談整理因素之比較……………………………………101
第二節 國際化因素權重值討論…………………………………………107
第三節 研究貢獻與管理意涵……………………………………………111
第四節 研究限制與建議…………………………………………………113

附錄……………………………………………………………………116
參考文獻………………………………………………………………126




表目次
表：
表2-1………………………………………………………………………13
表2-2………………………………………………………………………19
表2-3………………………………………………………………………42
表2-4………………………………………………………………………43
表2-5………………………………………………………………………49
表2-6………………………………………………………………………54
表2-7………………………………………………………………………54

表3-1………………………………………………………………………60
表3-2………………………………………………………………………78
表3-3………………………………………………………………………79

表4-1………………………………………………………………………81
表4-2………………………………………………………………………82
表4-3………………………………………………………………………85

表5-1………………………………………………………………………104
表5-2………………………………………………………………………106
















圖目次
圖：
圖1-1………………………………………………………………………2
圖1-2………………………………………………………………………2
圖1-3………………………………………………………………………8

圖2-1………………………………………………………………………20
圖2-2………………………………………………………………………45
圖2-3………………………………………………………………………52

圖4-1………………………………………………………………………83
圖4-2………………………………………………………………………89
圖4-3………………………………………………………………………95
圖4-4………………………………………………………………………99

參考文獻
壹、中文部份
(一)書籍
1.于卓民。民國89年。國際企業環境與管理。華泰文化事業公司。初版。
2.吳青松。民國88年。國際企業管理理論與實務。智勝文化事業有限公司。二版。
3.李蘭甫。民國83年。國際企業論。三民書局。初版。
4.施振榮。民國93年。再造宏碁。天下遠見出版股份有限公司。二版。
5.趙郁文。民國89年。國際企業管理系統化理論與分析。華泰文化事業公司。初版。
6.戴國良。民國91年。國際企業管理理論與實務。普林斯頓國際有限公司。初版。
7.Robbins, S.P. and M. Coulter著，林孟彥譯。民國92年(2003)。管理學(Management)。華泰文化事業公司。七版。
8.Cullen, John B.著。陳綉里譯。民國89年(2000)。國際企業管理(Multinational Management-A Strategic Approach)。華泰文化事業公司。初版。
(二)期刊
1.方世杰。民國90年。「以網路個體分析方法探討我國中小企業之國際化與績效-中衛體系電子資訊業廠商之實證研究」。管理學報 18。頁49-74。
2.吳萬益、甘珮珊。民國87年。「中日韓中小企業國際化策略之研究」。輔仁管理評論。頁75-102。
3.徐煥智、許淑瑜。民國92年。「企業資源規劃系統之評選-應用分析層級程序法」。中原企管評論。1卷第一期。頁65-80。
4.蔡渭水、鐘聖偉。民國86年。「中小企業國際化策略類型及影響因素之研究」。Chung Yuan Journal。頁11-20。
5.蔡耀輝、陳耀茂。民國93年。「利用AHP探討新產品發展專案選擇之決策分析」。中原管理評論。頁19-40。
6.鄧振源、曾國雄。民國78年。「層級分析法(AHP)的內涵特性與應用(上)，(下)」。中國統計學報。27卷第六、七期。頁13707-13786。
(三)論文
1.周意智。民國90年6月。「中小企業國際化及多角化歷程與人力資源策略分析-以台灣保長企業為例」。國立雲林科技大學企業管理系碩士班未出版碩士論文。
2.吳錦錩。民國89年6月。「廠商核心能力之研究-從國際化與技術構面探討」。國立暨南國際大學國際企業研究所未出版碩士論文。
3.袁素萍。民國92年6月。「企業轉型成功關鍵因素之研究」。國立成功大學管理學院高階管理碩士在職專班未出版碩士論文。
4.許逸晟。民國92年6月。「台商赴大陸國際化歷程之研究」。國立中正大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
5.莊敏益。民國93年6月。「評估軍機商維修市場外包進入策略之研究-應用層級程序分析法於某航太公司個案探討」。大葉大學工業工程學系碩士班未出版碩士論文。
6.鄒邽郲。民國92年6月。「應用層級程序分析法建立直接人員工作績效評鑑模式之研究-以蘇州台商監視器零件產業為例」。中華大學經營理研究所碩士班碩士論文。
7.鄭吏媚。民國89年6月。「台灣企業國際化過程暨其國際行銷策略之研究」。國立雲林科技大學企業管理學系碩士班未出版碩士論文。
(四)文件
1.蔡渭水。民國83年。中小企業特性與國際化問題探討。中原大學企業管理研究所生產管理課程講義。
2.吳萬益。民83年。台商赴大陸及東南亞投資進入模式及經營策略之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫報告。
3.高孔廉。民國83年。兩岸經貿現況與展望。行政院大陸委員會。
(四)網站
1.經濟部投資業務處 www.idic.gov.tw
2.經濟部投資審議委員會 www.moeaic.gov.tw
3.經濟部中小企業處網站www.moeasmea.gov.tw
4.經濟部網站 www.moea.gov.tw

貳、西文部份
(Ⅰ)Books
Burt, R.S., 1992, “The social structural competition,” in Nohria & Eccleds(eds), Networks and Organizations: Structure form and action, Harvard Business School Prese, 57-91.
Casson, M.C., 1982, “Transaction Costs and the theory of the multinational enterprise.” In Rugman, A.M.(ed.), New Theories of the Multinational Enterprise, St Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 24-48.
Cooper, A.C., 1979, “Strategic Management: New Ventures and Small Business.” In Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning, ed. D.E. Schendel and C.W.Hofer, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 316-332.
Dunning, Johan H., 1997, “The Competitive Advantage of Countries and Multinational Enterprise Activity,” in Strategic Management in a Global Economy, Heidi Vernon-Wortzel and Larry Wortzel, eds. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 186-204.
Hörnell, E., Vahlne, J-E. and F. Wiedersheim-Paul, 1972, “Export och utlandsetableringar (Exports and foreign establishments),” Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Håkansson, H. and J. Johanson(eds), 2001, “Business Network Learning.” Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
Kobrin, S.J., 1983, “Selective vulnerability and corporate management,” In Moran T.H.(ed.), International Political Risk Assessment: The State of the Art. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 9-13.
Pahlberg, C., 2001, “Creation and Diffusion of Knowledge in Subsidiary Business Networks.” In H. Håkansson and J. Johanson(eds), Business Network Learning, pp. 161-181.
Powell, W.W. and P. Brantley, 1992, “Competitive cooperation in Biotechnology: Learning through networks?,” in Nohrica & Eccles(eds), Networks and Organizations: Structure, form, and action, Harvard Business School Prese, 366-394.
(Ⅱ)Periodicals
Achrol, R.S., 1997, “Changes in the theory of interorganizational relations in marketing: Toward a network paradigm,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25(1), 56-71.
Akhtern H. and R.F. Luch, 1988, “Political Risk and the Evolution of the Control of Foreign Business; Equity, Earnings and the Marketing, Mix,” Journal of Global Marketing, 110-120.
Anderson, E. and A.T. Coughlan, 1987, “International market entry and expansion via independent or integrated channels of distribution,” Journal of Marketing 51, 71-82.
Anderson, E. and B. Weitz, 1992, “The Use of Pledges to Build and Sustain Commitment in Distribution Channels,” Journal of Marketing Research 29, 18-34.
Andersson, S., Gabrielsson, J. and I. Wictor, 2004, “International Activities in Small Firms: Examining Factors Influencing the Internationalization and Export Growth of Small Firms,” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 21(1), 22-34.
Al-Harbi, K.M. Al-Subhi, 2001, “Application of the AHP in project management,” International Journal of Project Management 19, 19-27.
Baird, Inga S., Lyles, Marjorie A. and J.B. Orris, 1994, “The Choice of International Strategies by Small Businesses,” Journal of Small Business Management 32, 48-57.
Barney, J., 1991, “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage,” Journal of Management 17(1), 99-120.
Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S., 1987, “Management Across Borders: New Strategic Requirements,” Sloan Management Review 28, 7-17.
Bell, J.H.J., 1995, “The Internationalization of Small Computer Software Firms,” European Journal of Marketing 29(8), 60-75.
Bijmolt, T.H.A. and Zwart, P.S., 1994, “The Impact of International Factors on the Export Success of Dutch Small and Medium-Sized Firms,” Journal of Small Business Management 32, 69-83.
Birkinshaw, J., Hood N. and S. Jonsson, 1998, “Building firm-specific advantages in multinational corporations: the role of subsidiary initiative,” Strategic Management Journal 19, pp.221-241.
Blankenburg Holm, D., Erikkson, D. and J. Johanson, 1999, “ Creating Value Through Mutual Commitment to Business Network Relationship,” Strategic Management Journal 20, 467-486.
Bodin, L. and I. Gass, 2003, “On teaching the analytic hierarchy process,” Computers & Operations Research 30, 1487-1497.
Bresser, R. and J.F. Harl, 1986, “Collective Strategy: Vice or Virtue” Academy of Management Review 11, 408-427.
Buckley, P.J. and M. Chapman, 1997, “A longitudinal study of the internationalization process in a smael sample of pbarmaceutical and scientific instrument companies,” Journal of Marketing Management 13, 43-55.
Buckley, P.J. and M.C. Casson, 1998, “Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: Extending the internationalization approach,” Journal of International Business Strdies 29(3), 548-561.
Cavusgil, S.T., 1984, “Organizational Characteristics Associated with Export Activity,” Journal of Management Studies 21, 3-21.
Chetty, S. and D. Blankenburg Holm, 2000, “Internationalization of Small to Medium- Sized Manufacturing Firms: An Network Approach,” International Business Review 9, 77-93.
Chiara, A. D. and A. Minguzzi, 2002, “Success factors in SME’s internationalization processes: an Italian investigation,” Journal of Small Business Management 40(2), pp.144-153.
Coviello, N. and H. Munro, 1997, “Network Relationships and the Internationalization Process of Small Software Firms,” International Business Review 6(4), 361-386.
Czinkota, M. and W.J. Johnston, 1983, “Exporting: Does Sales Volume Make a Difference?,” Journal of International Business Studies 14, 147-153.
De Noble, A.F., Castaldi, R.M. and D.M. Moliver, 1989, “Export Intermediaries: Small Business Perceptions of Services and Performance,” Journal of Small Business Management 29(2), 33-41.
Davidson, W.H., 1980, “The location of foreign investment activity: Country characteristics and experience effects,” Journal of International Business Studies 11, 922.
Davidson, W.H. and D.G. McFetridge, 1985, “Key characteristics in the choice of international technology transfer mode,” Journal of International Business Studies 16, 5-21.
Dichtl, Drwin, Koeglmayr, Hans-Georg and Stefan Mueller, 1990, “International orientation as a precondition for export success,” Journal of International Business Strudies, 23-40.
Dunning, J.H., 1983, “Market power of the firm and international transfer of technology: An historical excursion,” International Journal of Industrial Organizational 1, 333-353.
Engwall, L, and Wallenstal, M., 1988, “Tit for tat in small steps. The internationalization of Swedish banks,” Scandinavian Journal of Management 19, 147-155.
Eriksson, K., Johanson, J., Majkgard, A. and D. Sharma, 1997, “ Experiential knowledge and cost in the internationalization process,” Journal of International Business Studies, 337-360.
Fina, E. and Rugman, A.M., 1996, “A test of internalization theory and internationalization theory: The Upjohn Company,” Management International Review 36, 199-213.
Ghoshal, Sumatra, 1987, “Global strategy: an organizing framework,” Strategic Management Journal 8, 424-440.
Ghoshal, S. and C.A. Bartlett, 1994, “Linking Organizational Context and Managerial Action: The Dimensions of Quality of Management,” Strategic Management Journal 15, 91-112.
Hamel, G. and C.K. Prahalad, 1985, “Do You Really Have a Global Strategy?,” Harvard Business Review 63, 139-148.
Hamel, G. and C.K. Prahalad, 1989, “Strategic intent,” Harvard Business Review 67(3), 63-76.
Harrigan, K.R., 1985, “Vertical integration and corporate strategy,” Academy of Management Journal 28(2), 397-425.
Hellman, P., 1996, “The internationalization of Finish financial service companies,” International Business Review 5(2), 191-208.
Hill, C. W. L., Hwang P., and W. C. Kim W., 1990, “An eclectic theory of the choice of international entry mode,” Strategic Management Journal 11, pp.117-128.
Hout, T., Porter, E. and E. Rudden, 1982, “How global companies with out,” Harvard Business Review 60, 98-108.
Johanson, J. and F. Weidersheim-Paul, 1975, “The Internationalization of the Firm: Four Swedish Cases,” Journal of Management Studies 12(3), pp.305-322.
Johanson, J. and J. Vahlne, 1977, “The Internationalization Process of the Firm- A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments,” Journal of International Business Strdies 8, pp.23-32.
Johanson, J. and J.E. Vahlne, 1990, “The mechanism of Internationalization,” International Management Review 7(4), 11-24.
Johanson, Jan and Jan-Erik Vahlne, 2003, “Business Relationship Learning and Commitment in the Internationalization Process,” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 1, 83-101.
Jones, C., Hesterly, W.S. and S.P. Borgatti, 1997, “A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms,” Acdemy of Management Review 22(4), 911-945.
Karagozoglu, Necmi and Martin Lindell, 1998, “Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Technology Based Firms: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Small Business Management 36(1), 44-59.
Lai, V.S., Wong, B.K. and W. Cheung, 2002, “Group decision making in multiple criteria environment: A case using the AHP in software selection,” European Journal of Operational Research 137, 134-144.
Lam, Long W. and White, Louis P., 1999, “An adaptive choice model of the internationalization process,” International Journal of Organizational Analysis 7, 105-134.
Larson, A., 1992, “Network dyads in entrepreneurical settings: A study of the governance of exchange relationships,” Administrative Science Quarterly 37, 76-104.
Lee, J. R. and J. S. Chen, 2003, “Internationalization, local adaptation, and subsidiary’s entrepreneurship: an exploratory study on Taiwanese manufacturing firms in Indonesia and Malaysia,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 20, pp.51-72.
Moini, A.H., 1998, “Small Firms Exporting: How Effective are Government Export Assistance Programs?” Journal of Small Business Management 36(1), 1-15.
Norwell, Wayne, Andrus, David M. and Gogumalla, Neelima V., 1995, “Factors Related to Internationalization and the Level of Involvement in International Markets,” International Journal of Management 12, 63-77.
Norwell, Wayne, Andurs, David M. and Neelima V. Gogumalla, 1995, “Factors Related to Internationalization and the Level of Involvement in Tnternational Markets,” International Journal of Management 12(1), 63-77.
Oviatt, M.B. and P.P. McDougall, 1994, “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures,” Journal of International Business, 45-63.
O’Nell, H.M. and J. Duker, 1986, “Survival and Failure in Small Business,” Journal of Small Business Management 24, 30-37.
Peng, M.W., 2000, “Controlling the foreign agent: How govements deal with multinationals in a transition economy,” Management International Review 2, 141-165.
Porter, Michael E., 1986, “Changing Patterns of International Competition,” CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW 28(2), 9-40.
Ramanathan, R., 2001, “A noto on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment,” Journal of Environmental Management 63, 27-35.
Reid, D. M. H. and J. Walsh, 2003, “Market entry decisions in China,” Thunderbird International Business Review 45(3), 289-312.
Reid, D.M., 1989, “Operationalizing strategic planning,” Strategic Management Journal, 553-567.
Ring, P.S. and A.H. Van De Ven, 1992, “Structuring cooperative relationships between organizations,” Strategic Management Journal 13, 483-498.
Roth, K., 1992, “International Configuration and Coordination Archetypes for Medium-Sized Firms in Global Industries,” Journal of International Business Studies 23, 533-549.
Sriram, V. and H.J. Sapienza, 1991, “An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Marketing for Small Exporters,” Journal of Small Business Management 29, 33-43.
Simon, J.D., 1982, “A Theoretical Perspective on Political Risks,” Journal of International Business Studies, 132-142.
Taylor, C.R. and S. Zon, 1998, “A transaction cost perspective on foreign market entry strategies,” Thunderbird International Business Review 40(4), 389-413.
Vernon, R., 1966, “International investment and international trade in the product cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 80, pp.190-207.
Vernon, R., 1979, “The product life cycle hypothesis in a new international environment,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 41, 255-267.
Valikangas, L. and Lehtinen, U., 1994, “Strategic Types of Services and International Marketing,” International Journal of Service Industry Management 5, 72-84.
Webber S.A., Apostolou, B. and J.M. Hassell, 1996, “The Sensitivity of the analytic hierarchy process to alternative scale and cue presentations,” European Journal of Operational Research 96, 351-362.
Welch, L. and R. Luostarinen, 1988, “Internationalization: Evolution of a concept,” Journal of General Management, 34-48.
Wright, P.C., 1993, “The Personal and the Personnel Adjustments and Costs to Small Business Entering the International Market Place,” Journal of Small Business Management 31, 83-93.
Yip, George S., Biscarri, Javier Gomez and Joseph A. Monti, 2000, “The Role of the Internationalization Process in the Performance of Newly Internationalizing Firms,” Journal of International Marketing 8, 10-35.
Yip, George S., 1989, “Global Strategy…In a World of Nations?” Sloan Management Review 31(1), 29-41.
(Ⅲ)Conference paper
Bartlett, C.A. and S. Ghoshal, 1989, “Managing across Borders: The Transnational Solution.” Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Caves, R.E., 1982, “Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis,” Cambridge University Press, New York.
Czinkota, M. and G. Tesar, 1982, “Export Management,” New York: Praeger Publishers.
Dunning, J.H., 1993, “The Globalization of Business,” New York: Routledgy.
Dunning, J.H., 1981, “International Production and the Multinational Enterprise,” Allen and Unwin, London.
Hohenthal, J., 2001, “The Creation of International Business Relationships: Experience and Performance in the Internationalization Process of SMEs,” Uppsala: Department of Business Studeis.
Huizingh, E.K.R.E. and C.J.H. Vrolijk, 1995, “Decision Support for Information Systems Management: Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process,” SOM Research Report, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Hymer, S.H., 1976, “The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Investment,” MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Johansson, J.K., 1997, “Global Marketing,” Chicago:Irwin.
Ohmae, K., 1990, “The borderless worked,” New York: Harper Business.
Prahalad, C.K. and Y.L. Doz, 1987, “The Multinational Mission,” New York, NY: The Free Press.
Porter, M.E., 1980, “Competitive Strategy,” New York: Free Press.
Root, F.R., 1987, “Entry Strategies for International Markets,” D.C. Health, Lexington, MA.
Saaty, T.L., 1980, “The Analytic Hierarchy Process,” New York: McGraw-Hill.
Saaty, T.L., 1995, “Decision Making for Leaders,” RWS Publications, Pittsburgh.
Walsh, J., 1997, “Market entry strategy and success: UK companies in the Republic of Korea and East Asia(Thesis),” University of Oxford, D. Phil, 1-317.