臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

III-V金屬化合物是製造高頻半導體的重要材料。鎵（Ga）金屬是一種過渡元素，在製造如砷化鎵（GaAs）與砷化銦鎵（InGaAs）等光電元件與積體電路的產業上，使用量逐漸增加，可能伴隨著危害健康與破壞環境生態的有毒廢棄物大量釋出。本研究以鯉魚（Cyprinus caripo L.）為實驗動物，探討不同濃度的鎵對鯉魚所產生的效應。
鎵對鯉魚仔魚之九十六小時的半致死濃度（96-h LC50）為12.55 mg L-1；鯉魚稚魚之96-h LC50則為19.78 mg L-1。在成長實驗中，鯉魚仔魚暴露於三個次致死濃度（1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg L-1）的鎵溶液中四星期，較高的二個濃度組的成長受到抑制；1.0 mg L-1組仔魚的成長則無影響。
鯉魚稚魚暴露於三個次致死濃度（2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg L-1）的鎵溶液中二星期，觀察鯉魚鰓部的組織病變包括：上皮細胞增生、下表皮腫脹及次級鰓絲融合；腎臟的病變則多發生在細尿管上。組織病變程度隨著鎵濃度的昇高而加重。
鯉魚稚魚置於三個次致死濃度（2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg L-1）的鎵溶液中進行四星期的慢性毒性實驗，由測定血清中代謝性酵素（天門冬酸胺基轉化酵素，AST；胺基丙酸胺基轉化酵素，ALT；鹼性磷酸酵素，ALP）活性的結果得知，較高的二個濃度處理組，代謝性酵素的活性皆有顯著的增加（p < 0.05）。由鯉魚血清生化因子（血糖，glucose；血中尿素氮，blood urea nitrogen；肌酸酐，creatinine；膽固醇，cholesterol；三酸甘油脂，triglyceride）的檢測結果得知，處理組的生化因子平均值與對照組之間有顯著的差異（p < 0.05）。此外，血液抹片檢查發現較高的二個濃度處理組中，鯉魚紅血球的型態有所改變。由電子顯微鏡觀察肝細胞超微細構造的改變包括─不規則的細胞核外形、異染色質增加、內質網片段化與空胞化，及粒線體瓦解等。此外，高電子密度的溶小體與脂質包涵體也可在細胞質內發現。
由原位標誌實驗、電子顯微鏡檢、DNA凝膠電泳及凋亡細胞計數等方法來定義、定量鯉魚稚魚脾臟淋巴細胞的細胞凋亡現象。鎵溶液對鯉魚進行腹腔注射十二小時後，凋亡的淋巴細胞開始增加（5.5%），到二十四小時後達到高峰（13.2%）；凋亡細胞核中的DNA片段化現象，多發生在鄰近脾臟上皮的淋巴細胞；由電子顯微鏡中可觀察到凋亡細胞被巨噬細胞所吞噬；經過二十四小時的處理，凋亡細胞的DNA在電泳上呈現階梯化現象。
在鄰近台灣半導體產業區域的池塘中，鯉魚是一種重要的魚種，可用以作為研究半導體相關金屬毒性的實驗模式動物。工業排放的廢水混雜著許多污染物，包含鎵、銅、鋅等金屬的毒性效應需要被界定。本研究乃在探討不同鎵濃度對鯉魚產生的毒性效應，雖然目前尚無工業排廢危害環境的報告，但本研究的實驗結果均支持─鎵是一種潛在的污染物質，也提供了降低鎵金屬污染與減少生態衝擊等措施的相關資訊。

Gallium (Ga) is one of the intermetallic elements that are increasingly being used in making high-speed semiconductors. III-V compound semiconductors, such as GaAs and InGaAs, are important materials in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices and integrated circuits in the semiconductor industry. The research on gallium compound for use in semiconductors had been accompanied by an increasing amount of toxic materials released as potential toxic wastes, which were harmful to health and environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adverse effects of gallium concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus caripo L.).
Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of gallium for fry (4 weeks old, 0.202 ± 0.006 g in body weight) and juvenile (12 weeks old, 2.3 ± 0.19 g in body weight) carp were obtained. LC50 value of fry carp at 96-h exposure was 12.55 mg/L, and LC50 value of juvenile carp was 19.78 mg/L after same exposure duration.
Based on above datum, fry carp were exposed to sublethal levels of gallium (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg L-1) in a four-week testing period, and the effects on the growth rate were assessed. Decreasing growth rates were observed at the two highest exposure concentrations. At a gallium concentration of 1.0 mg/L, no inhibition of growth was observed in the present study.
Juvenile carp were exposed for two weeks at 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 Ga mg L-1. Changes in gills Induced hyperplasia of epithelial cells, subepithelial edema, and fusion of secondary lamellae in treated fish. Pathological alternations of the kidney were frequently found in tubular epithelia. These lesions appeared with increased severity at higher gallium levels.
Juvenile carp were exposed to three different sublethal levels of gallium (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L-1) in chronic toxicity tests. During a 28-day testing period, serum metabolic enzyme activity (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was analyzed every 14 days. An increase of enzyme activity in serum was observed, particularly at the two highest exposure concentrations. Furthermore, it was found that means of the measured serum biochemistry parameters (including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride) of these exposed groups significantly differed from those of the untreated group (p < 0.05). And, deformation of erythrocytes according to the peripheral blood smears examination at higher exposure levels (4.0 and 8.0 mg Ga L-1). Electron microscopy investigations revealed ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes which were correlated with exposure concentrations and exposure time. Cytopathological effects included nuclei with irregular outlines and heterochromatin, fragmentation and vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum, and disruption of mitochondria. Moreover, proliferation of lysosomes with electron-dense bodies and lipid inclusions were also found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes.
Apoptotic lymphocytes of juvenile carp spleen were identified and quantified by light microscopic in situ nick end labeling, electron microscopy, DNA gel electrophoresis, and apoptotic lymphocytes counting. Apoptotic lymphocytes increased in number at 12 h (5.5%) and peaked at 24h (13.2%) after the gallium injection. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining for labeling of DNA fragmentation showed apoptotic lymphocytes were located on the margin of spleen neighboring epithelium. Apoptotic cells were phagocytosed by macrophages under electron microscopic observation. And ladders were found after 24h administration of gallium.
Because the common carp is an important cultured fish species in fishponds near semiconductor manufacturing districts in Taiwan, it is a suitable model species to study the toxicity of semiconductor-related metals. And many wastewater discharges contain a mixture of pollutants, the combined effect of gallium with copper or zinc has to be carried out. The purposes of this study were to investigate the toxic effects of sublethal gallium concentrations on common carp. All of these findings support gallium being a potential pollutant, although no adverse effects following industrial exposure have been reported to date. However, the present results will provide information which can be used to objectively institute measures to minimize the pollution by gallium and its impacts on aquatic ecosystems.

Contents 　
Abstract (in Chinese)
Abstract (in English)
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Semiconductor manufacturing
1.2 Characters of gallium
1.3 Model animal
1.4 Acute toxicity
1.5 Chronic effects
1.6 Apoptosis 1
Chapter 2 Acute toxicity of gallium & its effects on growth and
oxygen consumption of common carp (Cyprinus arpio).
Chapter 3 Serum metabolic enzymes activity and hepatocyte
ultrastructure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after
gallium exposure.
Chapter 4 Effects of gallium in common carp (Cyprinus carpio):
serum biochemistry, erythrocyte morphology and
histopathology.
Chapter 5 Evidence of lymphocyte apoptosis in spleen of common
carp (Cyprinus carpio) after the administration of
gallium.
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Reference
Appendix
　 　 　

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