臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為了將三維人體掃描的資料變形，準確地定義髖關節中心 (hip joint center, HJC)的位置是重要的。Bell et al. (1990) 提出以腸骨前上脊間距 (inter-anterior superior iliac spine distance, IAD) 來預測HJC位置的方式，然而，IAD之三維人體計測信度與其對預測HJC之影響，目前尚未被探討。本研究中，4位量測者(2位有訓練、2位無訓練)負責量測三維人體掃描資料(9位男性、11位女性)之IAD，分別在有貼標記點與沒有貼標記點的情況下進行。研究結果發現，IAD之三維人體計測的差異會影響所預測的HJC的位置。沒有受過解剖訓練的量測者，在沒有標記點的情況下， IAD之三維人體計測的信效度最低 (ICC = 0.601，平均量測誤差 = 25.2±15.1mm)，而預測的HJC位置也誤差最大(x軸 = 4.8mm、y軸 = 9.1mm、z軸 = 7.6mm)。本研究也證實標記點可以顯著提高IAD之三維人體計測的信效度(ICC＞0.9、平均量測誤差＜10.2±7.2mm)、顯著減少HJC的預測誤差(x軸＜1.9mm、y軸＜3.7mm、z軸＜3.1mm)，對於沒有受過訓練的量測者，標記點的所產生的效益最大。

The accurate identification of the hip joint center (HJC) is of great importance for 3D scanning data deformation. Bell et al. (1990) developed and validated equations to predict the HJC based on simple anthropometric measurement of inter-anterior superior iliac spine distance (IAD). However, the reliability of these measurements in 3D scanning data and the effect on predicted HJC estimates from the equations have yet to be determined. In the current study, four measurers (two trained/ two no trained) were responsible for collecting the measurements of IAD on 3D scanning data for 20 patients (nine male, 11 female) in two (within landmarks/ without landmarks) situations. The results showed the predicted HJC locations were affected by the measurement differences. The no trained measurers showed the lowest 3D surface anthropometric reliability and validity of IAD (ICC = 0.601，mean measurement difference = 25.2±15.1mm), and the maximum prediction errors of HJC(x axis = 4.8mm、y axis = 9.1mm、z axis = 7.6mm) in the without landmarks situation. This study also demonstrated the landmarks can help to decrease the measurement differences of IAD (ICC＞0.9、mean measurement difference＜10.2±7.2mm) and the prediction errors of HJC (x axis＜1.9mm、y axis＜3.7mm、z axis＜3.1mm), especially for the no trained measurers.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION....................................1
1.1 Background.......................................1
1.2 Review of Related Studies........................2
1.3 Purpose of this Study............................8
CHAPTER II METHODS........................................9
2.1 Subjects..............................................9
2.2 Data Collection.......................................9
2.3 Statistical Analyses.................................10
CHAPTER III RESULTS......................................16
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION....................................22
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION.....................................26
REFERENCES...............................................27

Table of Figures

Figure 1.................................................14
Figure 2.................................................14
Figure 3.................................................18
Figure 4.................................................19
Figure 5.................................................20

Table of Tables
Table 1..................................................15
Table 2..................................................21
Table 3..................................................21

Allen, B., Curless, B., &; Popović, Z. (2002). Articulated body deformation from range scan data. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21(3), 612-619.
Allen, B., Curless, B., &; Popović, Z. (2003). The space of human body shapes: Reconstruction and parameterization from range scans. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22(3), 587-594.
Begon, M., Monnet, T., &; Lacouture, P. (2007). Effects of movement for estimating the hip joint centre. Gait and Posture, 25(3), 353-359.
Bell, A. L., Pedersen, D. R., &; Brand, R. A. (1990). A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods. Journal of Biomechanics, 23(6), 617-621.
Burkhart, T. A., Arthurs, K. L., &; Andrews, D. M. (2008). Reliability of upper and lower extremity anthropometric measurements and the effect on tissue mass predictions. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(7), 1604-1610.
Camomilla, V., Cereatti, A., Vannozzi, G., &; Cappozzo, A. (2006). An optimized protocol for hip joint centre determination using the functional method. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(6), 1096-1106.
Capell, S., Green, S., Curless, B., Duchamp, T., &; Popović, Z. (2002). Interactive skeleton-driven dynamic deformations. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21(3), 586-593.
Cappozzo, A., Catani, F., Della Croce, U., &; Leardini, A. (1995). Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: Anatomical frame definition and determination. Clinical Biomechanics, 10(4), 171-178.
Chiu, C., Hsu, K. H., Hsu, P. L., Hsu, C. I., Lee, P. C., Chiou, W. K., et al. (2007). Mining three-dimensional anthropometric body surface scanning data for hypertension detection. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 11(3), 264-273.
Ehrig, R. M., Taylor, W. R., Duda, G. N., &; Heller, M. O. (2006). A survey of formal methods for determining the centre of rotation of ball joints. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(15), 2798-2809.
Gagvani, N., &; Silver, D. (2001). Animating volumetric models. Graphical Models, 63(6), 443-458.
Harrington, M. E., Zavatsky, A. B., Lawson, S. E. M., Yuan, Z., &; Theologis, T. N. (2007). Prediction of the hip joint centre in adults, children, and patients with cerebral palsy based on magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(3), 595-602.
Hicks, J. L., &; Richards, J. G. (2005). Clinical applicability of using spherical fitting to find hip joint centers. Gait and Posture, 22(2), 138-145.
(2010) ISO 20685-3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases.
Johnson, W., Cameron, N., Dickson, P., Emsley, S., Raynor, P., Seymour, C., et al. (2009). The reliability of routine anthropometric data collected by health workers: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(3), 310-316.
Kirkwood, R. N., Culham, E. G., &; Costigan, P. (1999). Radiographic and non-invasive determination of the hip joint center location: Effect on hip joint moments. Clinical Biomechanics, 14(4), 227-235.
Lin, J. D., Chiou, W. K., Weng, H. F., Fang, J. T., &; Liu, T. H. (2004). Application of three-dimensional body scanner: observation of prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Clinical Nutrition, 23(6), 1313-1323.
McGraw, K. O., &; Wong, S. P. (1996). Forming Inferences about Some Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 30-46.
Moore, K. L., &; Dalley, A. F. (1999). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (4th edition ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &; Wilkins.
Moreno, L. A., Joyanes, M., Mesana, M. I., González-Gross, M., Gil, C. M., Sarría, A., et al. (2003). Harmonization of anthropometric measurements for a multicenter nutrition survey in Spanish adolescents. Nutrition, 19(6), 481-486.
Mullaji, A., Shetty, G. M., Kanna, R., &; Sharma, A. (2010). Variability in the range of inter-anterior superior iliac spine distance and its correlation with femoral head centre. A prospective computed tomography study of 200 adults. Skeletal Radiology, 39(4), 363-368.
Nagy, E., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Manios, Y., Béghin, L., Iliescu, C., Censi, L., et al. (2008). Harmonization process and reliability assessment of anthropometric measurements in a multicenter study in adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 32(SUPPL. 5).
Nedel, L. P., &; Thalmann, D. (2000). Anatomic modeling of deformable human bodies. Visual Computer, 16(6), 306-321.
Nurre, J. H. (1997). Locating landmarks on human body scan data. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling.
Perini, T. A., de Oliveira, G. L., dos Santos Ornellas, J., &; Palha de Oliveira, F. (2005). Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Cálculo do erro técnico de medição em antropometria, 11(1), 81-90.
Piazza, S. J., Okita, N., &; Cavanagh, P. R. (2001). Accuracy of the functional method of hip joint center location: Effects of limited motion and varied implementation. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(7), 967-973.
Remondino, F. (2004). 3-D reconstruction of static human body shape from image sequence. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 93(1), 65-85.
Sansoni, G., Trebeschi, M., &; Docchio, F. (2009). State-of-the-art and applications of 3D imaging sensors in industry, cultural heritage, medicine, and criminal investigation. Sensors, 9(1), 568-601.
Sebo, P., Beer-Borst, S., Haller, D. M., &; Bovier, P. A. (2008). Reliability of doctors' anthropometric measurements to detect obesity. Preventive Medicine, 47(4), 389-393.
Seidel, G. K., Marchinda, D. M., Dijkers, M., &; Soutas-Little, R. W. (1995). Hip joint center location from palpable bony landmarks - A cadaver study. Journal of Biomechanics, 28(8), 995-998.
Shrout, P. E., &; Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420-428.
Stagni, R., Leardini, A., Cappozzo, A., Grazia Benedetti, M., &; Cappello, A. (2000). Effects of hip joint centre mislocation on gait analysis results. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(11), 1479-1487.
Treleaven, P., &; Wells, J. (2007). 3D body scanning and healthcare applications. Computer, 40(7), 28-34.
Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Bari, S., Williamson, B., Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S. B., et al. (2003). Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(2), 379-384.
Weir, J. P. (2005). Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(1), 231-240.
Weiss, E. T., Barzilai, O., Brightman, L., Chapas, A., Hale, E., Karen, J., et al. (2009). Three-dimensional surface imaging for clinical trials: Improved precision and reproducibility in circumference measurements of thighs and abdomens. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 41(10), 767-773.
Wells, J. C. K., Ruto, A., &; Treleaven, P. (2008). Whole-body three-dimensional photonic scanning: A new technique for obesity research and clinical practice. International Journal of Obesity, 32(2), 232-238.
Wells, J. C. K., Treleaven, P., &; Cole, T. J. (2007). BMI compared with 3-dimensional body shape: The UK National Sizing Survey. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(2), 419-425.
Zhang, X., Lee, S. W., &; Braido, P. (2004). Towards an integrated high-fidelity linkage representation of the human skeletal system based on surface measurement. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 33(3), 215-227.