臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

環境因子，如溫度、濕度、粉塵、氨氣、飼養欄舍及雛雞運輸等與淘汰率及生產效能之關係，有相關的實驗研究證實，但以雞農之實際飼養資料分析運用者不多；因此，本報告蒐集台灣肉雞場之生產效能資料，依流行病學統計方法進行雞場環境因子與肉雞場之生產效能（第一週損失率、育成率、生產指數）之相關性分析。
資料來自2000年1月至2002年5月1,112家肉雞場之13,448筆育雛紀錄與2000年9月至2002年5月812家肉雞場的4,456筆生產效能資料，經篩檢配對後以完整且詳實之2,471筆資料，利用地理資訊系統計算雛雞運輸距離，並搭配中央氣象局溫度資料後做進一步分析。基本統計得知，第一週平均死亡率為1.41%、平均育成率為92.31%、平均生產指數為255.04。以第一週損失率、育成率及生產指數的變異數分析、最小顯著差異法與 Mantel-Haenszel Procedure 分析，具顯著影響之變數包括環境溫度、欄舍形式、飼養地區與雛雞運輸距離。就相對危險性而言，入雛當日最低溫小於19℃時有較高之損失率（RR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.15~3.04, P<0.05）與較低之育成率（RR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.22∼2.18, P<0.05）。低溫時運輸對生產指數之影響並不顯著（P>0.05）而高溫（>34℃）亦未見其有影響。水簾式雞舍的肉雞育雛與育成效果，不論在任何季節皆是最好，開放式雞舍則最差。台灣中部與東北部的飼養效能最佳，南部則最差。運輸距離較長者其第一週損失率亦較高，宜蘭區則顯然受到雞隻來源之影響。
本研究資料筆數雖多，但是進行細部分層分析時出現某些變項資料不足而缺乏代表性的情形，導致無法繼續深究，故未來須以更嚴謹的評估變項外，亦需增長調查的時間以累積更多的資料，並提高季節評估之代表性。

Temperature, humidity, dust, ammonia, housing systems, and young chickens transportation are known to influence the broiler performance. The relationships between the broiler performance and these factors have been investigated under controlled experiments. Field application and further analysis are limited. This research was a longitudinal study to identify environmental factors associated with cumulative cull rate of the first week (CCR), livability (LIV) and production efficiency factor (PEF) of broiler chickens in Taiwan utilizing data regularly recorded in a production database.
A total of 14,185 broiler flocks with CCR from 2000 January to 2002 May, and 4,456 broiler flocks with LIV and PEF from 2000 September to 2002 May were incorporated in this study. After data matching and selection, 2,471 broiler flocks were used for analysis. Geographic Information System was applied to estimate the distance between the hatcheries to the broiler farms. Detailed temperature profiles were also decoded for analysis. The mean CCR was 1.41%; mean LIV was 92.31% and mean PEF was 255.04. Environmental temperature, housing systems, and delivering distance were identified as significant factors after ANOVA and Mantel-Haenszel procedure applied. Cold stress (≤19˚C) during transportation and first day after housing was associated with poor broiler performance (P < 0.05). But there was no clear association between heat stress (≥34˚C) and broiler performance. Traditional open-curtain type of housing system had the poorest performance, while that water-cooled type of house had the best performance. Districts in mid-west and northern Taiwan had a better performance, while those of southern Taiwan had the poorest performance. Delivering distance associated with the transportation of days-old chicks appeared to influence the incidence of ascites, in which longer distance transportation was associated with the poor performance. There were significant correlations between CCR, LIV and PEF (P < 0.05), however, cause-specific observation was not conclusive in current study and further investigation is necessary.

表次 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅰ
圖次 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅳ
中文摘要 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅴ
英文摘要 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅶ
壹、序言 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
貳、文獻探討
一、溫度與肉雞生產效能之關係‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3
二、相對濕度對肉雞之影響‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥7
三、氨氣及粉塵對肉雞之影響‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥8
四、飼養密度對肉雞之影響 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
五、運輸距離對雛雞之影響 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥11
六、欄舍形式對肉雞第一週損失率與生產效能之影響 12
八、田間資料分析 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥14
參、材料與方法
一、研究對象‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥16
二、資料收集
1. 肉雞與種雞場基本資料‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥16
2. 氣溫‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥17
3. 肉雞第一週損失率‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥17
4. 肉雞生產效能‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥18
三、資料處理
1. 資料篩選‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥19
2. 雛雞運輸距離‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥20
3. 運輸溫度與入雛雞場溫度‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥22
4. 欄舍形式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥23
四、篩選資料之統計分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥23
肆、結果
一、資料描述‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥26
二、飼養地區‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥26
三、入雛雞場外圍與運輸當日溫度‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥32
四、欄舍形式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥45
五、雛雞運輸距離‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥45
六、季節更替‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥50
七、季節與欄舍形式對肉雞飼養之交互作用‥‥‥‥‥52
八、雛雞第一週損失率、育成率與生產指數之關係 ‥‥54
伍、討論
一、入雛雞場外圍與運輸當日溫度‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥58
二、雛雞運輸距離‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥59
三、欄舍形式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥59
四、季節更替‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥62
五、飼養地區‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥63
六、多元迴歸‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥68
陸、結論與建議 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥70
柒、參考文獻 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥72
附錄 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥78

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