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The local construction activities expose to high risks of safety and health. The 2014 Annual Labor Report announced by the Ministry of Labour showed total 346 deaths were caused by accidents on the work sites during 2014, among which 168 deaths, i.e. 49%, occurred during construction activities. One of the major causes may be the design or construction planning didn''t take safety into consideration, and proper precautions were not implemented to prevent potential hazards and accidents. OHSAS 18001 is expected to be revised on the basis of ISO 45001:2016 Occupational Safety and Health in 2016. In consideration of the development of international businesses and trades, international standards are reasonable and acceptable, and they can effectively eliminate the technical barriers to trade. The risk assessment is the foundation for the management system of occupational safety and health. Proper hazard identification and risk assessment, can help the businesses to effectively control and reduce different risks. After reviews and on basis of the literatures including "National Occupational Safety and Health Management System Guidelines", "Risk Assessment Technical Guidelines", "Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems - Requirements (CNS 15506: 2011)", "Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems - Guidance (CNS 15507 : 2011) ", " ISO 31000 Risk management–principles and guidelines ", " British Standards Institution, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Series-Guidelines for the Implementation of OHSAS 18001:2007, OHSAS 18002:2008" and " safety guides for pipe construction activities”, this study explores: the hazard identification for the design and construction of trenching projects; sources of hazards for occupational accidents; types of occupational accidents and their consequences; hazard identification for designers of construction and similar projects; and risk assessment methods. The case study for activities of trenching and excavation were completed to have deeper insights for the risk assessments necessary during the design or construction planning, and the results of the case study are used to verify the effectiveness of the risk assessment methods proposed in the context of this study. The results show that the risk assessment methods proposed can effectively identify potential hazards for construction and similar activities by using proposed risk matrix to determine the level of severity and possibility of accidents, and corresponding precautions, including preventions, mitigation, substitution, controls, management, personal protection equipment, can be proper adopted and implemented.
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