臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景與目的: 在大學生求學的過程，常常會面臨許多不同的課業壓力，因而衍生出許多的焦慮與睡眠問題。研究指出植物的香氣會顯著地影響重要的學習行為，而迷迭香精油可改善長期記憶並增加警覺性、記憶品質及次要記憶。因此本研究擬探討大學生在進行精油擴香測驗及迷迭香精油鏈配戴後，對其專注力、認知功能、焦慮、睡眠的影響。
研究方法: 本研究為隨機對照單盲試驗，採前後測設計，以南部某大學之大學生為收案對象，於106年9月至107年1月進行收案，收案人數為56人。受試者隨機分派至試驗組與對照組後，依據其分配到之組別，先進行課室學習專注力量表、情境與特質焦慮量表（STAI）、中文版匹茲堡睡眠品質量表（CPSQI）前測，再進行精油擴香10分後，分別測量第一次的認知測驗，然後兩組依據其分配到之組別配戴迷迭香精油鏈或向日葵油鏈二週後，再第二次進行精油擴香10分，並進行認知測驗，及課室學習專注力量表、情境與特質焦慮量表（STAI）、 中文版匹茲堡睡眠品質量表中文版（CPSQI）後測。
結果: 研究結果證明學習專注力方面，兩組介入前後呈現顯著差異，其中迷迭香組改變較向日葵組更為明顯，而學習效能項目只有迷迭香組介入前後呈現顯著差異。在認知功能測驗中，無論是反應時間或正確率，迷迭香組與向日葵組在Spatial working memory與Memory scanning task中皆有顯著差異。焦慮方面，只有迷迭香組在STAI-T中的負向分數與總分，有顯著差異。睡眠品質方面，在CPSQI中的主觀睡眠品質與睡眠困擾，兩組皆有顯著差異，但就整體睡眠品質項目，只有迷迭香組有顯著差異。整體而言，本實驗結果支持迷迭香組在學習專注力、認知功能、焦慮與睡眠品質中皆有顯著的影響。

Background and Aims: College students usually face many different pressures while pursuing their college education. Because of the pressure and stress, many students have anxiety and sleeping problems. According to research, the aromas of certain plants can significantly influence important study behaviors. It's been known that exposure to aromas of Rosemary essential oil can improve long term memory and increase alertness, quality of memory, and secondary memory. Therefore, this research study focuses on the effects of essential oil on concentration, cognition, anxiety and sleep quality. A group of college students was selected to test on the effects of aroma of Rosemary by wearing a rosemary essential oil bottle necklace that constantly released the aroma.
Research Methods: This research used single blind randomized control trial and Pre-test/Post-test design. Participants were college students studying at a university in southern Taiwan. There were fifty-six participants in total. This experiment was conducted from September 2017 through January 2018. The participants were randomly selected and assigned to either an experiment group or a control group. Each group was tested for the followings: Classroom Learning Concentration Index (CLCI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Chinese Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) pre-test. Each group then took the first cognition test with essential oil diffuser for ten minutes. Based on the assigned groups, the participants were either a bottle of Rosemary essential oil necklace or a bottle of Sunflower essential oil necklace for two weeks. After two weeks, they were tested for the followings: the second cognition test with essential oil diffuser for ten minutes, CLCI, STAI and CPSQI post-test.
Results: In terms of learning concentration, Rosemary and Sunflower groups both had significant differences in the learning concentration, especially the Rosemary group was more significant than the Sunflower group. In the item of Learning Efficiency, only the Rosemary group had a significant difference. In the cognitive test, on the reaction time and response accuracy, both groups had significant improvement in Spatial working memory and Memory Scanning Task. In terms of anxiety, the Rosemary group had significant decreases on the Negative Scores and Total Scores in STAI-T. In terms of sleep quality, both groups had significantly differences on Subjective Sleep Quality and Sleep Disturbance in CPSQI. However, considering quality of sleep as a whole, only the Rosemary group had a significant difference in Global CPSQI Score. In conclusion, the results of this experiment showed that the aroma of Rosemary essential oil bottle necklace had significant influences on learning concentration, cognitive function, anxiety and sleep quality.

誌謝 I
摘要 II
ABSTRACT IV
目次 VI
表目次 X
圖目次 XII
第一章緒論1
1.1研究背景與動機1
1.2研究目的4
第二章文獻回顧5
2.1芳香療法5
2.1.1芳香療法之定義與應用5
2.1.2精油進入人體的途徑7
2.1.3精油鏈的應用9
2.2專注力11
2.2.1專注力之定義11
2.2.2專注力與學習之研究12
2.3認知功能15
2.3.1認知功能之定義15
2.3.2認知與學習之研究17
2.4焦慮20
2.4.1焦慮之定義20
2.4.2芳香療法對於焦慮之相關研究21
2.5睡眠品質24
2.5.1睡眠品質之定義24
2.5.2芳香療法提升睡眠品質之相關研究25
第三章研究方法30
3.1研究架構30
3.1.1研究步驟30
3.1.2研究設計30
3.2研究對象與試驗時間33
3.3研究工具34
3.4統計分析42
第四章研究結果43
4.1學習專注力43
4.1.1兩組專注力與學習效能前測之組間比較43
4.1.2兩組專注力與學習效能後測之組間比較45
4.1.3兩組專注力與學習效能前後測改變量之組間比較47
4.1.4迷迭香組專注力與學習效能前後測之組內比較49
4.1.5向日葵組專注力與學習效能前後測之組內比較51
4.2認知測驗53
4.2.1兩組認知測驗前測之組間比較53
4.2.2兩組認知測驗後測之組間比較55
4.2.3兩組認知測驗前後測改變量之組間比較57
4.2.4迷迭香組認知測驗前後測之組內比較59
4.2.5向日葵組認知測驗前後測之組內比較61
4.3焦慮63
4.3.1兩組STAI前測之組間比較63
4.3.2兩組STAI後測之組間比較65
4.3.3兩組STAI前後測改變量之組間比較67
4.3.4迷迭香組STAI前後測之組內比較69
4.3.5向日葵組STAI前後測之組內比較71
4.4睡眠品質73
4.4.1兩組CPSQI前測之組間比較73
4.4.2兩組CPSQI後測之組間比較75
4.4.3兩組CPSQI前後測改變量之組間比較77
4.4.4迷迭香組CPSQI前後測之組內比較79
4.4.5向日葵組CPSQI前後測之組內比較81
第五章討論83
5.1迷迭香精油對專注力之影響的討論83
5.2迷迭香精油對認知功能之影響的討論86
5.3迷迭香精油對焦慮情緒之影響的討論88
5.4迷迭香精油對睡眠品質之影響的討論90
第六章結論92
6.1結論92
6.2研究限制與建議93
參考文獻95
附錄一 問卷108
附錄二 隨機分派表115
附錄三 同意研究證明書116
表目次
表2.4芳香療法對於減緩焦慮之相關研究23
表2.5芳香療法對於提升睡眠品質之相關研究28
表4.1.1兩組學習專注力與學習效能前測之組間比較44
表4.1.2兩組學習專注力與學習效能後測之組間比較46
表4.1.3兩組學習專注力與學習效能前後測改變量之組間比較48
表4.1.4迷迭香組學習專注力與學習效能前後測之組內比較50
表4.1.5向日葵組學習專注力與學習效能前後測之組內比較52
表4.2.1兩組認知測驗前測之組間比較54
表4.2.2兩組認知測驗後測之組間比較56
表4.2.3兩組認知測驗前後測改變量之組間比較58
表4.2.4迷迭香組認知測驗前後測之組內比較60
表4.2.5向日葵組認知測驗前後測之組內比較62
表4.3.1兩組STAI前測之組間比較64
表4.3.2兩組STAI後測之組間比較66
表4.3.3兩組STAI前後測改變量之組間比較68
表4.3.4迷迭香組STAI前後測之組內比較70
表4.3.5向日葵組STAI前後測知組內比較72
表4.4.1兩組CPSQI前測之組間比較74
表4.4.2兩組CPSQI後測之組間比較76
表4.4.3兩組CPSQI前後測改變量之組間比較78
表4.4.4迷迭香組CPSQI前後測之組內比較80
表4.4.5向日葵組CPSQI前後測之組內比較82
圖目次
圖1精油進入人體的途徑8
圖2實驗步驟30
圖3實驗流程圖32
圖4擴香儀34
圖5精油鏈34
圖6Choicereactiontime之圖示41
圖7Spatialworkingmemory之圖示（1）41
圖8Spatialworkingmemory之圖示（2）41
圖9Spatialworkingmemory之圖示（3）41
圖10Memoryscanningtask之圖示42

中文部分
王克先（1995）。學習心理學。台北市：桂冠圖書出版社。
王駿濠, 張哲千, 梁衍明, 邱文聲, 洪蘭, 曾志朗, 和 阮啟弘. (2012)”運動對孩童認知功能及學業表現的影響:文獻回顧與展望” 教育科學研究期刊, 57(2), 65-94.
李傑（2012）。中醫香囊闢疫研究 (Doctoral dissertation，杭州:浙江大學).
沈珊米（2014）。葡萄柚精油對大學生自主神經活性及認知功能之影響。未出版之碩士論文，南華大學自然醫學研究所，嘉義縣。
林玉雯、黃台珠、劉嘉茹（2010）。課室學習專注力之研究─量表發展與分析應用。科學教育學刊，18(2)，107-129。
林鋐宇、周台傑（2010）。國小兒童注意力測驗之編製。特殊教育研究學刊，35(2)，29-53。
徐莞雲、陳筱瑀(2008)。焦慮的概念分析. 志為護理, 7(3), 65-70.
高境莉（2012）。精油噴霧吸入對大學生心率變異與認知功能之影響。未出版之碩士論文，南華大學自然醫學研究所，嘉義縣。
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。臺北市：東華書局
張炳華、劉芳昌、林川雄、楊美玲、馮兆康(2017)。 憂鬱與焦慮狀態對於睡眠品質的影響: 兼論網路使用行為的干擾效果. 運動與遊憩研究, 12(1), 79-91.
許怡蘭（2016）。精油鍊！你的情緒護身符。台北市：原點出版
許婉妮（2017）。人格特質與精油吸嗅之感性經驗與腦波的相關性探討。未出版之碩士論文，南華大學自然醫學研究所，嘉義縣。
溫佑君（2018）。新精油圖鑑（Evidence-Based Guide To 300 Essential oils）。台北市：商周出版
歐明秋、游銅錫、林麗雲（2011）。精油化學（The Chemistry of Essential Oil)。台北：華杏。
鄭昭明（2010）。認知心理學：理論與實踐。臺北市：學富文化。
樺澤紫苑（2011）。腦內物質工作術（譯：陳柏瑤）台北：麥田
蕭夙婷、張瓊云(2009)。從神經生理觀點探討幼兒注意力之表現. 幼兒保育論壇, (4), 8-26.
駱明潔、潘意鈴（2013）。學齡前幼兒睡眠品質與學習注意力之關聯性探究。輔導與諮商學報，35（1），1–30。
鍾聖校（1990）。認知心理學。新北市：心理出版社有限公司
英文部分
Amsterdam, J. D., Shults, J., Soeller, I., Mao, J. J., Rockwell, K., & Newberg, A. B. (2012). Chamomile (matricaria recutita) may have antidepressant activity in anxious depressed humans-an exploratory study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 18(5), 44.
Au, J., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Bunarjo, K., Senger, T., Zabel, C., ... & Jonides, J. (2016). Enhancing working memory training with transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 28(9), 1419-1432.
Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Junaid, M., Ullah, F., Subhan, F., & Ahmed, J. (2017). Neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 9, 168.
Babaii, A., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Hajibagheri, A. (2015). The Effect of Aromatherapy with Damask Rose and Blindfold on Sleep Quality of Patients Admitted to Cardiac Critical Care Units. Iran Journal of Nursing, 28(93), 96-105.
Bhadania, M., Joshi, H., Patel, P., & Kulkarni, V. H. (2012). Protective effect of menthol on β-amyloid peptide induced cognitive deficits in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 681(1-3), 50-54
Burke, L., & Ray, R. (2008). Re-setting the concentration levels of students in higher education: An exploratory study. Teaching in Higher Education, 13(5), 571-582.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research, 28(2), 193-213.
Chaves Neto, G., Braga, J. E. F., Alves, M. F., de Morais Pordeus, L. C., Santos, S. G. D., Scotti, M. T., ... & Diniz, M. D. F. F. M. (2017). Anxiolytic Effect of Citrus aurantium L. in Crack Users. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.
Chen, J. H., Chao, Y. H., Lu, S. F., Shiung, T. F., & Chao, Y. F. (2012). The effectiveness of valerian acupressure on the sleep of ICU patients: a randomized clinical trial. International journal of nursing studies, 49(8), 913-920.
Chen, P. S. (2010). Investigation of efficacy scale of the revised Chinese version of the CLEI. [中文版大學生學習效能量表之修訂及調查研究]. 碩士,國立新竹教育大學, 新竹市.
Cho, M. Y., Min, E. S., Hur, M. H., & Lee, M. S. (2013). Effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in intensive care units. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
Clark, R. C., Nguyen, F., & Sweller, J. (2006). Efficiency in learning: Evidence-based guidelines to manage cognitive load. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer
Cohen, D., Eisdorfer, C., Prinz, P., Breen, A., Davis, M., & Gadsby, A. (1983). Sleep disturbances in the institutionalized aged. Journal of the American geriatrics society, 31(2), 79-82.
Coull, J. T. (1998), Neural correlates of attention and arousal: Insights from electrophysiology , functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology, Progress in Neurobiology (55),pp. 343-361
Dallaire, J. (2012). Performance thinking: Mental skills for the competitive world…and for life! Performance Prime.
Dayan, P., Kakade, S., & Montague, P. R. (2000). Learning and selective attention. nature neuroscience, 3(11s), 1218.
de Vries, R. P., & Visser, J. (2001). Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 65(4), 497-522.
Dobetsberger, C., & Buchbauer, G. (2011). Actions of essential oils on the central nervous system: An updated review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 26(5), 300-316.
Durbrow, E. H., Schaefer, B. A., & Jimerson, S. R. (2001). Learning-related behaviors versus cognitive ability in the academic performance of vincentian children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(3), 471-483.
Eysenck, M. W., and Keane, M. T. (1995). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, East Sussex, UK
Fakari, F. R., Tabatabaeichehr, M., Kamali, H., Fakari, F. R., & Naseri, M. (2015). Effect of inhalation of aroma of geranium essence on anxiety and physiological parameters during first stage of labor in nulliparous women: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of caring sciences, 4(2), 135.
Field, T. (2004). Massage and aromatherapy. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 26(3), 168-170.
Filiptsova, O. V., Gazzavi-Rogozina, L. V., Timoshyna, I. A., Naboka, O. I., Dyomina, Y. V., & Ochkur, A. V. (2017). The essential oil of rosemary and its effect on the human image and numerical short-term memory. Egyptian journal of basic and applied sciences, 4(2), 107-111.
Gail, W. S. (2005). Handbook of Psychiatric Nursing 6th edition. St. Louis: Mosby.
Grieve, J., & Gnanasekaran, L. (2008). Neuropsychology for occupationaltherapists: cognition in occupational performance. Singapore :Fabulous.
Heuberger, E., Hongratanaworakit, T., Böhm, C., Weber, R., & Buchbauer, G. (2001). Effects of chiral fragrances on human autonomic nervous system parameters and self-evaluation. Chemical Senses, 26(3), 281-292.
Hongratanaworakit, T. (2009). Simultaneous aromatherapy massage with rosemary oil on humans. Scientia pharmaceutica, 77(2), 375-388.
Hozumi, H., Hasegawa, S., Tsunenari, T., Sanpei, N., Arashina, Y., Takahashi, K., ... & Tomimatsu, S. (2017). Aromatherapies using Osmanthus fragrans oil and grapefruit oil are effective complementary treatments for anxious patients undergoing colonoscopy: A randomized controlled study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 34, 165-169.
Iroaganachi, M. A. (2012). Effect of technology and musical sound on concentration in individualized learning: A study of covenant university students. European Scientific Journal, 8(8),
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1. NY:Dover Publications
Ju, M. S., Lee, S., Bae, I., Hur, M. H., Seong, K., & Lee, M. S. (2013). Effects of aroma massage on home blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, and sleep quality in middle-aged women with hypertension. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
Kao, C. C., Huang, C. J., Wang, M. Y., & Tsai, P. S. (2008). Insomnia: Prevalence and its impact on excessive daytime sleepiness and psychological well-being in the adult Taiwanese population. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 17(8), 1073-1080.
Kao, Y. H., Huang, Y. C., Chung, U. L., Hsu, W. N., Tang, Y. T., & Liao, Y. H. (2017). Comparisons for Effectiveness of Aromatherapy and Acupressure Massage on Quality of Life in Career Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(6), 451-460.
Karadag, E., Samancioglu, S., Ozden, D., & Bakir, E. (2017). Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety of patients. Nursing in critical care, 22(2), 105-112.
Keable, D. (1997). The management of anxiety: a guide for therapists (Vol. 1). Elsevier Health Sciences.
Kim, K. Y., Seo, H. J., Min, S. S., Park, M., & Seol, G. H. (2014). The effect of 1, 8-cineole inhalation on preoperative anxiety: a randomized clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
Kim, W., & Hur, M. H. (2016). Inhalation effects of aroma essential oil on quality of sleep for shift nurses after night work. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 46(6), 769-779.
Krause, M. R., Zanos, T. P., Csorba, B. A., Pilly, P. K., Choe, J., Phillips, M. E., ... & Pack, C. C. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates associative learning and alters functional connectivity in the primate brain. Current Biology, 27(20), 3086-3096.
Matešić, K. (2015). The Relationship between Cognitive and EmotionalIntelligence and High School Academic Achievement. Collegium antropologicum, 39(2), 371-375.
Matsumoto, T., Asakura, H., & Hayashi, T. (2014). Effects of olfactory stimulation from the fragrance of the Japanese citrus fruit yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) on mood states and salivary chromogranin A as an endocrinologic stress marker. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(6), 500-506.
McCaffrey, R., Thomas, D. J., & Kinzelman, A. O. (2009). The Effects of Lavender and Rosemary Essential Oils on Test‐Taking Anxiety Among Graduate Nursing Students. Holistic nursing practice, 23(2), 88-93.
Mirghafourvand, M., Charandabi, S. M. A., Hakimi, S., Khodaie, L., & Galeshi, M. (2016). Effect of orange peel essential oil on postpartum sleep quality: A randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(1), 62-66.
Moss, L., Rouse, M., Wesnes, K. A., & Moss, M. (2010). Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(5), 388-396.
Moss, M., & Oliver, L. (2012). Plasma 1, 8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology, 2(3), 103-113.
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(1), 15-38.
Moss, M., Earl, V., Moss, L., & Heffernan, T. (2017). Any Sense in Classroom Scents? Aroma of Rosemary Essential Oil Significantly Improves Cognition in Young School Children. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 7(04), 450.
Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., & Wesnes, K. (2008). Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang. International Journal of Neuroscience, 118(1), 59-77.
Namazi, M., Akbari, S. A. A., Mojab, F., Talebi, A., Majd, H. A., & Jannesari, S. (2014). Aromatherapy with citrus aurantium oil and anxiety during the first stage of labor. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(6).
Nan Lv, X., Jun Liu, Z., Jing Zhang, H., & Tzeng, C. M. (2013). Aromatherapy and the central nerve system (CNS): therapeutic mechanism and its associated genes. Current drug targets, 14(8), 872-879.
Nematolahi, P., Mehrabani, M., Karami-Mohajeri, S., & Dabaghzadeh, F. (2018). Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: A randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 30, 24-28.
Ni, C. H., Hou, W. H., Kao, C. C., Chang, M. L., Yu, L. F., Wu, C. C., & Chen, C. (2013). The anxiolytic effect of aromatherapy on patients awaiting ambulatory surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
Orhan, I., Aslan, S., Kartal, M., Şener, B., & Başer, K. H. C. (2008). Inhibitory effect of Turkish Rosmarinus officinalis L. on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Food Chemistry, 108(2), 663-668.
Özlü, Z. K., & Bilican, P. (2017). Effects of aromatherapy massage on the sleep quality and physiological parameters of patients in a surgical intensive care unit. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines, 14(3), 83.
Park, S. J., Subramaniyam, M., Moon, M. K., Jeon, B. B., Lee, E. J., Han, S. H., & Woo, C. S. (2014). Sleep Quality and Skin-Lightening Effects of White Mother Chrysanthemum Aroma. In Industrial Applications of Affective Engineering (pp. 241-252). Springer, Cham.
Pilcher, B. K., Dumin, J. A., Sudbeck, B. D., Krane, S. M., Welgus, H. G., & Parks, W. C. (1997). The activity of collagenase-1 is required for keratinocyte migration on a type I collagen matrix. The Journal of cell biology, 137(6), 1445-1457.
Pimenta, F. C. F., Alves, M. F., Pimenta, M. B. F., Melo, S. A. L., Almeida, A. A. F. D., Leite, J. R., ... & Almeida, R. N. D. (2016). Anxiolytic effect of Citrus aurantium L. on patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Phytotherapy Research, 30(4), 613-617.
Rabbani, M., Sajjadi, S. E., & Vaezi, A. (2015). Evaluation of anxiolytic and sedative effect of essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and chemical composition of its essential oil. Research in pharmaceutical sciences, 10(6), 535.
Rashidi-Fakari, F., Tabatabaeichehr, M., & Mortazavi, H. (2015). The effect of aromatherapy by essential oil of orange on anxiety during labor: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 20(6), 661.
Rush, B. R., Hafen, M., Jr., Biller, D. S., Davis, E. G., Klimek, J. A., Kukanich, B., (2010). The effect of differing audience response system question types on student attention in the veterinary medical classroom. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 37(2), pp.145-153.
Savage, R., Cornish, K., Manly, T., & Hollis, C. (2006). Cognitive processes in children’s reading and attention: The role of working memory, divided attention, and response inhibition. British Journal of Psychology, 97(3), pp.365-385.
Schlarb, A. A., Friedrich, A., & Classen, M. (2017). sleep problems in university students–an intervention. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 13, 1989.
Shirley, P., & Len, P. (1995). Aromatherapy for Health Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0-443-04975-0.
Shirzadegan, R., Gholami, M., Hasanvand, S., Birjandi, M., & Beiranvand, A. (2017). Effects of geranium aroma on anxiety among patients with acute myocardial infarction: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 29, 201-206.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory.
Tsai, P. S., Wang, S. Y., Wang, M. Y., Su, C.T., Yang, T.T., Huang, C.J., Fang, S.C. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Qual Life Res.;14(8): 1943-52.
Vroon, P. A., Van Amerongen, A., & De Vries, H. (1994). Verborgen verleider: Psychologie van de reuk. Ambo.
Weber, H. M., Rücker, S., Büttner, P., Petermann, F., & Daseking, M. (2015). Relationship Between General Cognitive Abilities and School Achievement: The Mediation Role of Learning Behavior. Gesundheitswesen(Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)), 77(10), 820-826.
Werner, M., & von Braunschweig, R. (2006). Praxis Aromatherapie. Grundlagen-Steckbriefe–Indikationen, Heidelberg.
Yeh, Y. C., Yen, C. F., Lai, C. S., Huang, C. H., Liu, K. M., & Huang, I. T. (2007). Correlations between academic achievement and anxiety and depression in medical students experiencing integrated curriculum reform. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 23(8), 379-386.
Yoshida, H., Sun, Q., Tsuchida, N., & Ohkawa, I. (2014). Do practices of learning activities improve the cognitive functioning of healthy elderly adults? From the viewpoint of a transfer effect. Shinrigaku kenkyu: The Japanese journal of psychology, 85(2), 130-138.
Zhang, K., & Yao, L. (2018). The anxiolytic effect of Juniperus virginiana L. essential oil and determination of its active constituents. Physiology & behavior.