臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在台灣由於山坡地過度開發導致自然環境常受到破壞，因而當雨季來臨時，雨水沖刷土石常造成原水濁度的升高，迫使淨水廠必須長期面對原水水質條件不穩定的狀況，因此如何在短時間之內快速反應原水水質條件的變化，並找出最佳的淨水操作條件，一直是淨水系統的重要挑戰。本研究以一般普通散射光式 (Nephelopmetric)濁度計配合數據截取器，組成濁度線上連續監測系統 (Nephelometric turbidimeter monitoring system , NTMS)，再利用散射光式 (Nephelopmetric)濁度計量測濁度值的每秒變化狀況。結果顯示散射光式 (Nephelopmetric)濁度計量測到的每秒濁度值波動狀況符合卜瓦松分佈 (Poisson-distribution)，而根據卜瓦松分佈的重要特性，濁度標準偏差(standard deviation, SD)會因混凝過程中膠羽顆粒特性的改變(例如particle diameter (r)、scattering coefficient (Q)、scattering cross-section of particle (C, C=Qπr2)、particle number (N)等)產生不同程度的變化，因此為驗證濁度SD值與顆粒特性相關性，使用不同材質(不同Q值)、不同粒徑(不同r值)之顆粒配置不同濁度之懸浮溶液(不同N值)，在攪拌良好的情況下進行濁度連續量測，並將量測到的濁度值變化程度以標準偏差值(Standard Deviation, SD)表示。其結果發現濁度SD值受顆粒特性之影響產生的變化符合濁度波動技術"turbidity fluctuation technique"之理論。除此之外，透過濁度波動理論，與數位影像分析技術，進行流量為500 mL/min之連續流模廠混凝實驗，探討在不同混凝條件下 (pH、混凝劑添加劑量、G值等)，混凝膠羽粒徑之差異。由實驗結果確實可發現濁度標準偏差值(SD)與膠羽粒徑具有極佳的相關性及適用性，且在較高的濁度範圍內，也可利用濁度線上連續監測系統於短時間內迅速獲得最佳添加劑量，最後，本研究也將濁度線上連續監測系統 (NTMS)之濁度計探針(probe)直接置入實際淨水場 (台灣, 明德淨水場)的膠凝池中進行濁度連續量測，實驗結果也顯示在不同混凝劑量條件下，濁度SD值與膠凝池形成之膠羽粒徑呈現極佳的正比關係，代表濁度線上連續監測系統 (NTMS)所獲得之濁度SD值，確實可作為判斷混凝操作條件之重要參考依據。

In Taiwan, due to the suaphote is be exploited excessively, which often damage the natural environment. Thus, the rain will scour terram when the rainy season coming, which will cause turbidity of the raw water be heightened. The foregoing condition make the water treatment plant have to face the condition which the quality of the raw water is unsettled for long-term period. Therefore, how to reflect the change of the condition of the quality of the raw water in short term and find the best controlling condition to purifying water, which has been the important challenge for the water purification system. In this research, combined the common Nephelometric turbidimeter with a data acquisition unit to set up Nephelometric turbidimeter monitoring system (NTMS), and use the Nephelometric turbidimeter to measure the changing condition of the turbidity value in every second. The results show that the wave climate of turbidity value in every second is in accordance with Poisson-distribution. According to the material feature of the Poisson-distribution, the standard deviation(SD) will has different degrees of change by the variation of floc particles characteristics(e.g. particle diameter (r), scattering coefficient (Q), scattering cross-section of particle (C, C=Qπr2), particle number (N) ,etc.) during the process of coagulation. Accordingly, in order to proof the correlation in SD of turbidity and particle characteristics, using the particle of different material(different scattering coefficient, Q), different particle size (particle diameter, r) to dispose the suspensions of different turbidity (particle number, N). There will being a continuous measurement when the condition of the uniform suspension solution, and the rate of change of turbidity value which be measured is designated as Standard Deviation(SD). According to the result, the change of Standard Deviation of turbidity which be influenced by particle characteristics conform to the theory of " turbidity fluctuation technique". In addition, through the skill which use “Turbidity amplitude of floc size measurement technology” can help to understand the variation of particle diameter, and digital image analysis is performed to elucidate the characteristics of the coagulation floc, to proceed the continuous-flow pilot plant, which the flow is 500 mL/min, to study the difference of particle size in the different conditions of coagulation( pH, coagulation dosage, velocity gradient, G…etc). From the result of experiment, indeed, it finds that the turbidity SD and the floc size have perfect relevance and applicability to each other. And also, in the range of the higher turbidity, it can use the continuous online Nephelometric turbidimeter monitoring system (NTMS) to get the best of additive content in the short term.
Finally, in this research, also put the nephelometer probe of NTMS to the flocculation of actual Water Purification Station(Taiwan, Meandear Water Purification Station) in directly to measure the turbidity continuously. The result also shows that in the different dose of the coagulant, the floc size which is formed by turbidity SD and flocculation is in well direct proportion. It means the turbidity SD which gets from NTMS are indeed to be an important reference of deciding the coagulation operating conditions.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻回顧 8
2.1混凝理論 8
2.2混凝劑種類 12
2.3 高濁度原水來源及處理 14
2.3.1原水濁度遽增的主因 14
2.3.2高濁度原水對淨水場的影響及應變措施 15
2.4 濁度計偵測方法 17
2.4.1 濁度波動理論 (turbidity fluctuation) 17
2.4.2 光纖膠羽偵測儀 (Photometric Dispersion Analyzer, PDA) 20
2.4.3濁度線上連續監測系統(Nephelometric turbidimeter monitoring system , NTMS) 23
2.5碎形維度分析 29
第三章 研究材料、設備與方法 32
3.1 實驗器材與藥品 32
3.1.1 實驗藥品 32
3.1.2 實驗儀器設備 33
3.2 實驗流程及分析方法 39
3.2.1光學式濁度分析 39
3.2.2 混凝之連續流模場程序 41
3.2.3混凝之實場程序 51
3.2.4 膠羽特性分析 53
第四章 結果與討論 60
4.1 Q、d及N值與濁度SD值之相關性實驗 60
4.1.1 玉米軸濁度SD值與N、d之相關性 60
4.1.2 不同顆粒特性對SD值影響之差異性 63
4.2 連續流模廠試驗 66
4.2.1 改變劑量操作時間與膠羽粒徑差異性 68
4.2.2不同Gt值混凝成效之探討 70
4.2.3 不同pH人工原水膠羽粒徑之差異性 74
4.2.4 不同G值與膠羽粒徑之差異 77
4.2.5 混凝最佳劑量探討 80
4.2.6不同濁度混凝最佳劑量探討 83
4.3明德水庫淨水廠實驗 88
4.3.1 濁度線上連續監測系統之實場應用 88
4.3.2 不同劑量 91
第五章結論與建議 98
5.1 結論 98
5.2 建議 99
參考文獻 100

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