臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當台灣加入WTO之後，許多國營與民營產業開始面臨產品需求彈性上的問題，農業首當其衝面臨挑戰。與我國地方農業相互依賴關係最緊密的組織當然為農會，而農會支持命脈又以信用部為主。這層錯綜複雜之關係可謂「輔車相依，唇亡齒寒」。近幾年，農會信用部因為面臨許多商業銀行的競爭，以及信用部本身種種體制上的問題，導致許多信用部因為績效不彰，面臨接管、裁撤之命運。從體制面向來看，亦即從經濟效益、財政、行政、法律之面向分析，均認為信用部已經無存在之必要性，已經喪失組織生存空間。因此從正式制度(組織生存空間)面向來看，信用部之法律位階低、規範密度高、擁有之權力與資源受限制、與其他組織之關係網絡薄弱等，多數證據顯示信用部已無存在之必要性。但是為何政府提出之農業金融改革政策卻一再受到基層農民之抵制？顯示地方信用部擁有某些潛在性力量。本篇論文則試圖從非正式制度面向分析信用部之潛在力量，該非正式制度為社會資本，並從社會資本的觀點分析究竟信用部之生存空間除了正式制度外，是否還存有非正式制度之影響？當政府認為農會信用部已無經營生存空間時，認為應進行農會信用部分級制之政策。惟中途受到農民的抗議而暫停。而該暫停是否意味著農會信用部與農民之間具有某種潛在性力量？承前論述，試圖研究信用部之潛在性力量？除了實體資本、金融資本與人力資本外，是否還存在其他的資源或資本？例如：社會資本。因此本篇論文研究問題如下：一、 探討竹南鎮農會信用部之生存空間？二、 分析竹南鎮農會信用部之社會資本高低為何？三、 該信用部之生存空間是否受到信用部社會資本的影響？四、 信用部之生存空間若受到社會資本影響，對於該信用部或對主管機關而言，改革處理模式為何？該論文之研究對象主要以苗栗縣竹南鎮信用合作社之會員為主，測量社會資本之三種取向，結構取向、認知取向、關係取向等，作為自變數檢視會員曾經獲得貸款次數之關係顯著性。資料蒐集方法則以問卷調查法為主，資料分析則以SPSS-for-window之次數分配、t檢定、變異數分析、多元迴歸為主。研究發現如下：信用部生存空間：第一、法律位階與規範密度較低：一、法律規範僅以規則、令、細則等規範。二、信用部無納入金融法規範疇。三、主管機關多元化。第二、權力與資源面向較低：一、總幹事遴選制度備受爭議。二、總幹事與理、監事以及地方主管機關之間的相互行為，關係複雜。三、信用部經營以非正式關係形式運作居多。四、信用部無法適才而用，朝向專業化經營。五、信用部競租行為頻繁。　　　　第三、關係與網絡面向較低：一、網絡雖廣，惟缺乏中央主管機關認同。二、平行支援機構意願不高。三、該信用部立場明確，較願意由下而上改革。以下為社會資本面向，第一、結構取向程度高：一、透過第三者若為公職人員，愈容易獲得貸款。二、個人或第三者職業工作年限若愈久，愈容易獲得貸款。三、協商過程若地方派系人士愈活躍，愈容易獲得貸款。第二、認知取向程度高：一、存款原因若愈趨向正式制度因素，獲得愈多貸款。二、愈信任農會者，成功貸款次數愈多。三、愈滿意自費學習課程者，成功貸款次數也愈多。四、愈信任農會職員者，獲得成功貸款次數也愈多。第三、關係取向程度高：一、參與農會活動次數愈多者，成功貸款次數愈多。二、愈贊成由他人介入改革者，貸款次愈少。三、愈贊成開放農會成員資格者，貸款成功次數多。整體而言，非正式制度力量大於正式制度力量，同時後者之運作的確受前者力量影響，因此建議制度設計時如下：第一、善用非正式制度性力量─作為政策資源運用。第二、改變信用部為地方選舉樁腳觀念。第三、主管機關應提供平等待遇。第四、發展中觀層級與宏觀層級之社會資本。第五、以社會資本彌補分析組織生存空間不足之處。第六、中央主管機關應改善信用部體制，成為正式私法人組織，納入銀行法管理，與一般銀行享有同等待遇，以符合平等原則。第七、給予信用部有絕對權威處理目前經營危機之主導權。第八、該信用部擁有高度社會資本，針對先前問題之處理模式應先暫停，必須經過與標的團體詳細溝通後，才能選擇替選方案。第九、將信用部社會資本轉為其他政策用途，規劃以地方農會為主之社區發展計劃，以及配合地方風俗民情，發展具有地方特色之觀光農業。第十、作為地方資源永續發展機制。第十一、農會與信用部之地方社會資本特性可負責執行福利政策。

There were great deals of stated-operated and privatized industries confronted the problem of elasticity, especially, when Taiwan had joined in WTO, the coming first challenge on particular sector was agriculture. Therefore, the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association was closed, which might vanish the association in the interdependent and sophisticated relationships between local agriculture and finance. Owing to the competition of commercial banks, bulks of frames of credit departments recent years, leading to takeover, replacement, deactivate an organization as a result from unbalanced performances. In case we figured out the phenomenon from the perspectives of economic benefit efficiency, finance, administration, law…etc. we might take the unnecessary of existence for granted and the niche of organization disappeared.
Consequently, from the dimension of formal institution (it’s referred to niche), we found out the Credit Department in it’s frames in which had low position of law, high density of rule, limited on possession of power and resource, weak tie with other networks. Parts of researches demonstrated that most Credit Departments were out of function, but why were the diagnosis of government suffered boycott by farmers again and again in the reformation of agriculture-finance policy？whether they had any potential or not？
As all above mentioned, my thesis was attempt to find the potentials in terns of informal institution---social capital, and analyzed the impacts of niche from social capital perspective. In particular, our government thought that Credit Departments lost their prestige, the priority was to classify according to performance, but suspended on the mid way, however, it push us recognize the reality, we need to pay more attentions on the potentials, hence, my core attention was on the potentials.
In addition to physical capital, financial capital, human capital, whether the Credit Departments have possessed of potential power or resource？For example, social capital.
My research questions were as following:
First, I will work hard on Discussion of niche of the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association in Chu-Nan, Miao-Li County.
Second, to analyze the degree of social capital of the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association in Chu-Nan, Miao-Li County.
Third, I would like exam whether the social capital have any influence on the niche？
Finally, if the previous arguments were right, I would suggest solutions to particular financial and agriculture problems for the authorities.
My objects of research were the parts of members of the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association in Chu-Nan, Miao-Li County in which measured the associations between the successes of loaning and social capital which were composed of structural dimension, cognitive dimension, relational dimension. However, I would exam the significance between the independent variable, which was social capital and the dependent variable which was the success time of loaning. The method of data collection was resorted to questionnaire survey and used the tools frequency distribution, t-distribution, one-way Anova, multiple-regression in SPSS-for-Window.
My research demonstrated the niche as following, first, the association had low position of law and rules, they merely ruled by regulations, orders, detailed rules, and the association had not subsumed in financial laws, finally, I also found out the association had had problems of multiple authorities.
Second, low degree of the niche of power and resources, especially the disputes about the procedures of local authorities selected someone to be a chairman, complex mutuality among chairman, supervisor, and local authorities, the informal relations on operation, non-profession to manage and displacement of human resource management, rent-seeking behavior…etc. these issues were the details of second component of niche.
Finally, the third dimension of niche showed the lower extensity of relationships and networks, included lower identity from central authorities, although it had wide-range networks, little inclination of other support agencies, and most of all, the association had positive ground for reformation from bottom-up approach
I found the low extensity of the niche of the association, but the possession of social capital was indeed demonstrated contrary outcomes, my evidences revealed the association had high degree of structural dimension, if the structural hole positions were officials, these members would get loans likely, even the positional stuffs and individuals had worked for a long time and some processes of negotiation were more dynamic by local factions, all these situations would appear the horizontal outcomes.
The second dimension of social capital were relations, it showed that if the causes of money on deposit were intended to informal factors, they might get more successful loans, however, trust was a critical lubricate in society, I also measured the degree of trustworthiness, therefore I had discovered that if the members trusted stuffs in the association, they would receive more assistances, the data considerably showed alternative outcome, if they were satisfied with paying class about agriculture education, they would have positive outcome spontaneously.
Finally, I discussed the sophisticated relationships between stuffs and members for supplement to the motivation and collective action of citizen participation, the more times they involved, the more times they got the loans, in particular to the identity and cognition to cohesiveness, if they approved of reformation by outsiders, they would receive fewer loans. Nevertheless, if the members agreed of deregulation on membership for association’s sake, they would get more loans
Frankly speaking, the influence of informal institution was stronger than formal one, and the latter was indeed affected by former, so I proposed several suggestions on institutional design about these disputes, my conclusion as following:
1. To use the force of informal institution well in the right dimension in particular for policy resources application.
2. To altered the concept of negative impression for the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association.
3. The central and local authorities should provide equal treatment.
4. We are supposed to develop the macro - meso level of social capital.
5. I attempted to supplant in the lack of capacity of interpretation of the niche through using the concept of social capital.
6. The central authorities should improve the structures of the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association and made them turn out to be legal corporations, subsumed to banking law for equality principle.
7. The central authorities should delegate to the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association, which could absolutely deal with the crises of operation.
8. I found out the association that had high degree of social capital and suggested that cease the previous actions, if reformers would like chose a optimal solution, they should communication with target groups in details.
9. We could transform the stocks of social capital to other policy supporting, maybe in based of local Farmers’ Association which planned to community development, tourism to cooperate with customs.
10. Using for sustainable development of local resources.
11. The Characteristic of the Credit Department of Farmers’ Association could implement the welfare policy through social capital approach.

目　錄
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景 5
　　第二節　研究動機與目的 .14
第三節　名詞定義 .16第四節　研究問題與流程 .20
第五節　研究架構、方法與限制 22
第二章　竹南鎮農會信用部之概況 25
　　第一節　農會組織發展沿革 25
　　第二節　農會信用部現況 33
第三節　農會信用部問題 38
第四節　小結 61
第三章　社會資本理論與探討 62
第一節　社會資本意義 62
第二節　社會資本構成要素 29
第三節　社會資本應用 86
第四節　社會資本模型 91
第五節　國內社會資本相關文獻 .100
第六節　小結 ..103
第四章　研究設計與問卷 ..106
第一節　社會資本測量 ..106
第二節　社會資本操作定義與假設 ..108
第三節　分析工具 ..110
第五章　問卷分析與解釋 ..113
第一節　資料分析 ..113
第二節　個人基本資料分析 ..114
第三節　單一變數與資源獲得次數分析 ..117
第四節　成對型變數與資源獲得次數分析 ..124
第五節　結構取向、認知取向、關係取向與資源獲得次數分析 ..134
第六節　小結 ..139
第六章　結論與建議 ..144
第一節　生存空間要素 ..144
第二節　信用部之社會資本程度 ..151
第三節　建議與未來發展 ..159
參考書目 ..166
附錄(一)：農會法 ..176
附錄(二)：農會信用部業務管理辦法 ..192
附錄(三)：主客觀職業量表 ..198
附錄(四)：問卷內容 ..201
附錄(五)：問卷編碼簿 ..205
附錄(六)：次數分配原始資料表 ..211
附錄(七)：敘述性統計原始資料表 ..231
附錄(八)：結構取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..232
附錄(九)：認知取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..237
附錄(十)：關係取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..242
附錄(十一)：結構取向與認知取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..247
附錄(十二)：結構取向與關係取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..252
附錄(十三)：認知取向與關係取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..258
附錄(十四)：結構取向、認知取向、關係取向迴歸分析原始資料 ..264
附錄(十五)：個人資料迴歸分析原始資料 ..271
表次
表1-1：竹南鎮農會信用部業務細項 6
表1-2：竹南鎮農會信用部至九十二年度上半年度營業狀況表 7
表1-3：農會與信用部面臨之大環境變動一覽表 8
表1-4：全國農會各項數據表……… ..9
表1-5：各中央主管機關針對農會與信用部問題之意見 12
表2-1：農會組織成立之沿革 26
表2-2：農會本身組織特性與經營過程對運作之影響 39
表2-3：農會組織特性所產生之問題 .43
表2-4：現行問題農會信用部之處理模式 .47
表2-5：各主管機關與組織對問題農會及信用部之立場 .52
表2-6：國內農會信用部相關文獻 58
表3-1：國外社會資本作為獨立變項之研究結果 83
表3-2：國內社會資本相關文獻 .101
表4-1：社會資本之操作型定義 ..108
表4-2：自變數與依變數定義 ..109
表4-3：抽樣地區一覽表 ..112
表5-1：個人資料量表 ..116
表5-2：結構取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 118
表5-3：認知取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 119
表5-4：關係取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 120
表5-5：結構取向、認知取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 ...125
表5-6：結構取向、關係取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 ..128
表5-7：認知取向、關係取向與資源獲得次數之分析摘要 ..131
表5-8：結構取向、認知取向、關係取向與資源獲得次數分析之摘要 ..135
表5-9：個人基本條件與資源獲得次數分析之摘要 ..138
表5-10：社會資本各變數與資源獲得次數之關係 ..142
表6-1：研究問題與發現 ..158
圖次
圖1-1：論文研究流程 21
圖1-2：論文研究架構 22
圖2-1：農會組織內部架構 29
圖3-1：社會資本的來源 69
圖3-2：社會資本影響個人之方法 74
圖3-3：社會資本的基本組成 78
圖3-4：社會資本與制度績效之因果關係 78
圖3-5：社會資本模型 94
圖4-1：農會信用部之社會資本運作模式 ..107
表5-1：個人資料量表 ..116
圖6-1：傳統解決信用部問題模式 ..145
圖6-2：社會資本途徑解決信用部問題模式 ..159
圖6-3：社會資本與生存空間強弱之政策介入手段 ..160

參考書目
壹、中文部分
一、書籍
邱皓政(2002)，「社會與行為科學的量化研究與統計分析：SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析」，台北市，五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
郭石吉，張文賢，黃奕元(2001)，「面對基層金融問題：檢視全國農會信用部改革研究報告」，台北市，監察院。
郭石吉，黃守高，林時機，謝慶輝(2003)，「健全農業金融體系之改革方向專案調查研究報告」，台北市，監察院財政及經濟委員撰，財─九一─五。
陳希煌，黃振德(1997)，「健全農會信用部體制之研究」，台北市，行政院研究發展考核委員會。
劉健哲(1996)，「農業政策之原理與實務」，台北縣，啟英文化事業有限公司。
蔡秋榮(1988)，「再論農會信用部與信用合作社業務區域劃分問題」，台北市，基層金融研究訓練中心
蘇財源(1998)，「落實農、漁會信用部輔導與監督之研究」，台北市，中央存款保險公司。
鄭錫鍇(2001)，「公共組織結構慣性的五大成因」，林水波主編，『組織理論』，台北市，智勝文化事業有限公司，頁73。
二、期刊
丁文郁(1999)，「成立全國農會之研究」，『農業金融論叢』，第42期，頁59~79。
王親仁(1999)，「農會信用部市場競爭能力之分析」，『金融財務』，第2期，頁83~104。
吳榮杰(1992)，「台灣農會金融執行成效之檢討」，『基層金融』，第5期，頁135~164。
吳榮杰、周百隆(2000)，「農漁會信用部組織與管理之檢討」，『農業金融論叢』，第43輯，頁1~42。
吳榮杰、周百隆、陳永琦、黃士榮(2000)，「建構健全完整的農業金融體系」，『農業金融論叢』，頁81~116。
林碉力、車鵬程(1995)，「我國基層金融機構合併相關問題之探討」，『基層金融』，第30期，頁85~102。
林維義(1999)，「農會信用部經營危機之改革方向探討」，『金融財務』，第3期，頁13~23。
社論(2000)，「解決農漁會信用部之方案與建議」，『台灣經濟研究月刊』，第23卷，第9期，頁6~7。
許維哲、雷立芬(1998)，「信用部與農會各部門動態關係之分析」，『農業金融論叢』，第40輯，頁251~262。
張正義(2002)，「健全農會組織，確保農民福祉」，『國家政策論壇』，第二卷第一期。
陳介英(1996)，「台灣農會信用部的「地方」特質」，『基層金融』，第23卷，第32期，頁217~236。
陳永琦(2001)，「從制度經濟學分析我國農會信用部之經營問題與改進方向」，『台灣金融財務季刊』，第2輯，第3期，頁187~200。
雷立芬(1999)，「經濟自由化下的農業金融政策」，『基層金融』，第26期，頁205~221。
雷立芬、傅祖壇、張靜貞(1996)，「農會信用部對台灣農村經濟發展之影響」，「基層金融」，第9期，頁117~151。
廖坤榮(2002)，「台灣農會經營管理的困境：網絡理論的分析」，『政治科學論叢』，第16期，頁163~190。
廖朝賢(1996)，「當前農會信用部之危機與轉機」，『基層金融』，第32期，頁261~289。
蔡宏進(1999)，「農村居民參與農村發展規劃之研究」，『農業金融論叢』，第42輯，頁81~116。
蔡秋榮(1993)，「農漁會信用部業務經營分析」，『基層金融』，第26期，頁175~204。
蔡淑鈴、瞿海源(1989)，「主客觀職業量表之初步建構」，『台灣社會現象的分析』，伊慶春，朱瑞玲主編(1989)，六月，中央研究院三民主義研究所叢刊第25期 ，頁477~516。
鄭錫鍇(2002)，「社會資本與政府再造」，『國政研究報告』，憲政(研)091-024。
賴英照(1999)，「農會信用部改革方案之評析」，『華信金融季刊』，第8期，頁35~53。
謝宗貴(2000)，「從組織變革觀點探討農會信用部之再造」，『財稅研究』，第32卷，第5期，頁153~163。
顏建賢(2001)，「台灣農會組織研究與發展願景」，『農民組織學刊』，第23卷，第3期，頁117~134，。
三、論文
丁文郁(1998) ，「台灣農民非營利組織策略規劃之研究─以台灣農會為例」，國立台灣大學農業經濟學研究所博士論文。
王衍泰(2002)，「社會資本對國際合資中組織學習與知識保護之影響」，國立成功大學國際企業研究所碩士論文。
呂首(2003)，「農會內部人員對農會轉型意願之研究─以高雄縣轄區農會為例」，國立高雄第一科技大學金融營運所碩士論文。
李貞宜(2002)，「從社會資本探討非營利組織資源連結過程之研究─以財團法人伊甸社會福利基金會附設中區服務中心為例」，東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
周百隆(2001)，「農會信用部經營危機之研究─危機預警模型與馬克夫吸收鏈鎖之應用」，國立台灣大學農業經濟學研究所博士論文。
林億明(2002)，「團隊導向的人力資源管理實務對團隊知識分享與創新之影響─社會資本的中介效果」，東吳大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
陳永琦(2002)，「台灣地區農會信用部與本國銀行合併之效益分析」，國立台灣大學農業經濟學研究所博士論文。
章文駿(2002)，「社會資本觀點之組織蓄積與應用之研究─以參與工研院科技專案廠商為例」，義守大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
黃士榮(2001)，「台灣地區設立全國農業銀行可行性之研究」，國立台灣大學農業經濟學研究所碩士論文。
黃立凱(2002)，「社區網絡對於居民社會資本之影響」，元智大學資訊社會學研究所碩士論文。
黃意璇(2001)，「問題農會信用部處理模式之研究」，南華大學管理學研究所碩士論文。
蔡志豪(2002)，「組織之社會資本與組織學習績效之研究─以參與工研院研發聯盟之廠商為例」，義守大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
蔡碩倉(1999)，「台灣地區農會信用部金融預警評等系統之研究」，國立中興大學農業經濟學系博士論文。
賴勇賓(2002)，「台灣農會信用部之成本效率分析」，逢甲大學經濟學系碩士論文。
顏建賢(1994)，「台灣基層農會的組織間關係及其對組織績效的影響」，國立台灣大學農業經濟學研究所博士論文。
四、文件
行政院行政發展考核委員會(2003)，「行政院農業委員會九十一年業務報告」。
行政院農業委員會(2003)，「行政院農業委員會九十一年年報」。
苗栗縣竹南鎮農會(2003.7.16)，「竹南鎮農會業務概況」。
中國國民黨中央委員會政策研究工作會(1994.9.3)，「邁向二十一世紀的農業政策與發展策略」。
五、報紙
中央日報(2000/ 01/10)，「農會信用部合併改制，基層反對」，黃乾玉，第六版。　　　　　　　　　　　
台北縣汐止市農會汐農會刊(2002/12)，「1123與農共生，全國農漁民團結自救大遊行」，第258期。
中央日報(2002/11/26)，「農會信用部改革之省思」，楊偉文，焦點透視。
中國時報(2002/11/24)，「農漁民終於證明自己是命運的主人」，第二版，社論。
中國時報(2002/11/17)，「農業金融主管機關將改為農委會」，蘇慧貞，第六版
六、網站
新聞局 (2002.11.10)，「游揆指示財政部檢討農漁會信用部分及管理措施」，網址：publish.gio.gov.tw/newsc/911110/91111002.html
作者匿名(2003.1.3)，「不是改不改革問題」網址：www.tts.idv.tw/html/Nady/.htm
貳、西文部分
(I)Books
Alder, Paul S.and Seok-Woo Kuan(2000).（Social Capital： The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly）, in Eric L. Lesser, Knowledge and Social Capital：Foundations and Applications, Butterworth-Heinenann, pp.89-115
Burt, Ronald S. (2001).（Structural Hole Versus Network Closure as Social Capital）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：Theory and Research. Aldine De Gruyter, pp.31-56..
Chhibber, Ajay (2000). （Social Capital, the State and the Development Outcomes）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C., pp.296-319.
Coleman, James S. (2000).（Social Capital in The Creation of Human Capital）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C.
Couto, Richard A.(1999). Making Democracy Work Better, The University of North Carolina Press.
Daft, Richard L.(1998).（Interorganizational Relationships）, in Richard L. Daft, Organization Theory and Design, Sixth edition, South-Western College publishing, pp.536-540.
Dekker, Paul and Eric M. Uslaner(2001).（Introduction）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, published by Routlege. pp.1-29.
Edward, Bob, Michael W. Foley and Mario Dinal(2001). Beyond Tocqueville：Civil Societ and Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, Published By University Press of New England, Hanover.
Grootaert, Christiaan (2001).（Social Capital :The Missing Link？）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, Routledge, pp.9-29.
Johnston, Richard and Stuart N. Soroka(2001).（Social Capital in The Multicultural Society: The Case of Canada）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, Routledge, pp30-44.
Krishna, Anirudh (2000).（Can Social Help Support Development and Democracy）, in Anirudh Krishna, Active Social Capital: Tracing The Roots of Development and Democracy, Columbia University Press, pp.1-13.
La Porta, Rafael, Florence Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny(1993). Making Democracy Work：Civic Tradition in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press.
La Porta, Rafael, Florence Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny(2000). （Trust in Large Organization）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C. pp.310-324.
Lesser, Eric L.(2000).（Leveraging Social Capital in Organization）,in Eric L. Lesser, Knowledge and Social Capital：Foundations and Applications, Butterworth-Heinenann, pp.3-16.
Nahapiet, Janine and Sumantra Ghoshal(2000).（Social Capital, Intellectual Capial, and the Organizational Advantage）, in Eric L. Lesser, Knowledge and Social Capital：Foundations and Applications, Butterworth-Heinenann, pp.119-157.
Nan, Lin(2001).（Theories of Capital:The Historical Foundation）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.1-3.
Nan, Lin(2001).（Social Capital: Capital Captured Through Social Relations）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.19-28
Nan, Lin(2001).（Resources, Hierarchy, Networks, and Homophily: The Structural Foundation）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.29-40.
Nan, Lin(2001).（Resources, Motivations, and Interactions: The Action Foundation）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.41-54.
Nan, Lin(2001).（The Theory and Theoretical Propositions）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.55-77
Nan, Lin(2001).（Social Capital and Status Attainment: A Research Tradition）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.78-98
Nan, Lin(2001).（Inequility in Social Capital: A research Agenda）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University., pp.99-126.
Nan, Lin, Yang-chih Fu and Ray-May Hsung (2001).（The Position Generator：Measurement Technique For Investigation of Social Capital）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：Theory and Research. Aldine De Gruyter, pp.57-84.
Nan, Lin(2001).（Building A Network Theory of Social Capital）, in Lin Nan, Social Capital：Theory and Research. Aldine De Gruyter, pp.3-30.
Narayan, Deepa and Lant Pritchett(2000).（Social Capital：Evidence and Implication）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C, pp.269-295.
Onyx, Jenny and Paul Bullen(2001).（The Different Faces of Social Capital in NSW Australia）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, Routledge, pp.46-57.
Portes, Alejandro(2000). （Social Capital：It’s Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology）, in Eric L. Lesser, Knowledge and Social Capital：Foundations and Applications, Butterworth-Heinenann, pp.43-68.
Putnam, Robert D.(1993).（Social Capital and Institutional Success）, in Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work：Civic Tradition In Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, pp.163-185.
Putnam, Robert D.(2000). Bowling Alone：The Collapse And Revival of American Community, Published By Simon and Schuster.
Putnam, Robert D., and Kristin A. Goss (2001).（Democracies In Flux：The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society）, in Robert D. Putnam, Democracies In Flux：The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, Oxford University Press, New York , pp.1-19.
Serageldin, Ismail and Christiaan Grootaret(2000).（Defining Social Capital：An Integrating View）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C, pp.40-58.
Stolle, Dietlind (2001).（Getting To Trust: An Analysis of The Importance of Institution, Families, Personal Experiences and Group Membership）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, Routledge, pp.118-133.
Turner, Johnathan H.(2000).（The Formation of Social Capital）, in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, Social Capital：A Multifaceted Perspective, The World Bank, Washington D C, pp.94-143.
Uslaner, Eric M. and Paul Dekker (2001).（The Social in Social Capital）, in Paul Dekker and Eric M. Uslaner, Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Lif”, Routledge, pp.176-187.
(II)Periodicals
Boggs, Carl(2000). ’’Social Capital and Political Fantacy：Robert Putnam’s Bowling Alone”, Theory and Society, No. 30, 2000, pp.281-297.
Burt, Ronald S. (1997). “The Contingent Value of Social Capital”, Administrative Science Quarterly, No. 42, 1997, pp.339-365.
Campbell, David E.(2000). ‘’Social Capital and Service Learning’’, Political Science & Politics, Washington, Vol. 33, Issue. 3, 2000, pp.641-645.
Fox, Jonathan and John Gershman(2000). ’’The World Bank and Social Capital：Lessons From Ten Rural Development Project In The Philippines and Mexico’’, Policy Science, No. 33, 2000, pp.399-419.
Fukuyama, Francis( 2001). ‘’Social Capital, Civil Society and Development’’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 22, No.1, 2001, pp.7-20.
Gregory, Robert J. (1999). “Social Capital Theory and Administrative Reform: Maintaining Ethical Probity in Public Service”, Public Administration Review 1/2, Vol.159, No.1, 1999, pp.63-75.
Inkeles, Alex(2000). ’’Measure Social Capital and It’s Consequences’’, Policy Science., No.33, 2000, pp.245-268.
Montgomery, John D.(2000). ’’Social Capital As a Policy Resource’’, Policy Science, No. 33, 2000, pp.227-243.
Narayan, Deepa and Michael F. Cassidy(2001). ’’A Dimensional Approach To Measuring Social Capital：Development and Validation of A Social Capital Inventory’’, Current Sociology, Vol.49(2), 2001, pp.59-102.
Newton, Renneth(2001). ’’Trust, Socail Captial, Civil Society, and Democracy’’, International Political Science Review, Vol 22, No.2, 2001, pp.201-214.
Pennington., Mark and Yvanne Rydin(2000). ’’Researching Social Capital in Local Environment Policy Context’’, Policy & Politics, Vol.28, No.2, 2000, pp.233-249.
(III)Conference Papers
Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis(2000). ’’Social Capital and Community Governance’’, Paper Presented in the Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, (December 22, 2000)., Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003.
(IV)Internet
Allen. Will, Margaret Kilvington and Chrys Horn, (April 29, 2003). “The Role of Social Capital in Collaborative Learning’’, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research”. http//:www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/social/social_capital.asp
Denise,Meredyth, Lisa Hopkins, Scott Ewing and Julian Thomas(April 29, 2003). ’’Measuring Social Capital in a Networked Housing Estate”, from Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues7_10/meredyth/
Meredyth, Denise, Liza Hopkins, Scott Ewing and Julian Thomas. (April 29, 2003). “Measuring Social Capital in A Networked Housing Estate”, Peer-Reviewd Journal on the Internet. http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue7_10/meredyth/
The World Bank, (April 29, 2003).http://www.worldbank.org/poverty.scapital/whatsc.htm