臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

滑倒在我們的日常生活中是一種常常發生的意外，而這意外卻會造成人體因為失去身體平衡而隨之產生更大的傷害，輕者造成身體組織的傷害，如：腳踝扭傷、膝蓋韌帶拉傷等疾病；重者則可能會造成死亡的發生。而為了要更能避免這些傷害在我們周遭環境發生，是故我們必須針對這個問題來作一個探討以及研究，以其找出人體滑倒時所產生的一些關鍵因子。以往的學者對於摩擦係數的方面，做了很多的探討，但是會影響人體滑倒的因素不僅僅是足底和地面之間的摩擦力的關係，更有其他如生物力學、神經生理、骨骼肌肉系統等各方面的問題。
本實驗的目的就是利用二十二名年輕的受測者來進行實驗，讓受測者在有滑介質以及無滑介質兩種介質下，並且分成快速步頻（120步∕分鐘）和慢速步頻（90步∕分鐘）兩種不同的步頻速度在架有安全設備的走道上行走，同時我們利用動態實驗室中的動態分析系統（Motion analysis system）、測力板系統（Force plate）收集受測者在實驗過程中的運動學以及動力學的資料，然後將資料經過處理並加以統計分析。值得一提的是，本實驗特有的安全架以及安全背帶設置，分別在實驗前架設好安全架，受測者身上穿上安全背帶，並且利用兩條登山繩綁住受測者和另一端扣住安全架，這個安全設備是預防受測者在實驗過程中由於滑倒而造成身體上的傷害。
實驗的結果發現，人體在腳跟著地（Heel strike）後會大致上有減速期、平穩期和加速期三個時期，而滑倒的關鍵是決定於減速期和平穩期。正常的步態會慢慢的減緩速度到趨近於零的值，而有滑介面下，沒有滑倒（即有平衡回來）的這組也會有一個平穩期，只是時間會比正常步態時延遲減緩；而有滑倒（即沒有平衡回來）的這組則在整個站立期都無法讓速度減緩下來，並且產生一個更大的速度值。而在固定步伐長度（step length）下，步頻因子方面我們可以知道在一個較快速的步頻時，會比較容易造成人體受滑動而跌倒的情況發生。在下肢各關節運動角度方面，髖關節和膝關節在有滑介質下時，會利用彎曲（Flexion）動作來降低身體的重心，而踝關節則會有較大的趾屈（Plantarflexion）角度產生，以增加足底和地面間的接觸面積。另外，在力矩的表現上，我們可以知道在一個已經失去正常步行軌跡的時候，髖關節的伸直力矩（Extension moment）、膝關節的伸直力矩以及踝關節的背屈力矩（Dorsiflexion moment）對於平衡的恢復有很大的影響。

Slip is the frequently accident in our daily life. And this accident makes more hurt because of losing balance of human body. The light bring about tissue hurt, for instance: ankle sprain, ligament of knee sprain… etc. The heavy probably makes the death happen. In order to avoid this hurt happened in our environments, so we must study out this problem for finding out the key point of human slipping. In the past, many scholars do the work in friction coefficient (). The influence factor of human slipping is not only the  which relationship of foot and ground but also the sides of biomechanics, neurophysiology, musculoskeletal system.
In this study, twenty two health subjects, divided into two groups of twelve and ten subjects each (12 male, 10 female), will be subjected to slip disturbance. All subjects walked in the walkway and were divided into two different interfaces of group and two cadences (120 steps/min, 90 steps/min). In the same time, the data of kinetics and kinematics collection of subjects by motion analysis system and force plate system. The subjects wearing a body safety harness, which is tethered by two ropes to support the structures in a way that full falls and will be smoothly arrested before contact.
The result of study found, there will be three period ( speed down period, stable period, speed up period) after heel strike. And the key point of slip will be decided in two period of speed down and stable. The velocity of heel will be slow down to near zero value in normal level walking, and the velocity of heel in the group (slip & fall) will be a peak value which higher velocity of heel. In the factor of cadence, the faster cadence makes subject fall easier when the step length controlled. In the motion of joint of lower extremity, we can see that hip and knee joint will keep in a flexion angle to descend the center of body in slippery interface and the ankle joint will make more plantarflexion angle for increasing the contact surface between foot and ground. In the moment of joint, extension moment of hip, knee joint and dorsiflexion moment of ankle joint is important influence on balance recovering when subjects were in perturbation gait.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
致謝……………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅹ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………VI
符號說明………………………………………………………………VI
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
1-1 前言………………………………………………………….1
1-2 文獻回顧…………………………………………………….1
1-3 研究動機與目的………………………………………… ….6
第二章 理論分析……………………………………………7
2-1 模型理論…………………………………………………….7
2-1-1 運動學及動力學的流程……………………………8
2-1-2 動力學分析………………………………………. 10
2-1-3 運動學分析……………………………………….11
2-1-4 旋轉矩陣原理…………………………………….12
2-1-5 關節夾角─尤拉角的計算……………………….14
2-1-6 角速度、角加速度…………………………….….17
2-2 Helen Hayes標記貼法………………………………….18
2-3 關節中心求法……………………………………………20
2-4 座標系定義……………………………………………..23
2-5 實驗室座標系與測力板座標系…………………………25
2-6 人體計測資料……………………………………………30
第三章 實驗材料與方法……………………………………………31
3-1 實驗對象……………………………………………… ..31
3-2 實驗設備……………………………………………31
3-2-1 三度空間動態分析系統………………………… 32
3-2-2 測力板系統……………………………………….32
3-2-3 安全設施………………………………………….32
3-2-4 軟體設備………………………………………….33
3-3 實驗程序………………………………………………33
3-3-1 建立實驗室空間座標系………………………….34
3-3-2 收集Wand資料…………………………………..34
3-3-3 受測者資料……………………………………….34
3-3-4 實驗步驟………………………………………….34
3-4 資料收集流程……..………………………………………36
3-5 資料處理與分析……..…………………………………….37
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………………………..38
4-1 滑動指標……………………………………….38
4- 2 控制因子與變動因子….…………………………………3 9
4- 3 時間與空間的參數……………………………………….40
4-3-1 腳跟最大向前速度……………………………….41
4-3-2 反應時間………………………………………….43
4- 4 力板之反作用力…..…………………………………...….43
4- 5 髖關節角度、力矩………………………………………..46
4-5-1 髖關節角度變化………………..………………...46
4-5-2 髖關節力矩變化…….……………………………47
4- 6 膝關節角度、力矩……………………………………….49
4-6-1 膝關節角度變化………………...………………..49
4-6-2 膝關節力矩變化………………...………………..49
4- 7 踝關節角度、力矩………..……………………………..50
4-7-1 踝關節角度變化………………………………….50
4-7-2 踝關節力矩變化………………………………….51
4- 8 擺盪期下肢的資料………………………………………..53
4-8-1 最大垂直無因次反作用力………………………. 53
4-8-2 擺盪期髖關節角度變化…………………………..54
4-8-3 擺盪期膝關節角度變化………………………… 55
4-8-4 擺盪期踝關節角度變化………………………… 57
第五章 結論………………………………………………………59
5-1 結論…………………………………………….………59
5-2 未來展望………………………………………………61
參考文獻……………………………………………………………62
附錄Ａ…………………………………………………………………..64

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