臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

標蛇( Achalinus niger)為台灣特有種，在分類上屬於蛇亞目(Serpentes)，黃頷蛇科(Colubridae)，閃皮蛇亞科(Xenodermatinae)中的標蛇屬(Achalinus)。標蛇分布在台灣的中、高海拔山區，海拔分布由1000公尺到3000公尺。由於生物族群的遺傳結構與地理分布，容易受到地理環境的影響，造成族群之間分群的現象，尤其是山脈以及被河流切割的河谷，提供了一個阻擾生物的擴散及遷移的環境。本研究欲利用分子生物的方法，來檢視標蛇族群內與族群之間的基因變異程度，並去釐清標蛇族群間的親緣地理關係，進一步去探討標蛇族群的分布，是否與台灣的山脈分布有關。研究樣本來自台灣北、中、南各山區共18個採集點，萃取組織中粒線體DNA中的ND2片段來進行序列分析。結果得知本研究分析ND2基因序列的長度為994 bp，核苷酸歧異度平均值為3.5％，平均基因距離為3.87％。其中，梅峰地區的族群遺傳結構較為特殊，分析其他資料後，推測標蛇為多次入侵的物種。親緣關係方面，標蛇族群分為三個主要的系群，且系群的分布與地理位置大致相同，系群Ⅰ為分布在台灣北部的雪山山脈；系群Ⅱ為分布在台灣中南部的山區；系群Ⅲ則為中部的梅峰地區。從AMOVA得到標蛇族群的變異來自各系群之間，並非來自族群內的個體，因此推測標蛇族群的分布與山脈的隔離有程度上的相關。

Achalinus niger is an endemic species of Taiwan. It distributes from 1000 to 3000 m in altitude. The effect of geological isolation, especially mountains and valleys may influence the population genetic structure of the species. The ND2 gene was used as genetic marker to analyze the genetic structure of populations and phylogeography of A. niger. The mean genetic distance is 3.87％ and the mean nucleotide diversity 3.5％. The Meifeng population was distinct in genetic structure from other populations. The data suggest that A. niger had more than one incursion events. In phylogenetic analyses, there were three major lineages in A. niger, and these lineages were correlated to geographic distribution. LineageⅠ was sampled from northern Taiwan, lineageⅡ from southern Taiwan, while lineage Ⅲ from Meifeng only. The result of AMOVA indicated that there were high genetic variations among groups. The genetic isolation and geographic distribution of these groups probably resulted from the geographic barriers.

Contents



Introduction 1

Materials and Methods 5

Results 11

Discussion 16

Literature Cited 22












Figure and Table Contents



Figure 1 28
Figure 2 29
Figure 3. 30
Figure 4 31
Figure 5 32
Figure 6 33
Figure 7 34
Figure 8 35
Figure 9 36
Figure 10 37
Figure 11 38
Figure 12 39
Figure 13 40

Table 1. 41
Table 2. 42
Table 3. 43
Table 4. 44
Table 5 44
Table 6 45
Table 7 46
Table 8 47
Table 9 47
Table 10 48
Table 11 48

Alfaro, M. E. and J. A. Steven. 2001. Molecular systematics and evolution of Regina and the thamnophiine Snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21: 408-423.
Ashton, K. G. and D. Q. Alan. 2001. Molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis (viperidae), with commenets on the utility of the D-Loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21: 176-189.
Avise, J. C. 1992. Molecular population structure and the biogeographic history of a regional fauna: a case history with lessons for conservation biology. Oikos 63:62-76.
Avise J. C. 2000. Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Avise, J. C., J. Arnold and R. Martin. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 489-522.
Bernachez, L. and C. C. Wang. 1998. Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic and Palearctic fish. Molecular Ecology 7:431-452.
Boulenger. 1908. The annals and magazine of Natural History 8:2:222
Cann, R. L., M. Stoneking and A. C. Wilson. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325: 31-36.
Catharine, E. P., W. Wuster and S. T. Roger. 2000. Hisorical biogeoeraphy of the western rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus viridis), inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence information. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 269-282.
Chang, C. H. 2005. Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of the earthworms in the Metaphire formosae species group inferred from morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Master’s thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Chang, X. C. 2002. Phylogeny and Biogeography of the genus Capricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and cranial morphometrics. Master’s Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Chen, H. C. 1994. Preliminary study on mitochondrial DNA sequence and population variation of Rana sauteri. Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Chen, M. H., H. W. Yuan and Y. S. Lin. 2004. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in Taiwan. Journal Experiment Forest National Taiwan University 18(2):65-75.
Creer, S. A., R. S. Malhotra and W. H. Chou. 2001. Multiple causation of phulogeographical pattern as revealed by nested clade analysis of the bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri) within Taiwan. Molecular Ecology 10: 1967-1981.
Crochet, P. A., O. Chaline and S. G. Yang. 2004. Speciation in mountains: phylogeography and phylogeny of the rock lizards genus Iberolacerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 860-866.
Duvall, D., and S. J. Beaupre. 1998. Sexual strategy and size dimorphism in rattlesnakes: Integrating proximate and ultimate causation. American Zoologist 38:152-165.
Excoffier, L., P. E. Smouse and J. M. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479-491.
Fredric, J. J., G. K. James and S. H. Tamara. 2002. Molecular phylogeography of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) in western north America: implications for regional historical forces. Molecular Ecology 11: 1739-1751.
Futuyma, D. J. 1998. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
Gravlund, P. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of Tornier’s cat snake (Crotaphopeltis tornieri), endemic to east African mountain forests: biogeography, vicariance events and problematic species boundaries. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 40: 46-56.
Guo, C. H. 2002. The population genetic structure of Sphenomorphus taiwanesis. Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Hall, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Window 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Research Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
He, M. G. 2000. Phylogenetic relationship between Papilio paris Linnaeus and P. hermosanus Rebel. Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Hsu, F. H., F. J. Lin and Y. S. Lin. 2001a. Phylogeographic structure of the formosan wood mouse, Apodemus semotus thomas. Zoological Studies 40: 91-102.
Hsu, F. H., F. J. Lin and Y. S. Lin. 2001b. Phylogeographic variation in mitochondrial DNA of formosan white-bellied rat Niviventer culturatus. Zoological Studies 39:38-46
Hsu, K. C., K. C. Tsai and H. D. Lin. 2005. Phylogeography and population genetic structure of Sinibrama macrops based on mtDNA. BioFormosa 40(2):58-67.
Hsu, Y. T. 1999. The evolutionary relationship of Chinee bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) and Taiwan bulbu (P. taivanus) revealed by their population genetic structure. Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Javier A. R., F. D. Dale and E. S. Richard. 1999. Phylogeography of the California mountain kingsnake, Lampropeltis zonata (cilobridae). Molecular Ecology 8: 1923-1934.
Kumar, S., K. Tamura, I. B. Jakobsen and M. Nei. 2001. MEGA2: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA.
Lee, J. K. 2003. Phylogeography of the red-bellied tree squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus of taiwan and reexamination of its sunspecific. Master’s Thesis, Tunghai University, Taichung.
Lin, S. M. 2003. Phylogeny and phylogeoeraphic studies of Takydromus in taiwan and adjacent regions (Squamata: Lacertidae). Doctor’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Liu, K. C. 1995. Phylogeographic relationship of Japalura swinhonis based on analysis of mtDNA. Master’s Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Liu, Y. E. 2000.Analysis of population genetic structure of genus Rhacophorus in Taiwan using RAPD markers. Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Macey, J. R., A. S. James and L. Allan. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of toads in the bufo bufo species group from the escarpment of the Tibetan plateau: a case of vicariancd and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 80-87.
Maki, M. 1931. A Monograph of The Snakes of Japan. P60-62. Tokyo.
Michael P. C., S. P. Otto and W. John. 1999. Genes and other Sampled of DNA Sequence Data for Phylogenetic Inference. Biological Bulletin 196: 245-250.
Nei, M and S. Kumar. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Nei, M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Otto, S. P., M. P. Cummings, and J. Wakeley. 1996. Inferring phylogenies from DNA sequence data: the effects of sampling. In “New Uses for New Phylogenies”. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Palumbi, S., R. A. Martin, S. Romano, W. O. Mcmillan. 1991. The simple fool’s guide to PCR, Version 2. University of Hawaii Zoology Department, Honululu.
Pedro, G., P. Francisco and N. Manuel. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of the canary islands endemic lizard genus Gallotia (sauria: Lacertidae), inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6: 63-71.
Posada, D. 2004. TCS, version 1.18. Computer program distributed by the author.
Saiki. R. K., D. H. Gelfand, S. Stoffel, S. Scharf. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 39: 487-491.
Swofford, D. L. 1998. PAUP. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0 beta. Sinauer, Massachusetts, USA.
Tasi, C. Y. 1999. Population phylogeny of Gekko hokouensis based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b sequences. Master’s Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Templeton, A. R., K. A. Crandall and C. F. Sing. 1992. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data Ⅲ. Cladogram estimation. Genetics 132:619-633.
Toda, M. M. N. and M. Matsui. 1998. Genetic variation in the Indian rice frog, Rana limnocharis (Amphoboa: Anura) in Taiwan, as revealed by allozyme data. Herpetologica 54: 73-82.
Wu, M. J. 2004. Phylogeography variation of siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) in taiwan, based on control region sequences of mitochondrial DNA. Master’s Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Xia, X and Z. Xie. 2000. DAMBE: data analysis in molecular in molecular biology and evolution. Journal and Heredity 92: 371-373.
Xiang, G. S. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography in the genus Japalura of taiwan based on the variation of mtDNA sequences. Master’s Thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung.
Yoshinori, K., H. Ota and M. Nishida. 1998. The complete nucleotide sequence of a snake (Dinodon semicarinatus) mitochondrial genome with two identical control regions. Genetics 150: 313-329.
Yuan, S. L. 2003. Phylogeographic variation in mitochondrial cytochrome b region of formosan burrowing shrew, Anourosorex squamipes yamashinai (Mammalia:Insectivora). Master’s Thesis, Tunghai University, Taichung.