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研究背景與目的：依分裂性人格特質向度模式(Claridge et al., 1997)，高分裂性人格傾向個體，有類似精神分裂症患者的注意力抑制功能缺損 (O’Driscoll et al., 1998)、易知覺到負向情緒感受(Kerns, 2005)，無法整合社交脈絡訊息以正確辨識他人情緒(Miller & Lenzenweger, 2012)，而且情緒性訊息會干擾個體的注意力抑制功能(Kerns, 2005)，這些缺損皆為個體發展成精神分裂症的危險因子，但是過去未釐清各因子間的關係，以及情緒在其中扮演的角色為何，因此本研究納入情緒性訊息，探討高低分裂性人格傾向個體注意力抑制、情緒感受、社交情境下辨識他人情緒的眼動模式之差異性，及各因子之間的關係。研究方法：共135位參與者參加本研究，以精神分裂病性人格量表正性和負性症狀得分區分高傾向(HS)和低傾向(LS)各25人。所有參與者皆先進行情緒性跳視作業和社交情緒判斷作業的眼動實驗，然後填寫精神分裂性人格特質量表(α=.89)、幻覺經驗量表(α=.86)、多元情感檢核表、多元事件經驗檢核表、特質焦慮量表(α=.79)、貝克憂鬱量表(α=.89)。研究結果：(1)跳視作業：在混合跳視作業，相較於LS，HS朝向害怕刺激注意力有困難，但是抑制害怕刺激表現較佳。同時控制焦慮特質和憂鬱程度後，分裂性人格傾向愈高，朝向害怕刺激跳視注意力愈差。 (2)主觀情緒感受：相較於LS組，HS容易感受到負向情緒，包括生氣、悲傷、害怕和厭惡，較常經驗到許多負向情緒生活事件。而且分裂性人格特質和負向情緒和事件經驗感受有正相關。(3)社交情緒判斷作業：組別×情緒×有無表情在第一凝視期間有三因子交互作用，主角未呈現表情，但是屬於生氣情緒時，相較於LS，HS觀看情境圖片的第一凝視持續時間較長。組別×有無表情×興趣區在注視時間百分比有三因子交互作用；主角有呈現臉孔表情時，HS觀看目標臉孔的注視時間百分比顯著大於LS。而且個體分裂性人格傾向愈高，個體觀看主角未呈現害怕表情的社交情境圖片時，注視和凝視第一脈絡的情形愈多。(4)朝向害怕刺激的注意力、情緒事件經驗和社交脈絡下對害怕情緒的眼動指標可預測分裂性人格傾向。討論：HS在朝向、抑制跳視注意力、主觀情緒感受和社交情境脈絡下的注意力偏好與一般人有顯著差異。而且綜觀各實驗與情緒感受的研究結果，發現害怕刺激對高分裂性人格傾向個體的跳視注意力和社交情境下的視動模式有其影響性，而且個體亦常知覺到害怕情緒，顯示害怕情緒可能對分裂性人格傾向個體在各因子之表現扮演重要的角色。

Background and purpose: According to the fully dimensional model (Claridge, 1997) based on Eysenck and Eysenck’s personality theory (1976), discontinuity in function distinguishes psychological health from abnormalities or disease. Past research demonstrates that non-clinical individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits perform poorly across some of the same domains found to be impaired in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, namely, deficits in antisaccade, (O’ Driscoll et al., 1998), deficits in experiencing and processing emotions (Kerns, 2005), and difficulties in determining the emotions of others through social contextual cues (Miller & Lenzenweger, 2012). These vulnerabilities contribute to the development of schizophrenia related disorders. However, the relationships between these factors and how they affect the processing of emotional information had yet to be clarified. This study thus investigated the antisaccade deficits and emotional processing of high and low schizotypic individuals, examining the relationships among these vulnerabilities through the inclusion of emotion-related materials. Method: 135 participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale(LSHS), Multiple emotion checklist, Multiple emotional experience checklist, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait (STAI-T), the saccade task, and the social- emotion judgment task from which two groups were identified, 25 each based on the highest and lowest SPQ scores (Hereon identified as HS and LS). Results: (1) In the mixed saccade task, the HS group presented more difficulties in engaging attention on target with fear, but better in inhibiting; (2) According to subjective accounts, the HS group experienced more negative emotions and negative events than the LS group; (3) In the social-emotion judgment task, the HS group fixated more on displays of fear than the LS group; (4) Schizotypal traits correlated with saccadic attention, emotional experiences and eye movement indicators in social contexts, which effectively constructs a multiple regression model. Discussion: Across these results, compare to LS, we discovered that target with fear would influence eye movement pattern in HS and they frequently felt fear. This differed from the past research (Green, Williams, & Davidson, 2001), suggesting further study to clarify the meaning of fear in HS.

目錄
目錄 IV
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 XII
附錄目錄 XIV
第一章　研究緣起與動機 1
第二章　文獻探討 4
第一節　分裂性人格特質之理論 4
第二節　跳視系統與注意力功能 20
第三節　情緒處理能力 32
第四節　研究目的、架構與假設 37
第三章　研究方法 44
第一節　研究樣本 44
第二節　研究設計 47
第三節　其他研究用量表 61
第四節　研究流程 63
第四章　研究結果 64
第一節　量表分析 66
第二節　跳視作業實驗結果 72
第三節　主觀情緒感受分析結果 78
第四節　社交情緒判斷作業實驗結果 103
第五節　相關分析與回歸預測 115
第五章　綜合討論 115
第一節　研究假設的驗證與討論 115
第二節　研究發現 123
第三節　研究貢獻與應用 127
第四節　研究限制與未來研究方向 129
參考文獻 132
附錄 145

 
表目次
表2-1：精神分裂症和分裂病性人格疾患在臨床用與另類DSM-5模式中的症狀描述 7
表2-2：解釋精神分裂病性人格量表(SPQ)因素模式 15
表2-3：分裂性人格特質與反跳視作業表現的相關研究整理表 25
表2-4：腦區縮寫名稱對照表 28
表3-1：全體參與者之人口學變項人次表 45
表3-2：根據個體在SPQ得分，使用不同切截標準，篩選後的人數表 46
表3-3：高低分裂病性人格傾向組之人口學變項人次表 46
表3-4：轉軸前後因素矩陣表 48
表3-5：描述情緒詞的描述性統計 55
表3-6：社交情境圖片選取表 58
表3-7：各社交圖片的脈絡個數 59
表4-1：全體參與者和高低分裂性人格傾向組別在各量表得分平均數與標準差 65
表4-2：組別×表情×作業複雜度×跳視作業在第一跳視錯誤率之平均值與標準差 66
表4-3：跳視錯誤率達顯著之非組別變項分析整理表 67
表4-4：組別×表情×作業複雜度×跳視作業在正確跳視潛伏期描述性統計 69
表4-5：跳視潛伏期達顯著之非組別變項分析整理表 69
表4-6：組別×情緒×複雜度×跳視在跳視注意力之影響結果整理表 71
表4-7：不同描述情緒詞之描述性統計 72
表4-8：兩組人在不同類型情感和事件經驗之表現效果整理表 77
表4-9：組別×情緒×有無表情在情緒辨識正確率之描述性統計 78
表4-10：達顯著之非組別變項整理表 79
表4-11：達顯著之非組別變項在注視時間整理表 81
表4-12：情緒×有無表情×興趣區事後比較表 82
表4-13：達顯著之非組別變項在注視時間百分比整理表 84
表4-14：組別×情緒在「注視時間百分比」之單純主要效果分析表 86
表4-15：達顯著之非組別變項在第一凝視期間整理表 87
表4-16：達顯著之非組別變項在第一凝視時間整理表 90
表4-17：達顯著之非組別變項在凝視次數百分比整理表 93
表4-18：組別×情緒二因子單純主要效果分析表 95
表4-19：達顯著之非組別變項在凝視次數整理表 96
表4-20：組別×情緒在凝視次數之二因子單純主要效果分析表 98
表4-21：總跳視次數之描述性分析 100
表4-22：情緒×有無表情在總跳視次數之單純主要效果摘要表 100
表4-23：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在情緒辨識正確率和各眼動變項之影響效果整理表 102
表4-24：控制焦慮特質與憂鬱程度後，分裂性人格特質與跳視注意力功能相關矩陣表 103
表4-25：分裂性人格特質與情緒感受相關矩陣表 105
表4-26：分裂性人格特質、未標準化凝視眼動指標、總跳視次數相關矩陣表 109
表4-27：分裂性人格傾向（SPQ）、標準化後凝視眼動指標、總跳視次數相關矩陣表 110
表4-28：分裂性人格特質、跳視注意力與主觀情緒感受相關矩陣表 111
表4-29：分裂性人格特質、注意力抑制功能和社交情境注意力偏好相關矩陣表 111
表4-30：分裂性人格特質、主觀情緒感受和社交情境注意力偏好相關矩陣表 112
表4-31：各預測變項之相關矩陣表 112
表4-32：控制焦慮、憂鬱前主要變項對分裂性人格傾向之階層迴歸分析表 113
表4-33：控制焦慮、憂鬱後主要變項對分裂性人格傾向之階層迴歸分析表 114
表5-1：假設驗證整理表 115
表5-2：人際失功能、注意力抑制和社交情境下跳視指標相關矩陣表 124
表5-3：主要變項對負性症狀之階層迴歸分析表 125
表5-4：主要變項對正性症狀之階層迴歸分析表 126
表5-5：主要變項對疑心妄想之階層迴歸分析表 130


 
圖目次
圖2-1：Meehl(1962, 1990)精神分裂疾病發展模式圖 10
圖2-2：控制跳視眼動的神經迴路 29
圖2-3：差異檢定研究架構圖 39
圖2-4：相關分析研究架構圖 40
圖3-1：第三階段混合跳視作業實驗流程示意圖 53
圖3-2：社交情緒判斷作業實驗流程圖 60
圖3-3：研究流程圖 63
圖4-1：組別在害怕混合跳視作業下之四因子交互作用圖 68
圖4-2：情緒×跳視在跳視潛伏期之二因子交互作用圖 70
圖4-3：複雜度×跳視在跳視潛伏期之二因子交互作用圖 70
圖4-4：組別×情緒在「正負向」之二因子交互作用圖 73
圖4-5：組別×情緒在「頻率」之二因子交互作用圖 74
圖4-6：組別×情緒的經驗強度之二因子交互作用圖 75
圖4-7：情緒×有無表情在情緒辨識正確率之二因子交互作用圖 79
圖4-8：在主角無表情時，情緒×興趣區在注視時間之三因子交互作用圖 82
圖4-9：在主角有表情時，情緒×興趣區在注視時間之三因子交互作用圖 83
圖4-10：主角有表情時，組別×興趣區在「注視時間百分比」之交互作用圖 85
圖4-11：組別×情緒在「注視時間百分比」之交互作用圖 86
圖4-12：主角無表情時，組別×情緒在第一凝視期間之三因子交互作用圖 88
圖4-13：主角有表情時，組別×情緒在第一凝視期間之三因子交互作用圖 89
圖4-14：情緒×有無表情在第一凝視時間二因子交互作用圖 91
圖4-15：情緒×興趣區在第一凝視時間二因子交互作用圖 91
圖4-16：有無表情×興趣區在第一凝視時間二因子交互作用圖 92
圖4-17：主角無表情時，情緒×興趣區在凝視次數百分比之三因子交互作用圖 94
圖4-18：主角有表情時，情緒×興趣區在凝視次數百分比之三因子交互作用圖 94
圖4-19：組別×情緒在凝視次數百分比之二因子交互作用圖 95
圖4-20：主角未呈現表情時，情緒×興趣區在凝視次數三因子交互作用圖 97
圖4-21：主角有呈現表情時，情緒×興趣區在凝視次數三因子交互作用圖 98
圖4-22：組別×情緒在凝視次數之二因子交互作用圖 99
圖4-23：情緒×有無表情在總跳視次數之二因子交互作用圖 100
圖5-1：人際失功能、注意力抑制和社交情境下跳視中介效果圖 124

 
附錄目次
附錄1：精神分裂病性人格量表 144
附錄2：多元情感檢核表 147
附錄3：誘發情緒詞預試結果描述性統計 148
附錄4：多元事件經驗檢核表 149
附錄5：幻覺經驗量表 151
附錄6：精神分裂人格病性量表授權使用同意書 153
附錄7：社交情境圖片授權使用同意書 154
附錄8：半專家評定之各脈絡的平均名次(標準差) 155
附錄9：各量表的相關係數矩陣表 156
附錄10：焦慮特質、憂鬱程度和跳視錯誤率與正確跳視潛伏期之相關矩陣表 157
附錄11：組別×情緒×複雜度×跳視作業在第一跳視錯誤率之變異數摘要表 158
附錄12：情緒×跳視作業在跳視錯誤率下的單純主要效果分析表 159
附錄13：組別×情緒×複雜度×跳視作業在第一跳視錯誤率之單純主要效果分析表 160
附錄14：組別×複雜度×跳視作業在第一跳視錯誤率之單純主要效果分析表 163
附錄15：組別×情緒×複雜度×跳視作業在正確跳視潛伏期之變異數摘要表 165
附錄16：情緒×跳視在正確跳視潛伏期之單純主要效果分析表 166
附錄17：複雜度×跳視在正確跳視潛伏期之單純主要效果分析表 166
附錄18：組別×情緒在「正負向」上的變異數摘要表 167
附錄19：組別×情緒在「正負向」上之單純主要效果分析表 167
附錄20：組別×情緒經驗到的「頻率」之變異數摘要表 167
附錄21：組別×情緒在經驗「頻率」二因子交互作用之單純主要效果分析表 168
附錄22：組別×情緒在經驗「頻率」二因子交互作用之變異數摘要表 168
附錄23：組別×經驗不同類型情緒的單純主要效果分析表 169
附錄24：各組在不同情緒詞下之描述性統計 170
附錄25：組別×情緒在「正負向」情緒事件經驗上的變異數摘要表 171
附錄26：組別在想到和實際經驗到情緒事件之描述性統計 172
附錄27：組別×情緒在「想到頻率」情緒事件上的變異數摘要表 173
附錄28：組別×情緒在「實際經驗頻率」情緒事件上的變異數摘要表 173
附錄29：組別×情緒在「引起情緒強度」情緒事件上的變異數摘要表 173
附錄30：組別×情緒×有無表情在情緒辨識正確率的變異數摘要表 174
附錄31：情緒×有無表情在情緒辨識正確率單純主要效果分析表 174
附錄32：各組在圖acn01 眼動指標的描述性統計 175
附錄33：各組在圖acn02 眼動指標的描述性統計 176
附錄34：各組在圖asy03 眼動指標的描述性統計 177
附錄35：各組在圖asy04眼動指標的描述性統計 178
附錄36：各組在圖fsn05眼動指標的描述性統計 179
附錄37：各組在圖fsn06眼動指標的描述性統計 180
附錄38：各組在圖fsy07眼動指標的描述性統計 181
附錄39：各組在圖fsy08眼動指標的描述性統計 182
附錄40：各組在圖hcn09眼動指標的描述性統計 183
附錄41：各組在圖hsn10眼動指標的描述性統計 184
附錄42：各組在圖hcy11眼動指標的描述性統計 185
附錄43：各組在圖hsy12眼動指標的描述性統計 186
附錄44：各組在圖scn13眼動指標的描述性統計 187
附錄45：各組在圖scy14眼動指標的描述性統計 188
附錄46：各組在圖scy15眼動指標的描述性統計 189
附錄47：各組在圖ssn16眼動指標的描述性統計 190
附錄48：主角是否呈現生氣臉孔表情時，在不同興趣區的各組人數分配表 191
附錄49：主角未呈現害怕臉孔表情時，在不同興趣區的各組人數分配表 192
附錄50：主角有害怕臉孔表情時，在不同興趣區的各組人數分配表 193
附錄51：主角是否呈現快樂臉孔表情時，在不同興趣區的各組人數分配表 194
附錄52：主角是否呈現悲傷臉孔表情時，在不同興趣區的各組人數分配表 195
附錄53：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間」之變異數摘要表 196
附錄54：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間」之描述性統計 197
附錄55：情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間」之單純主要效果分析表 198
附錄56：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間百分比」之變異數摘要表 200
附錄57：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間百分比」之描述性統計 201
附錄58：組別×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間百分比」單純主要效果分析表 202
附錄59：情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「注視時間百分比」單純主要效果分析表 204
附錄60：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視期間」之變異數摘要表 206
附錄61：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視期間」之描述性統計 207
附錄62：組別×情緒×有無表情在「第一凝視期間」之單純主要效果分析表 208
附錄63：情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視期間」之單純主要效果分析表 210
附錄64：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視時間」之變異數摘要表 212
附錄65：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視時間」之描述性統計 213
附錄66：情緒×有無表情在「第一凝視時間」之單純主要效果分析表 214
附錄67：情緒×興趣區在「第一凝視時間」之單純主要效果分析表 214
附錄68：有無表情×興趣區在「第一凝視時間」之單純主要效果摘要表 215
附錄69：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數百分比」之變異數摘要表 216
附錄70：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數百分比」之描述性統計 217
附錄71：情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數百分比」單純主要效果分析表 218
附錄72：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數」之變異數摘要表 220
附錄73：組別×情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數」之描述性統計 221
附錄74：情緒×有無表情×興趣區在「凝視次數」之單純主要效果分析表 222
附錄75：組別×情緒×有無表情在總跳視次數之變異數摘要表 223
附錄76：分裂性人格特質與正負向情緒事件經驗之相關矩陣表 224
附錄77：分裂性人格特質與想到情緒事件頻率之相關矩陣表 225
附錄78：分裂性人格特質與實際經驗情緒事件頻率之相關矩陣表 226

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