參考文獻
一、中文文獻
王以仁(1889)。我國大學生寂寞感之相關研究。國立政治大學教育研究所
博士論文,未出版,臺北市。
王以仁(1991)。大學生寂寞感之相關研究。嘉義師院學報,3,1-53。王淑芳(2011)。新北市國中生網路使用行為與同儕關係、寂寞感之相關
研究。私立中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士在職專班碩士論
文,未出版,臺北市。
內政部戶政司(2013)。人口靜態統計,婚姻狀況統計表,臺灣十五歲以
上人口婚姻狀況按性別及姻狀況(y02-03.xls)。資料取得2013年11月
24日,搜尋自http//www.moi.gov.tw/gender/ist/htm
內政部戶政司(2012)。人口靜態統計,婚姻狀況統計表,臺灣十五歲以
上人口婚姻狀況按性別及姻狀況(y02-03.xls)。資料取得2012年7月3
日,搜尋自http//www.moi.gov.tw/gender/ist/htm
內政部統計處(2011)。標題 : 一○一年第二十週內政統計通報(100年及
101年1-4月結婚狀況統計。發布單位 : 統計處,發布日期 : 2012年5
月19日;資料取得2012年6月7日,搜尋自
http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_content.aspx?sn=6305附件如下:
100年及101年1-4月結婚狀況統計
http://www.moi.gov.tw/files/news_file/week10120.doc
中央社(2006)。記者林於國,香港報導:香港女性越來越不想結婚。2012
年8月28日,資料搜尋自http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/6/7/28/n1401
中央社(2012)。記者蔡和穎,台北報導:剩女論。資料取得2012年3月
23日,資料搜尋自http://news.msn.com.tw/news2580755.aspx
中央社(2012)。記者周慧盈,上海報導:「中國男女婚戀關列調查之剩
女白皮書」。資料取得:2012年3月7日,搜尋自
http://news.msn.com.tw/news2580755.aspx
中時電子報(2012)。記者洪凱音,臺北報導。資料取得2012年3月19日,
資料搜尋 http://life.chinatimes.com/life/1105180/112012031900097.htm
中廣新聞(2012)。記者陳鳳如報導:臺經建會:兩性初婚年齡往後延趨。
資料取得2012年5月19日,搜尋自:
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/9/6/9/n2552843.htm.
江錦華(2001)。人格特質與組織文化之適配性對工作績效之影響-以高
科技F公司為例。國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,
桃園縣。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2004年12月14日)。國人婚育態度調查結果。
2012年2月14日取自:http://doch.gov.tw/ufile/Doc/200412-%B0%
行政院經濟建設委員會人力規劃(2008)。臺灣地區97至145年人口推計
及分析。(線上查詢)2012年5月19日,搜尋自http://www.cepd.gov.tw。
行政院經建會 (2012) 。「2010年至2060年臺灣人口推計」,資料取得2012
年5月20日,資料搜尋http//www.moi.gov.tw/stat/main_1.asp?id=1015.
朱慶龍 (2003) 。五大人格特質、工作價值觀、工作滿意度三者相互關係之
研究。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文,未出版、臺北市。
林千立、林美珍(2007)。中文版寂寞量表之效度與信度研究-以老人為例。
輔導與諮商學報。 29(2),41-50。
林千雅(2001)。心臟衰竭病患希望、不確定感與社會支持之探討。國立
陽明醫學大學臨床護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
林生傳(2005)。教育社會學。高雄市:復文出版。
林玉琝(2008)。國小高年級學童人格特質、人際關係與幸福感之相關研
究。國立台中教育大學諮商與應用心理學系碩士論文,未出版,臺中
市。
林宗鴻譯 (1997), 人格心理學。(Personality, Brooks/ Cole Pubilshing Co.)。
臺北市:揚智文化出版社。
林唯斯(2008)。國中生網路成穩、人格特質與人際關係之研究-以瑞芳
附近地區為例。私立銘傳大學教育研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文,未
出版,臺北市。
林淑玲、王以仁、駱方美(1997)。心理衛生與適應。臺北市:心理出版。
李安德(1992)。超個人心理學。臺北市:桂冠圖書出版。
李佳蓉(2010)。臺北縣是單身者的寂寞感與社會支持之相關研究。私立中
國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。未出版,臺北市。
李美枝(1981)。社會心理學。臺北市:大洋出版。
李英蘭(2006)。托兒所保育人員工作價值、社會支持與工作滿意度知研
究-以高高屏地區為例。私立中國文化大學青少年兒童福利研究所碩
士論文,未出版,臺北市。
李怡萍(2006)。夫妻依附風格、婚姻親密與寂寞感之相關研究。國立高
雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
李雯娣(2000)。國小兒童性格特質之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研
究所碩士論文。未出版,屏東縣。
李雅雯(2005)。老人人格特質、寂寞感與休閒行為及電視收視行為之關
聯性研究。私立中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
李焰(2005)。走向晚婚:美國的婚姻地圖差異巨大。《華盛頓觀察》週
刊,36。搜尋日期2012年10月23日,搜尋網址:http://
washinggtonobserver.oeg/big5/society-latemarriage-101905CN148.cfm,
李紹嶸、蔡文輝(譯)(1984)。Lamanna, M. A., & Riedmann, A. 著。婚
姻與家庭 ( Marriages and families)。臺北市:巨流圖書出版。
李穎科(1992)。儒學與中國人。臺北市:水牛出版社。
沈煌寶(2001)。國小教師社會態度、人格特質與衝突因應方式知相關研
究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。未出版,屏
東縣。
沈聰益(2003)。人格五因素模式預測保險業務員銷售績效的效度NEO-PI-R
量表之跨文化檢驗與人際特質架構之時正探討。國立交通大學經營管
理研究所博士論文,未出版,新竹市。
吳怡卿(2003)。我的單身何必議論紛紛?-催婚情境中的未婚單身女性。
國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
吳明隆(2011)。SPSS統計應用學習實:問卷分析與應用統計。新北市:
易習圖書出版。
吳靜吉(1986、1987、1997、1999)。害羞.寂寞.愛。臺北市:遠流。
周惠英(1999)。派駐大陸人員之人格特質與組織文化戰術對組織呈弱之
影響。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
周麗端、吳明燁、唐先梅、李淑娟(1999)。婚姻與家人關係。新北市:
國立空中大學出版。
柯永河(1980)。心理衛生—現代生活的心理適應。臺北市:桂冠出版。
洪蘭、梁若瑜 譯(2001),華人性格研究(Understandingthe Chinese personality: parenting, schooling,values, morality, relatoins, & personality)。臺北市:遠流出版。
袁福洪(1980)。獨身主義與獨身生活。中央月刊,12(5),34-39。施懿真(2009)。喪偶老人社會支持與寂寞感之關係及其調整變項之研究。
國立嘉義大學家庭教育與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
邱瓊慧(2000)。成年前期女性寂寞經驗與適應歷程。國立彰化師範大學輔
導與諮商學系碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
莊耀嘉、李雯娣(2001)。兒童性格結構:五大模型的本土化檢驗。中華
心理學刊,43(1),65-82。
游恆山譯;K.T.Strongman著(2002)。情緒心理學。臺北市:五南圖書出
版股份有限公司。
邵麗芳(1987)。單身生活意識-單身與一般社會大眾之比較研究。私立中
國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。未出版,臺北市。
孫若馨(2011)。臺北地區夫妻寂寞感、婚姻品質與幸福感之研究。私立中
國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。未出版,臺北市。
孫景文 譯(2000),心理學—思維、大腦及文化。Drew Westen 著。台北:
台灣西書。
彭偉峰(2004)。國小高年級學童人格特質、父母管教方式之生活壓力影
響之研究-以中部地區為例。國立台中師範學院諮商與教育心理研究
所碩士論文,未出版,臺中市。
葉青雅(2004)。國小教師人格特質、人際關係和寬恕態度三者相互關係之
研究。國立新竹師範學院進修暨推廣部教師在職進修國民教育研究所
輔導教學碩士班論文,未出版,新竹縣。
陳仲庚、張雨新(1989)。人格心理學。臺北市:五南圖書出版。
陳金英(2003)。大學生上網行為與社交孤寂感之實徵研究。中華輔導學
報,14,63-88。
陳李綢、郭妙雪(1998)。教育心理學。臺北市:五南圖書出版有限公司。
陳冠中(1999)。背景變項、父母管教方式、手足關係與高中生寂寞感之
相關研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
陳淑敏(1989)。歸因方式、自我坦露與高中生之寂寞。國立高雄師範大
學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
陳密桃(1989)。兒童和青少年的寂寞及其相關因素之分析。國立高雄師
範大學教育學刊,8,50-80。
陳密桃、陳玲婉(2007)。國小母親的人格特質與親質壓力、幸福感之相
關研究。高雄師大學報,20,1-20。
陳嬿竹(2001)。網路與真實人際關係、人格特質及幸福感之相關研究。
國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。未出版,屏東縣。
陳儷文(2006)。臺北單身者的寂寞感與生活滿意度之相關研究。私立中國文
化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
陳儷文、黃郁婷(2008)。都會單身男女-臺北市單身者寂寞感與 活滿意
度之研究。發表於「第二屆生活應用科學學術研討會:創意生活」,
2008年5月17日。臺北市:私立中國文化大學。
陳麗婉(1889)。自我意識、自我坦露與寂寞感之關係研究。國立政治大
學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
陳騏龍(2001)。國小學童情緒智力與幸福感、人際關係及人格特質之相
關研究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,
屏東縣。
張芳杰等人(1988)。牛津高級英英、英漢雙解辭典(三版)。臺北市:
東華出版。
張春興(1993)。教育心理學,臺北市:東華出版。
張春興(1995)。張氏心理學辭典,臺北市:東華出版。
張春興(1994)。現代心理學:現代人研究自身問題的科學。臺北市:東
華出版。
張素紅(1995)。老人寂寞與自覺健康狀況、社會支持知相關研究。國立高
雄醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。未出版,高雄市。
張 瑛(2005)。警察人員婚姻態度、親子關係與幸福感關係之研究。國
立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
張鳳燕、楊妙芬、邱珍婉譯(2002)。Robert M. Libert, Lynn Langenbach
Liebert著。人格心理學:策略與議題。臺北市:五南出版。
董智慧、趙淑珠(1998)。單身類型、社會支持與心理健康之分析研究。
中華輔導學報,6,267-304。
趙淑珠(2003)。未婚單身女性生活經驗之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育
心理與輔導學系教育心理學報,34(2),221-246。
詹喬軍(2004)。寂寞與幸福的關係探討-以單身上班族女性為例。國立
中正大學行銷管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
蔡欣嵐(2001)。工作特性、人格特質與工作工作滿意度之關係-以半導
體為例。國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,桃園縣。
蔡素紋(2001)。未婚單身女性教師生涯之錨的探討。輔導季刊,37(3),17-25。
蔡姿娟(1998)。國中生社會支持、生活適應與寂寞感之相關研究。國立高
雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
蔡晉和(1989)。國中學生寂寞感與人格特質及其背景變相之相關研究。
國立彰化師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
蔡鳳薇(2006)。大學生親子互動模式與其寂寞感之相關研究。國立台中
教育大學諮商與心理研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺中市。
黃堅厚(1999)。人格心理學。臺北市:心理出版社有限公司。
黃開義、戴伯芬、林昭銘(2011)。中區技職院校學生人格特質對身心健
康之影響研究。修平人文社會學報,16,60-61。
黃郁婷(2006)。教師人格特質影響組織公民行為之研究-以南投縣國民
中學為例。國立臺灣師範大學公民訓育與活動領導教學碩士論文,未
出版,臺北市。
黃郁婷、陳儷文(2008)。單身者生活滿意度之研究。餐旅暨家政學刊。4(4),385-402。
黃郁婷、陳儷文(2010)。單身者的寂寞感與生活滿意度之研究。中華家
政學刊,47,71-92。
黃郁婷、李嘉惠、郭妙雪(2011)。幸福嗎?臺灣地區成年人幸福及相關
因素初探。家庭與教育學刊,2,27-57。
黃郁婷、李佳容(2012)。單身.寂寞?單身者的社會支持對寂寞感之影響。
中華家政學刊,51,73-88。
趙淑珠(2003)。未婚單身女性生活經驗之研究:婚姻意義的反思。教育
心理學報,35(2),221。
賴富蘋(2002)。婚姻中的寂寞。卓越世界,217,125-127。
賴樂山(2003)。華人人格與心理健康關係知研究探討。國立中央大學人
力資源管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,桃園縣。
戴靜文(2002)。走過婚姻風暴談夫妻關係與離婚。諮商與輔導,202,29-36。
劉秀娟、林明寬譯(1994)。兩性關係:性別刻版與角色。臺北市:揚智
圖書出版。
劉焜輝、周文欽、張德聰、林蔚芳(2001)。成人問題與諮商。新北市:
空中大學出版。
郭娉如(2008)。大學生社交焦慮傾向、反芻思考、寂寞感及網路使用時
間之相關研究。國立交通大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,新竹市。
郭欣易(2000)。人格特質與激勵偏好、工作態度、工作表現之相關性研
究。私立世新大學觀光係研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
楊少夫(2007)。寂寞消費者知消費動機、消費行為與情緒之變化。國立
政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
楊茹億(1995)。未婚單身女性生活適應研究。國立台灣大學社會學研究
所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
楊均典(2000)。住院之精神分裂症患者靈性、寂寞感及希望之相關探討。
私立慈濟大學護理教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,花蓮市。
楊雯齡(1996)。國小兒童社會地位與寂寞感之相關研究。私立中國文化大
學兒童福利學系研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
楊國樞(1980)。生活素質的心理學觀。中華心理學刊,22,11-24。楊國樞(1998)。中國人對於人之性格的看法(中國人叢書3:中國人的蚋
變)。臺北市:桂冠圖書出版。
楊國樞(2001)。五因子模型在臺灣大學生之驗證。本土心理學研究,(16),
185-224。
楊國樞、陸洛(2008)。中國人的自我:心理學的分析。臺北市:國立台
灣大學出版中心。
謝美香(2006)。國小高年級學童的人格特質、學校生活適應與幸福感之
相關研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
謝佩珊(1995)。國中未婚女教師婚姻態度及生活適應之研究。國立臺灣
師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
薛承泰(2003)《臺灣地區婚姻的變遷與社會衝擊》。國政研究報告。社
會研究報告,(研)092-005號。取自財團法人國家政策研究基金會。
取得日期:2012年4月23日。搜尋網站:
http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION?SS?092/SS-R-092-005.htm
鄭芬蘭(1995)。《五大因素模式》的特質人格理論。初等教育學報,3,
205-227。
鄭秋虹(1993)。單親家庭國中生親子互動關係、自我尊重、社會支持與
寂寞感之研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺
北市。
韓繼成(2002)。國民中學訓導人員角色壓力、人格特質與工作滿意度關
係之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。未出版,彰化縣。
蘇宜芬(1990)。談孤單。測驗與輔導月刊,103,2060-2062。
羅立人(1999)。大學生依附風格與寂寞感之相關研究。國立彰化師範大
學輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
二、西文部分
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait - names : A psycho - lexical study. Psychologicial Monographs, 47, No. 1 (Whole No.211).
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological interpretation. New York: Holt
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Gr0wth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rainehart & Winsoton.
Arkin, R. M., Appelman, A. J., & Brurger, J. M. (1980). Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 23-25.
Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), Berkman, 1531-1544.
Anderson, C, A. & Havery, R. J. (1988). Discriminating between problems in living : An examination of measures of depression loneliness, shyness, and anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6 (3/4).482-491.
Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social
relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1531-1544.
Austin, R. A. (1983). Factorial structure of the UCLA loneliness scale.
Psychological Reports, 53, 883-889.
Austin, R. A. (1985). Loneliness and use of six mass media among college
students. Psychological Reports, 56, 323-327.
Barretta, D., Dantzler, D., & Kayson, W. (1995 ). Factors related to loneliness.
Psychological Reports, 76, 827-830.
Barrick, M. R, & Mount, M. K. (1991). “The big five personality dimensions and job performance : a meta-analysis”, Personality Psychology, 44, 1-26.
Barrick, M. R, & Stewart, G. L. (1998). “Relating member ablity and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 377-391.
Bauminger, N., & Kasari, C. (2000). Loneliness and friendship in
high-functioning children with Austism. Child Development, 71 (2),
447-456.
Berg, J. H., & McQuinn, R. D. (1989). Loneliness and aspects of social support
networks. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 6, 359-372.
Brage, D., Meredith, W., & Woodward, J. (1993). Correlates of loneliness among Midwestern adolescents. Adolescence, 28(111), 685-693.
Brako, D., Chamoro, T., & Saks, Z. (2006). Personality and school performance: Incremental validity of selfand peer-ratings overintelligence. Personality and Individual Differences,41,131-142.
Brennan, T., & Auslander, N. (1979). Adolescence loneliness: An exploratory study of social and psychological predisposition theory. Boulder, Colo: Behav. Res.
Bogatta, E. (1964). The structure of personality characteristics, Behavioral Science, 12, 8-17.
Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985). Gender differences in loneliness. Personiality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 11,63-74.
Booth, R. (1983). An examination of friendship in early adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1447-1460.
Booth, R. (1983). Tward an understanding of loneliness. Social Work, 2, 116-119.
Booth, A., Brinkerhoff, D. B., & White, L. K. (1984). The impact of parental
divorce on courtship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 85-94.
Booth, R. (1985). Loneliness and abstraction level of college students. Journal
of College Student Personnel, may, 204-209.
Botwin, M., & Buss, D. (1989). Structure of act-reportdata : Is the five Factor
model of personality recaptured , Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 56, 988-1001.
Buchholz, E. S., & Catton, C. (1999). Adolescents' perceptions of aloneness and
loneliness. Adolescence, 34, 203-213.
Burger, J. M. (1993). Personality. Books: Cole Pubilshing Co, 12,13.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic trait resolved into
clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
Cattell, R . B.(1950). Personality: A systematic, theoretical, and factual study.
New York: Holt.
Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality pinned down. Psychology Today. 40-46.
Chelune.G., Sultan. F., & William. G. L. (1980). Loneliness, self-disclure, and interpersonal effectiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 462-468.
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and
self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of
Adolescence, 25, 327-339.
Copel, L. C. (1988). Loneliness. Journal of Psychosocial & Nursing, 26,
14-19.
Corsuch, R. L., & Hao, J. Y. (1993). Forgiveness: An exploratory factor
analysis and its relationships to religious variables. Review of Religious
Research, 34, 333-347.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO -PI / NEO-EFI manual
Supplement,Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised Neo Personality Inventory
(NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Professional
Manual.Odesa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1994). Set like plaster? Evidence for the
stability of adult personality. In T. F. Heatherton & J. L Weinber (Eds.),
Can personality change? (pp21-40). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Costa, P. T. , McCrae, R. R., Pilar, G. H., Rolland, J. P., & Parker, W.(1998).
Cross-cultural assessment of the five-factor model. Journal of Cross –
Cultural Psychology, 29( 1), 171-188.
Costa, P. T. Jr., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1999). Facet scales for
agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 887-898.
Day, D.V., & Silverman, S. B. (1989). “Personality and Job Performance: Evidence of Incremental Validity”. Personnel Psychology, 42, 25-36.
Davis, M. H., & Janda. (1984). Private self-consciousness, self-disclosure, and loneliness among adolescent : A Longitudial analysis. Paper Presented at the annual convention of the American psychological Association. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1986). Asolescent loneliness, self-consciousness : A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 51, 395-608.
Derlega.V. J., & Janda, L. H. (1986). Personal Adjustement. Scott: Foresman
And Company.
Diane, S., & Jane, S. H. (1996). Positive affect, and socialminteraction. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 71(4). 796-809.
Digman, J. M., & Inouye, J. (1986). Further specification of the five robust
factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
50(1),116-123.
Digman, J. M. (1989). Five Robust Trait Dimensions : Development, Stablity,
and Utility. Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 195-214.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure : Emergence of the five factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 41, 417-440.
Dykstra, P. A. (1995). Loneliness among the the never and formerly married: the importance of supportive friendships and desire for independence. The Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 321-329.
Erber, R. & Gilmour, R. (Eds). (1994). Theoretical Frameworks for Personal Relationships. NJ: Lawrence-Erlbaum.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, Youth And Crisis, Norton, New York.
Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. A review. New York: Norton.
Frazeier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E.
Ernst, J. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 8, 1-22.
Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, London: Thomas.
Eysenck, H. J. (1970). Biological Dimensions personality. In L. A. Pervin(Ed.), Handbook of personality : Theory and research. New York : Guilford Press. 244-276.
Eysenck, H. J. (1975). The inequality of man San Diego, Calif. : Edits Publishers.
Eysenck, S. G. (1979). Personal communication, letter date April 24,1979.
Fess, B. S., Martin, P., & Poon, W. H., Carpenter, B. N., & Remonder, I. (1999). A model of loneliness in older aduts. The Journals of Gerontology, 54B(4), 231- 239.
Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of factoral structure of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Personality and Abnormal Psychology, 44, 329-344.
Forest, M. J. (1985). Quantitive and qualitative aspect of loneliness : An
individual difference. Perspectives. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwestern Psychologicial Association, Austin, TX.
Furnham, A., Zhang, J., & Chamoro, T. (2006). The relationship between
psychometric and self-estimated intelligence, creativity, personality and
acadmmic achievement. Imagination, cognition and personality, 25(2),
119-145.
Fisher, S. F. (1985). Identity of two: The phenomenology of shame in borderline
development and treatment. Psychotherapy, 22, 101-109.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences : The search for
universals in personality lericons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of
personality and social psychology. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage. 141-165.
Goldberg, L. R. (1982). An alternative “Description of personiality” : The
Big-Five factor structor. Journal of Personiality and Social Psychology, 59,
1216-1229.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personiality traits. American Psychologists, 48, 26-34.
Gordon , S.(1976). Lonely in America. New York : Simon & Schuster.
Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., Carpenter, B. N. & Remondet, I. (1986).
Loneliness and adjustment to old age. Internal Journal og Aging and
Human Development, 24, 41-53.
Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003).
Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context,
andhealth behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85,
105–120.
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness.
Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695-718.
Hogan, R. (1983). A Socialistic theory of personality, Personality-current
theory & research : Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln, NE :
University of Nebraska Press.
Hogan, R. (1996). Manual for the Hogan Personality Inventory. Minneapolis, MN : National computer Systems.
Hojat, M. R. (1981). Loneliness as a fundion of selected personality,
psychosocial, and demographic variables in Iranian students. Doctoral
dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Hojat, M. R (1982). Jefferson Medical College: Loneliness As A Function of
Selected Personality Variables. Journal of Clinical Psychology. January,
38(1),137-141.
Hojat, M. R. (1983). Comparison of transitory and chronic loners on selected
personality variables. British Journal of Psychology Review, 26, 695-671.
Hojat, M., & Crandalll, R. (Eds). (1987). Lonelliness : Theory, research, and
Appliciation. (Special issue).
Hojat, M., & Borenstein, B. D. (1990). Perception of childhood dissatisfaction
With parents and selected perents and selected personality traits in
adulthood. Journal of General Psychology, 117, (3), 241-253.
Holmen, K., Ericsson, E., & Winblad, B. (2000). Social and emotional loeliness
Among non-demented and demented elderly people. Archives of
Geriatrics, 31, 177-192.
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695-718
Holmen, K., Ericsson, E,. & Winblad, B. (2000). Social and emotional loneliness among non-demented and demented elderly people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 31, 177-192.
Jackson, T., Soderlind, A., & Karen, E. (2000). Personality traits and quality of
relationships as perdictors of future loneliness among American college
students. Social Behavior And Personality, 28(5), 463-470.
Jackson, T. (2007). Protective self-presentation, sources of socialization,and
loneliness among Australian adolescents and young adults. Personality,
and Individual Differences, 43, 2552-1562.
Jones, G. P., & Dembo, M. H. (1989). Age and Sex Role Differences in Intimate
Friendshipes during Childhood and Adolescence. Merrill-Palmer
Quarterly, 35(4), 445-462.
Jones, W. H., Fremon, J. A., & Goswick, R. A. (1981). The persistence of
loneliness : Self and other determinants. Journal of personality, 49, 27-48.
Jones, W. H. (1981). Loneliness and social contact. Journal of Social
Psychology. 113, 41-53.
Jones, W. H., Hobbs, S. A., & Hockenbury, D. (1982). Loneliness and social
skill deficits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 682-689.
Jong-Gierveld, J., & Radschelders, J. (1982). Types of Loneliness, In Peplau, L.
& Perlman, D. (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of Current Theory,
Reseach and Therapy, pp.105-119. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Joshanloo, M., & Nosratabadi, M. (2008). Levels of Mental Health
Conntinuum and Personality Traits. Spring Science Business Media BV,
211-224.
Joshanloo, M., Nosrateabadi, M., & Jafri Klindovan, Gh. (2007). Social
well-being, big five factors and self-esteem. Journal of Psychological
Science, 21, 66-88.
Joshanloo, M., & Nosrateabadi. M. (2009). Levels of Mental Health
Continuum and Personality Traits. Soc Indic Res,90, 211-224.
Laidra, K., Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2007). Personality and intelligence as
Predictors of academic achievement: Across-sectional study from
elementary to secondary school. Personality and Individual
Differences,1-11.
Lamananna, M. A., & Riedmann, A. (2000). Marriages and Families. CA :
Wadsworth Belmont.
Libert, R. M., & Libert, L. L. (1998). Personality, Strategies and Issues.
(8th ed), New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Littlepage, G. E., Schmidt, G. W., Whisler, E. W., & Fromt, A. G.(1995). An
Input – process – oupt analysis of personality and social psychology,
Groups , Journal of personality and social psychology, 69, 877 -889.
Long, M. V., & Martin, P. (2000). Personality, relationship closeness, and
loneliness of older adults and their children. Sciences, 55B(5), 311- 319.
Lufting, R. L.(1985). The reality of childen`s loneliness: The relationshipe
between feeling of isolation, peer popularity and behavioral attributes.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational
Research Association, Chicago, IL.
Kelly, W. E., & Johnson, J. L. (2005). Time use efficiency and the five-factor
model of personality. Education, 125, 511-515.
Killeen, C. (1998). Loneliness : An epidemic in modern society. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(4), 762-770.
Klinkozs, W., Sekowski, A., & Brambring, M. (2006). Academic achievement
Personality in university students who are visually impaired. Journal of
Visual Impairment Blindaess, 100(11), 666-675.
Madrigal, R., Havitz, M. E., &Howard, D. R. (1992). Married couples`
involvement with family vacations. Leisure Sciences, 14, 287-301.
Marcoen, A., & Brumagane, M. (1985). Loneliness among children and yong
adolescents. Development Psychology, 21(6),1025-1031.
Margolin, L. & White, L. (1987). The Continuing Role of Physical
Attractiveness in Marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 21-27.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York : Harper.
Mastor, K. A., Jin, P., & Cooper, M.(2000).Malay culture and personality: A big five perspective. The American Behavioral Scientist. ,44(1)95-114.
McAdams, D. P. (1992). The five-factor model in personality : A critical appraisal. Journal of Personiality, 60, 329-369.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and opennessto experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,1258-1265.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personiality
across Instruments and Obervers. Journal of Personialty and Social
Psychology, 52 (1), 81- 90.
McCrae, R, & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction on the five factor model and
its implications. Jounal of Personality. 60,169 -175.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). The structure of interpersonal traits:
Wiggin’s circumflex and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 56, 586-595.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1990). Personality in adulthood. New York :
Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction on the Five -Factor Model
and its Applications. Joural of Personality, 60 (2), 175-215.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P.T., Terraccciano, A., Purker, W. D., Mills, C. J., De Fruyt, F., & Mervielde, I. (2002). Personality traits development, from age 12 to age 18: Longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross cultural analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1456-1468.
McCrae, R. R.(2004). Human nature and culture: A trait personality. Journal of Research in Personality. 38, 3-4.
McCullough, M. E, Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The Psychology
of Forgiveness: History, Concepual Issues, and Overview. In McCullogh,
M. E, Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C.E.(Eds), Forgeiveness: Theory,
Research, and Practice, 1-14. New York: Guilfored Press.
Melissa, C., Sampo, C., & Paunonen, V. (2007). Big five personality predictors
of post secondary academicperfomance. Personality and Individual
Differences, 43, 437-448.
Moustakas, C. E. (1972). Loneliness and love. Lond: Prentice-Hall International.
Moroi, K. (1985). Loneliness and self-consciousness in high-school students.
The Japaness Journal of Psychology, 56, 237-240.
Moroi, K. (1987). Loneliness and self-consciousness in high-school students.
The Japaness Journal of Psychology, 26, 151-161.
Moore, J. A., De. Wayne., Norman, R., & Schultz, Jr. (1983). Loneliness at
Adolescence : Correlates, attributions, and coping. Jounal of Youth and
Adolescence, 12, 95-100.
Moustakas, C. E. (1972). Loneliness and love. London : Prentice-Hall
International.
Mijuskovic, B. (1986). Loneliness, anxiety, hostility, and communition. Child
Study, 16, 277-240.
Muris, P., & Dietvorst, R. (2006). Underlying personality characteristics of
behavioral inhibition in children. Child Psychiatry and Human
Development, 36, 437-445.
Murphy, P. M., & Kupshik, G. A. (1992). Loneliness, stress and well-being : A
helper’s guide. New York: Routledge.
Noller, p., Law, H., Comrey, A. L. (1987). ‘‘ Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck
personality factors comperd: More evidence for the five robust factors ’’,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.53, 775-782
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an Adequate taxonomy of personality attributes :
Replicated factor structure. Journal of Abnormal and Soclal Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Papastefanou, G., & Rojas, O. (1997). Compartive analysis of sociode
mographic effects on subjective well-being Westgermany and Chile.
ZUMA-Arbeitsbericht. Gerorgios Papastefanou, Center for Survey
Research and Methodology (ZUMA), P. O.12 21 55, D68072 Mannheim,
Gemany.
Peabody, D., & Goldberg, L. R. (1989) Some determinants of factor structure
from personality trait descriptors. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 57, 552-567.
Peplau, H. E. (1955). Loneliness. American Journal of Nursing, 55(12), 1476-
1481.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Pelau., & D.Perlman(Eds.), Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research
And therapy. New York: Wiley- Interscience.
Peplau, L. A., Miceli, M., & Morasch, B. (1982). Loneliness and self-evaluation.
In L. A. Peplau., & d. Perman (Eds.), Loneliness: A source book of current
thery, research and therapy. New York: Wiley- Interscience.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A.(1982). Theoretical. Approaches to Loneliness. New York: Wieley-Interscience.
Perlman, D. (1987). Further Reflections on the present state of loneliness
research. In Research, and Therapy (pp,1-18), New York:
York: Wiley-Interscienceen, E.,Wiley-Interscience.
Pervin, L, A. (1970). Personality: Theory, Assessment, and Resarch. 桂冠圖書
股份有限公司.
Pervin, L. A., & John, O. P.(1997). Personualty: Theory and reseach (7th ed.),
New York: John Wiley.
Perlman, F., Gerson, A C., & Spinner, B.(1978). Loneliness among senior
citizens: A em- pirical report. Essence, 2(4), 239- 248.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A.(1982). Theoretical.pproaches to Loneliness. New
York:Wieley-Interscience.
Perlman, D (1987). Further Reflections on the present stateof loneliness research. In hojat, M., & Crandall, R. (Eds). (1987). Loneliness: Theory, research, and application. ﹝Special issue﹞.
Peplau, H. E. (1955) . Lonelines.America Journal of Nursing,55(12),1476-1481.
Peplaus, L A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L, A. Pelau & D. Perlman(Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp,1-18), New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Peplaus, L A., Miceli, M., Morasch, B. (1982). Loneliness and self – evaluation.
In L. A. Peplau., & D. Perlman (Eds), Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley – Interscience.
Phares, E. J., & Chaplin, W. F. (1997). Introduction to personialty (4th ed,). New
York : Longman.
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001). Influences of loneliness in older adults: A
meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 245-266.
Raiser, M. V. (1997). Personality, relationship closeness, and loneliness of the
oldest old and their children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Iowa.;
Rogers, C. R. (1973). My philosophy of interpersonal relationships and how it
grew. Journal of Community Psychology, 13(2),3-19.
Rokach, A., & Bacanli, H. (2001). Perceived causes of loneliness among
Czechs and Candadians. Current Psychology, 23 (1), 3-23.
Rokach, A., & Baure, N. (2004). Age culture, and loneliness among Czechs
and Canadians. Current Psychology, 23, 3-23.
Russell, D. W., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure
of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294.
Russell, D. W. (1982). The measurement of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D.
Perlman (EDs), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and
therapy, 81-104. N. Y. : John Wiley and Sons.
Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and
Emotional, loneliness: An examination of Weiss’s typology of lineliness.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1313-1321.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale(version 3): Reliability, validity,
and factor structure. Journal of Personiality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.
Salekin, R. T., Leistico, A. R., Trobst, K. K., Schrum, C. L., & Lochman,
J. E.(2005). Adolescent Psychopathy and Personality Theory—the
interpersonal circumpflex: Expanding evidence of a homological net.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 445-460.
Schutz, W. C. (1973). Enocounter, In Raymond Corsini(ED). Current psychotherapies. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peackock
Schultz, N., & Moore, C. (1984). Loneliness: Correlates, attributions, and coping among older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 67 -77.
Schutz, Jr . N. R., Moore, D. (1987). Further reflections on loneliness research : Commentary on Weiss’s assessment of loneliness research. In L. A. Peplau., & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness : A source book of current theory, research and therapy. Wiley-Interscience : New York.
Sekowski, W.A., & Brambring, M. (2006). Academic achievement Personality in university students who are visually impaired. Journal of VisualImpairment Blindaess, 100(11), 666-675.
Slater, P. E. (1976). The pursuit of loneliness : American culture at the breaking point . Boston : Beacon Press.
Shahan, L. (1981). Living alone and likeing it. A Complete Guide to Living on Your Own. Pennsylvania: Stratford Press.
Soons, J. P. M., & Kalmijn, M. (2009). Is marriage more than cohabitation ? Well-ing differences in 30 European countries, Journal of Marriage and
Family, 71(5), 1141-1157.
Stokes, J. (1985). The relation of social network and individual difference variables to loneliness. Journal of Personiality and Social Psychology, 48, 981-990.
Stein, P. J. (1975). Singlehood: An Alternative to marriage. Family Coordinator, 24,489-503.
Stein, P. J. (1981). Single life: Unmarried adults in social contest. New York:
Martin’s Press.
Stevens, N., & Tilburg T. V. (2000). Stimulating friendship in later life: A strategy for reducing loneliness among older woman. Eductional Gerontology, 26, 15-35.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953), The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
Shutz, W, C. (1996). The Interpersonal Under-World, Palo Alto , Calif. : Science and Behavior Books.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L, S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics.Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. (1987). Reexaming basic dimensions of natural language trait descriptors. Poster presented at the 95th annual meeting of American Psychological Association, New York.
Topor, D. J., Colarelli, S. M., & Han, K. (2007). Influences of traits and
assessment methods on human resource practitioners’ evaluations of
job applicants. Journal of Business and Psychology, 21, 361-376.
Thomas, P., Moore, K. S., & Scott, K. S. (1996). The relationship between
self-efficacy for participating in self-managed work groups and the big five
personality dimensions, Journalof Organizational Behavior,17,
349-362.
Townsend ,J. & Wasserman, T. (1997). The Perception of Sexual Attraciveness :
Sex Differences in Variability. Archives of Sexualn Behavior, 26 , 243-268.
Townsend ,J. & Wasserman, T. (1998). Sexual Attraciveness : Sex Differences in
Assessment and Criteria. Evoultion and Human Behavior, 26 , 243-268.
Vermulst, A., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2005). QBF: Quick big five (quick big five
personality test manual). Leeuwarden, the Netherlands: LDC Publications.
Vincenzi, H., & Grabosky, F. (1987). Measuring the emotional / social aspects
of loneliness and isolation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,
2(2), 257-270.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structure of personality and
their relevance to Psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103,
18-31.
Watson, D., & David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Personality, affectivity, and
Coping. In C. R. Snyder (Ends). Coping (pp.119-140). New York:Oxford.
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social
isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Weiss, R. S. (1982) . Issues in study of loneliness. In Peplau & Perlman. ( Eds.),
Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy, 71-80.
NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Weiss, R. S. (1987). Refections on the present state of loneliness research. In
Hojat, M., &nCrandall R. (Eds).(1987),. Loneliness: Theory, research, and
application, [Speacial issue]. Journal of Social Behavior and Personiality.
2(2), 2.
Weiss, R. S. (1989). Reflections on the Present Study of Loneliness Research. In
Hojat & Crandall(EDs.), Loneliness: Theory, Research, and Applications,
1-16. London: Sage.
Wood, L. A. (1979). Social-psychological correlates of loneliness: A Preliminary
report. Paper presented at the UCLA Conference on Loneliness,
Lo Angeles, May.
Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive
well-being: Aconsideration of emotional style and marital status.
Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 249-264.
Young, J. E. (1978). Loneliness : A cognitive approach. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Pennsylvania,
Young, J, E. (1982). Loneliness, depression and cognitive theory: Theory and application. In L, A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.379-450). New York: Wiley- Interscience.
Young, K. S., & Rodgers, R., C. (1998). The relationalship between depression
and internet addiction. [On-line] Available:
http://www.netaddication .com/articles/cyberpsychology.htmn.
Zilboorg, C. (1938). Loneliness. Atlantic Monthly, 161(1), 45 - 54.