臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

汽油為一成分複雜的有機混合物，成分中含有多種影響人體健康的揮發性有害物質，其中苯（Benzene）為國際癌症研究署所歸類為Group 1 之人類致癌物。為了使汽油在引擎中充分燃燒，國內無鉛油使用甲基第三丁基醚（Methyl tert-Butyl Ether，MTBE）為添加劑，提高汽油辛烷值以改善燃燒，目前已有研究顯示MTBE對於動物具有致癌性，對人體為可能致癌物，因此我國環保署已密切注意注意國際研究MTBE的發展，逐步參考採用相關資料，以減少MTBE對人體的影響。加油站員工在加油的過程中，可能會暴露到這些從油品中逸散出來的有害物質，本研究乃以台南市加油站作業員工（包括加油員及洗車員）為研究對象進行VOCs及MTBE暴露濃度量測，並針對苯暴露進行生物偵測研究，同時配合問卷調查，以瞭解加油站員工的暴露情形，評估其致癌及非致癌的之健康風險。
個人暴露量測結果顯示，加油員在各成分VOCs的暴露濃度均高於洗車員(p<0.01) ，而加油員與非加油員(洗車員)在工作時最主要暴露物質為MTBE、Benzene及Xylene。問卷調查結果顯示，約有將近四成的員工有抽煙習慣。個人健康方面之調查顯示，加油站作業員工在工作時發生不適症狀以暈眩發生的比例為最高，頭痛次之；經醫師診斷確定疾病的調查結果則以過敏性鼻炎的發生比例為最高，以鼻子過敏及眼睛過敏為最高，氣喘及肝功能不正常的發生比例次之，其他病症的發生的比率則均不高。
健康風險評估方面，本研究之加油員的平均工作年資約為7.8個月（相當於0.65年），因此計算加油員工作1年所獲致Benzene的平均致癌危險度為5.1×10-6，以及MTBE的平均致癌危險度為4.91’10-6 (腎臟方面傷害) 與2.38’10-5 (生殖系統傷害)。根據一般民眾可接受的致癌風險度（1×10-6），結果顯示，本研究中加油站之加油員工作1年對於Benzene的致癌風險度是可接受的；而MTBE在生殖系統傷害方面的致癌風險度則高於一般民眾可接受的致癌風險度，值得注意。
苯暴露的生物偵測結果顯示，抽煙者下班後尿液中S-PMA的平均濃度較非抽煙者為高。將抽煙因子控制後，在下班後尿液樣本中，加油員尿液中S-PMA的平均濃度為2.78mg/g creatinine，洗車員則為1.31mg/g creatinine，加油員在下班所收集到的尿液樣本中尿中S-PMA的平均濃度較洗車員的平均濃度為高，顯示在進行苯的生物偵測時，若以一天工作下班後所收集之尿液作為生物樣本，分析尿中S-PMA作為苯暴露的生物指標時，抽煙的行為可能是一個重要的干擾因子。將所量測到作業員工（非抽煙者）之空氣中苯暴露濃度分別與下班後尿液中S-PMA濃度及一天工作後尿中S-PMA上升濃度進行相關性統計分析，結果得到一關係式為：(下班尿液S-PMA濃度, mg/g creatinine) =0.011x（空氣苯暴露濃度, μg/m3）+0.828" ，相關係數（r）為0.527（p=0.012），結果顯示出扣除香菸因子後，暴露在低濃度苯的情況下(空氣苯暴露濃度介於0.007~0.108ppm)，尿中S-PMA仍可作為一個良好的苯暴露的生物指標。

Gasoline is a volatile complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that may cause adverse health effects. Among the volatile organic compounds (VOCs)，benzene has been classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC). To enhance octane number and reduce carbon monoxide emissions, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is added to unleaded gasoline (from 2 to 15% by volume) in Taiwan and many countries. At present, the evidence has been shown that MTBE is an animal carcinogen and possible human carcinogen. Our Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is concerned about this problem. In this study, we selected two gasoline service station in Tainan City being study subjects, and get the information about these gasoline service station workers'' ,such as smoking habits, health status, etc. from the questionnaire interview. We choose four gasoline stations in Tainan city and get the information about these gasoline service station workers'' smoking habits, health status, etc. from the questionnaire interview. The aims of this study were two：(1) measure personal VOCs exposure to evaluate their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk ；(2) measure urinary S-PMA to assess the benzene exposure of gas station attendants and non-attendants and establish the correlation between biological markers（ S-PMA ）and atmospheric benzene concentration.
We divide the whole workers into attendants and non-attendants. The results shows that attendants exposed to higher concentration of VOCs than non-attendants (p<0.01). And the major volatile organic compounds of workers exposed were MTBE, toluene and benzene. The questionnaire survey shows the highest prevalence of illness symptoms is dizziness, and second is headache. The carcinogenic risk of attendants exposed to benzene was acceptable. And the cancer risk(testicular interstitial cell tumors) of attendants exposed to MTBE was higher than the acceptable reference value. In this study, there are about 40% workers who have smoking habits. The average S-PMA concentrations of smokers were higher than non-smokers. After controlling the smoking factor, the average S-PMA concentrations (end of shift urine) of attendants and non-attendants were 2.78mg/g creatinine and 1.31mg/g creatinine. And the average S-PMA concentrations (end of shift urine) of attendants were higher than non-attendants. The result shows that smoking maybe an important confounding factor in biological monitoring of benzene. The correlation between atmospheric benzene concentration and S-PMA concentration in end of shift urine excluding workers who smoked was : (S-PMA, mg/g creatinine) =0.011x（Benzene, μg/m3 ）+0.828 (n=22, r = 0.527, p = 0.012). It is concluded that the urinary level of S-PMA can be regarded as a useful marker for low level benzene exposure.

第一章 緒論
1-1 研究緣起……………………………………………………………………1
1-2 研究目的……………………………………………………………………3
第二章 文獻回顧
2-1汽油中苯之含量與規範…………………………………………………… 4
2-2苯的毒性作用與健康危害………………………………………………… 5
2-3苯的生物指標……………………………………………………………… 6
2-4尿中S-PMA之分析方法…………………………………………………… 9
2-5目前苯暴露之相關規範……………………………………………………10
2-6健康危險性評估……………………………………………………………11
第三章 研究方法與材料
3-1 研究架構 …………………………………………………………………14
3-2 研究對象之選取 …………………………………………………………14
3-3 現場勘察 …………………………………………………………………15
3-4 採樣策略與方法 …………………………………………………………15
3-5空氣中VOCs之分析方法 …………………………………………………17
3-6尿液中S-PMA之分析方法…………………………………………………18
3-7分析實驗之品保品管規範…………………………………………………22
3-8 統計分析方法 ……………………………………………………………24
第四章 結果與討論
4-1 加油站現場勘察結果 ……………………………………………………25
4-2 樣本採集結果 ……………………………………………………………25
4-3 分析品保品管執行結果 …………………………………………………26
4-4 作業員工個人VOCs暴露樣本分析結果 …………………………………27
4-5 加油站作業員工暴露VOCs之健康風險評 ………………………………29
4-6 加油站作業員工健康狀態問卷調查結果 ………………………………31
4-7 加油站作業員工苯暴露之生物偵測結果 ………………………………32
第五章 結論與建議
5-1 結論 ………………………………………………………………………37
5-2 建議 ………………………………………………………………………41

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謝佳禕，修車廠作業員工揮發性有機物質暴露評估之研究，國立成功大學環境醫學研究所碩士論文。民國88年。