臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究選取八個海拔高度不同的森林土壤樣體 (東寶津寒山、思源埡口、太平山、阿里山-1、阿里山-2、人倫林道、蓮華池與福山)，探討其化學性質、黏土礦物組成與含量、黏土礦物層間電荷、鐵瘤的生成機制與碳同位素定年。結果顯示在高雨量及森林植生的環境中，強烈的淋洗作用造成森林土壤 pH、可交換性陽離子、鹽基飽和度均低的特性，針、闊葉林植生及酸性沈降對土壤性質產生不同程度的影響；黏土礦物的種類以伊萊石、高嶺石、蛭石和羥基層間蛭石 (hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite) 為主，羥基層間蛭石的量與羥基層間作用程度以 B 化育層為最高，其為鐵、鋁與有機物複合作用及黏粒往下淋洗移動並聚積的結果，羥基層間物質經不同時間檸檬酸鈉抽出後，顯示以羥基鋁為主，另有較少量羥基鐵；十二烷基銨法對蛭石層間電荷的計算顯示，由於羥基層間物質部分佔據住蛭石的層間空間，使得黏土礦物電荷下降，在所有樣體中皆以表層化育層中的層間電荷值最低，土壤的化育作用與風化強度，為造成黏土礦物層間電荷在剖面分佈不一致性之主因；元素擴散光譜儀的分析指出，鐵瘤中主要含有鋁、鐵和矽等元素，另有極少量的錳。無論在黏土礦物組成或者是碳十四年齡方面，鐵瘤與腐石較為接近，因此推斷鐵瘤的生成為腐石在現地風化的結果；在碳同位素定年研究方面，在所有研究樣體之 δ13C 值中，都反映出當時的優勢植生皆為 C3 型植物，土壤 14C 年齡有隨著剖面深度增加而增加的趨勢，微生物活性與土壤化育作用為造成各主要化育層年齡差距的原因。
關鍵詞：森林土壤、黏土礦物、層間電荷、鐵瘤、碳同位素定年、羥基層間作用程度、十二烷基銨法、腐石

Eight forest soil profiles were selected from different elevation in Taiwan to study the physical and chemical properties, clay minerals, formation of the iron nodules and carbon dating. Under the environment with long period of leaching, soil chemical properties of these forest soils were shown with strong acidity, low exchangeable cations and low bases saturation. From X-ray diffraction analysis of clay fractions showed that illite, kaolinite, vermiculite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite were the dominant clay minerals. Organic acids from decomposing organic matter in forest soils were the main factor involved in minerals weathering. Owing to the illuviation of organo-metal (Fe or Al) or clay and organo-metal complexes, the amount of hydroxy-interlayered material and the extent of interlayering were present the highest in the B horizon. The main hydroxy-interlayered material was aluminum, and iron was a minor constituent. The characterization of clays by using dodecylammonium method indicated that the hydroxy-interlayered materials partially blocked the interlayer space, vermiculite showed less layer charge before sodium-citrate treatments. However, after the hydroxyl-interlayered materials were removed, the layer charge of vermiculite was the lowest in the surface horizon. Pedogenic processes and weathering intensity were the main factors resulted in difference layer charge distribution in soil profiles. Elemental dispersive spectrometer analysis of the iron nodules were composed primarily of Fe, Si, and Al, and minor amounts of Mn. Based on the similarity of clay mineralogical compositions and radiocarbon dating age, it is suggested that the major driving force promoting the formation of the iron nodules was in situ weathering of saprolite by the frequently wetting/drying cycles. All measured forest soils δ13C values were within the range expected for organic debris derived from C3 plants.14C age increased with increasing depth in soil, the rate of increase depended on microorganism activities, soil type, location and stage of soil development.
Key words: Forest soils, clay minerals, layer charge,iron nodules, carbon dating,Extent of interlayering, dodecylammonium method, saprolite.

第一章 前言-------------------------------------------------1
第二章 前人研究-----------------------------------------------4
第一節 國內外高山森林土壤的研究-----------------------------4
第二節 羥基層間礦物之研究-----------------------------------7
第三節 黏土礦物之層間電荷----------------------------------10
第四節 森林土壤鐵瘤之研究----------------------------------11
第五節 土壤之碳同位素定年----------------------------------13
一、 基本原理------------------------------------------------15
二、 沈積物或土壤中有機碳來源及有機碳同位素分異--------------18
第三章 材料與方法--------------------------------------------20
第一節 土壤樣體之採集與處理--------------------------------20
一、代表性土壤樣體之選定-------------------------------------20
二、土壤樣體之採集-------------------------------------------20
第二節 基本土壤物理化學性質分析----------------------------20
第三節 黏土礦物之組成鑑定----------------------------------25
第四節 黏土礦物層間電荷之計算------------------------------26
第五節 鐵瘤化學成分分析------------------------------------27
第六節 土壤之碳同位素定年----------------------------------31
第四章 結果與討論--------------------------------------------33
第一節 森林土壤樣體形態特徵與環境因子之描述----------------33
第二節 土壤樣體之化學性質----------------------------------49
一、土壤樣體基本化學性質-------------------------------------49
二、鐵、鋁之化學分析-----------------------------------------56
第三節 黏土礦物之組成分析----------------------------------59
第四節 羥基層間物質的抽出與羥基層間作用之探討-------------105
第五節 黏土礦物之層間電荷---------------------------------117
一、構造分子式法與銨基法之間的比較--------------------------117
二、三種十二烷基銨法快速測定平均層間電荷石實用性之評兒------121
三、三種十二烷基銨法在森林土壤的應用------------------------122
第六節 森林土壤鐵瘤之研究---------------------------------127
一、鐵瘤的形態特徵與其在剖面的分佈--------------------------127
二、鐵瘤的化學性質------------------------------------------128
三、鐵瘤的黏土礦物組成--------------------------------------128
四、鐵瘤的碳十四定年----------------------------------------132
五、鐵瘤的生成機制探討--------------------------------------135
第七節 森林土壤的碳同位素定年-----------------------------135
第五章 結論-------------------------------------------------141
第六章 參考文獻---------------------------------------------143

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