臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

敘利亞危機是當今世界最大的和平與安全挑戰，更將整個中東地區推向危險的動盪邊緣。該國內戰呈現複雜的國際關係，包含阿拉伯之春的民主思潮對威權政府的反動，國內政治多數族群被邊緣化，國際強權之間以及地區大國彼此競逐等政治現象。國際強權美國、俄羅斯、中國和歐洲國家在插手，地區大國沙烏地阿拉伯、土耳其與伊朗在博弈，伊斯蘭遜尼派和什葉派不同教派的力量在較量，「基地」組織也趁機在敘利亞發展自身勢力，更促成「伊斯蘭國」的崛起和勢力擴張。
敘利亞問題的「國際化」，主要緣於其重要的地緣戰略地位及相關各方的利益驅動。本研究以「代理人戰爭」概念，試圖更全面性地理解內部行為者之間的關係，外部行為者的干預行為及追求的利益，更進一步探討兩者之間的代理關係。旨從內部行為者和外部行為者之間代理關係的研究架構，加以觀察研究敘利亞衝突因外部干預所導致的長期僵局及衍生外部危機的衝擊。

Syrian Crisis not only is one of the worst peace and security challenges in the world, but also pushes the entire Middle East region into an unrest and quite dangerous edge. Syrian Civil War presents complex international relations, including the democratization wave of the Arab Spring which threat the authoritarian government, most of ethnic groups are marginalized and international powers and regional powers are compete with each other. Besides, international strong powers such as United State, Russia, China and European countries are jump into this Syrian Civil War, and the regional powers like Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Iran are also in this game. Plus, the different strength of Islamic Groups likes Sunni and Shiite is remain in the conflict situation, and “Al Qaeda” this kind of extremist organization also took this opportunity to develop its own forces in Syria. All of these have let the Islamic State (ISIS) rise and expand its forces.
The reason why Syrian Civil War becomes “internationalization” is because its geographic position which has important strategic value and some related parties concerned. In this dissertation, I will use “proxy war” this concept to understand the relationship of the whole internal actors in Syria and try to discover why some outside factors, such as United State, Russia and so on, want to intervene Syria’s Crisis and what kind of interests they are chasing for. And the most important thing is try to explore their relationship between two different sides of agents, especially explain why this is called “proxy war.” In other words, I want to explore the proxy relationship between the interior behaviors and outside actors, and then from this framework to understand the Syrian crisis deadlock is caused by external intervention and this will generate another extremist worst impacts and crisis in the future.

目次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究假設與架構 5
第三節 研究途徑 11
第四節 文獻回顧 16
第五節 研究方法與限制 21
第二章 敘利亞衝突發展 25
第一節 國家簡介 25
第二節 現代敘利亞國家 29
第三節 敘利亞衝突發展 34
第四節 敘利亞衝突的根源 47
第五節 小結 50
第三章 內部行為者 52
第一節 敘利亞反對派 53
第二節 不穩定的反對派 72
第三節 阿薩德政權陣營 76
第四節 政權的支持與困境 81
第五節 小結 86
第四章 外部行為者 88
第一節 敘利亞衝突國際化 88
第二節 國際組織的斡旋與干預 90
第三節 國際強權的干預 96
第四節 地區國家的介入 105
第五節 小結 121
第五章 結論 122
第一節 代理人戰爭的檢視 122
第二節 研究發現與建議 126
第三節 展望未來前景 132
附錄 135
參考文獻 136
壹、中文部分 136
貳、外文部分 145
表目次
表 1.1 敘利亞內戰的兩大陣營 10
表 2.1 敘利亞內戰大事紀 44
表 3.1 反對派主要武裝團體簡介 62
表 3.2 親政府武裝力量簡介 76
表 4.1 日內瓦會議一覽表 91
表 4.2 安理會敘利亞局勢否決議案 93
表 4.3 敘利亞之友國際會議一覽表 95
表 5.1 外部行為者的干預行動 123
表 5.2 各類行為者的參與/干預程度 124
圖目次
圖1.1 研究架構圖 7
圖1.2 外部行為者分布圖 9
圖1.3 內部行為者分布圖 10
圖2.1 敘利亞行政區域圖 26
圖2.2 敘利亞的民族分布圖 27
圖2.3 敘利亞衝突死亡人數估計 40
圖2.4敘利亞難民人數統計 41
圖3.1 敘利亞局勢圖 53
圖3.2 敘利亞反對派組織 57
圖3.3 伊斯蘭國組織 69
圖3.4 敘利亞武裝團體之間關係 74
圖3.5 反對派武裝攻勢 83
圖5.1 外部行為者與內部行為者的關係 126

參考文獻
壹、中文書目
一、中文書籍
王新剛 (2003)，《中東國家通史•敘利亞和黎巴嫩卷》，(北京：商務印書館)，頁7-8。
包宗和與吳玉山主編 (2012)，《重新檢視爭辯中的兩岸關係理論》。臺北：
五南，頁123-124。
周煦 (2003)，《敘利亞史：以阿和平的關鍵國》，臺北：三民書局，頁5。
易君博 (1984），《政治理論與研究方法》。臺北：三民書局，頁165。
閻學通、孫學峰（2001），《國際關係研究實用方法》。北京：人民出版社，頁133-138。
Anselm Strauss, Juliet Corbin合著，徐宗國譯 (1997)，《質性研究概論》 （Basic of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques）。臺北：巨流，頁20。
Joshua S. Goldstein 著，歐信宏、胡祖慶譯 (2013)，《國際關係》。臺北：雙葉書廊，頁156。
Perter Burham, Karin Gilland, Wyn Grant, Zig Layton-Henry合著，何景容譯(2008)，《政治學研究方法》（Researche Method in Politics）。臺北：韋伯文化，頁62-65。
Patrick Cockburn著，周詩婷、簡怡君、林佑柔譯 (2014)，《伊斯蘭國：ISIS/IS/ISIL》(The Jihadist Return: ISIS and The New Sunni Uprising)。臺北：好優文化，頁175。
Samuel Laurent著，張穎綺譯 (2014)，《ISIS大解密：L’ETAT ISLAMIQUE》，新北市：立緒文化，頁41。
二、學術期刊
丁工 (2013)，〈中東變局與土耳其崛起的前景〉，《外交評論》，第6期，頁156。
王京烈 (2009)，〈伊朗核問題與中東地緣政治〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第4期，頁3-9。
王京烈 (2014)，〈中東現代化進程何以需要適度權威─敘利亞的政治社會危機及前景展望〉，《學術前沿》(2014年)，頁67。
王建 (2013)，〈敘利亞危機緣何難以平息？〉，《西亞非洲》，第5期，頁20。
牛新春 (2012)，〈選擇性介入：美國中東政策整〉，《外交評論》第2期，頁45-54。
牛新春 (2013)，〈中東亂局的性質、趨勢和影響＞，《和平與發展》，第4期，頁39。
方金英 (2013)，〈敘利亞內戰的根源及其前景 〉，《現代國際關係》，第6期，頁14-20。
田文林 (2012)，〈土耳其從中東劇變中得到了什麼〉，《世界態勢》，12月，頁34-35
田文林 (2014)，〈轉型中的中東地緣政治格局〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第2期，頁16-44。
田文林 (2015)，〈新一輪中東動盪期形勢評估〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第2期，p.24-37。
包澄章 (2013)，〈中東劇變以來的薩拉菲主義〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第6期，頁106-118。
曲星 (2012)，〈聯合國憲章、保護得責任與敘利亞問題〉，《國際問題研究》，第2期，頁6-7。
朱傳忠 (2012)，〈敘利亞政治反對派〉，《國際資料資訊》，第6期，頁31。
金良祥 (2014)，〈伊朗的宗教地緣戰略分析〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第1期，頁88-98。
金榮，詹家鋒 (2013)，〈歐盟對敘利亞的經濟制裁及影響〉，《當代世界》，頁38-40。
李明波 (2012)，〈敘利亞僵局，何時能破〉，《世界知識》，頁44-46。
李群英 (2013)，〈美國「重返亞洲」與美俄冷戰〉，《海峽評論》，第267期，頁28-33。
李群英 (2013)，〈中俄「攜手」制衡美國軍事打擊敘利亞〉，《海峽評論》，第274期(2013年)，頁30。
林佾靜 (2014)，〈敘利亞內戰問題之啟示：一個失敗國家的形成與外溢危機〉，《長庚人文社會學報》，第7卷第2期，頁359-418。
林海虹、田文林 (2012)，〈海灣國家搞“外交干預”的原因及影響評析〉，《現代國際關係》，第6期，頁20-25。
吳冰冰 (2012)，〈中東伊斯蘭矛盾新變化〉，《西亞非洲》，第5期，頁34-44。
吳宇潔 (2013)，〈教派主義與中東政治〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第4期，頁33-43。
周亦奇 (2014 )，〈內戰終止理論與敘利亞內戰政治解決前景〉，《現代國際關係》，第1期，頁82-95。
洪祿淵、陳至潔 (2012)，〈中俄否決安理會對敘利亞決議草案的立場分析〉，《戰略安全研析》，第88期，頁 48-57。
柳思思 (2012)，〈土敘爭端背後的北約推手〉，《當代世界》，11月，頁35-37。
柳莉 (2013)，〈敘利亞危機與中東格局演變〉，《國際問題研究》，第4期，頁85-86。
連弘宜 (2013)，〈俄美兩國在敘利亞議題上的交鋒〉，《戰略安全研析》，第103期，頁46-53。
高祖貴 (2013)，〈中東大變局對美國戰略影響〉，《當代世界與社會主義》(雙月刊)，第2期，頁91-94。
高祖貴 (2012)，〈中東大變局與海灣合作會議的崛起〉，《外交評論》，第2期，頁34-44。
姚大學、閻偉 (2012)，〈敘利亞危機的根源及未來政治生態〉，《西亞非洲》，第6期，頁8-14。
殷之光 (2012)，〈敘利亞危機的政治與宗教〉，《上海國資》，頁101-103。
陳娟 (2015)，〈阿盟介入敘利亞危機的影響分析〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第2期，頁65-76。
陳貽繹 (2013)，〈敘利亞內戰的宗教族群派別衝突狀況分析〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第6期，頁56。
陳雙慶 (2012)，〈敘利亞局勢及為走向〉，《現代國際關係》，第1期，頁43-48。
陳雙慶 (2010)，〈敘利亞的政治繼承與換代〉，《國際政治研究》，第3期，頁101-115。
陳雙慶 (2012)，〈到底誰在倒敘？〉，《世界知識》，2012年2月，頁38-39。
崔小茜 (2012)，〈俄羅斯應對敘利亞危機的政策分析〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第4期，頁31-41。
孫若怡 (2011)，〈美國製的顏色革命〉，《海峽評論》，第245期，頁9-12。
葉錦娟 (2010)，〈新干預主義──武力使用之合法性與正當性〉《台灣國際研究季刊》，第6卷，第3期，頁163。
蔡育岱 (2012 )，〈歹戲拖棚∼敘利亞的「春天」何時到？〉，《亞太和平月刊》，第4卷第9期。
董漫遠 (2012 )，〈敘利亞危機及前景〉，《國際展望》，第6期，頁83。
董漫遠 (2014)，〈“伊斯蘭國”如何影響世界〉，《國際問題研究》，第5期。
孫德剛 (2012)，〈美國應對中東的“奧巴馬主義”的探析〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第4期，頁31-44。
劉中民 (2012年)，〈中東變局與世界主要大國中東戰略的調整—兼論中國的中東外交〉，《西亞非洲》，第2期，頁4-22。
劉中民 (2012年)，〈沙特的國家敘事：宗教、外交和大國地位〉，《世界態勢》，12月，頁47-49。
劉月琴 (2012)，〈中東劇變中的“大國干預”與中東政治走向〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第5期，頁55-63。
鄭東超 (2012)，〈論土耳其埃爾多安政府的外交政策〉，《阿拉伯世界研究》，第5期，頁77。
盧文豪 (2015)，〈「伊斯蘭國」的崛起與美國作為之探討〉，《國防雜誌》，第30卷第1期，頁1-2。
韓志斌、閻偉 (2014)，〈從國家構建缺陷到國際體系變遷〉，《學術前沿》，5月，頁66-73。
三、學位論文
王霏 (2014)，《敘利亞現代民族國家構建研究》，西安：西北大學世界史博士學位論文。
林岳賢 (2011)，《敘利亞對美國外交政策之研究（1970—2000）》，台北：國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文。
劉桂瑛 (2012)，《從利比亞及敘利亞個案論主權與人權的關係》，嘉義：國立中正大學戰略暨國際事務研究所碩士論文。
四、中文網站
中華民國外交部，〈敘利亞簡介〉，《中華民國外交部》(2015/4/4檢索)，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=7F220D7E656BE749&n=A985E71D2A3FA4B6&s
中華人民共和國外交部，〈敘利亞國家概況〉，《中華人民共和國外交部》，(2015/4/14瀏覽)， http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/gjhdq_603914/gj_603916/yz_603918/1206_604810/
中國新聞網，〈俄議員：敘利亞反對派完全依靠外部支持〉，《中國新聞網》(2015/7/6), http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2013/10-14/5376826.shtml.
法新社，〈美情報總監：蓋達與IS尚未結盟〉，《法新社》(2015/5/29瀏覽)， https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E7%BE%8E%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%A3-%E8%93%8B%E9%81%94%E8%88%87is%E5%B0%9A%E6%9C%AA%E7%B5%90%E7%9B%9F-022003028.html
青年日報，〈苦戰112天驅逐IS庫德族收復科巴尼〉，《青年日報》(2015/6/1)，
http://news.gpwb.gov.tw/news.aspx?ydn=026dTHGgTRNpmRFEgxcbfawwp7ACuY9V%2B%2B9acRq6ANtBigFZ6SD%2FWjtqdQ8mFrCe8T7LHzIJTib%2BgqHSapoj22yq2iMiMkSdvNMBwlH%2BQm4%3D
英國廣播公司，〈敘利亞危機：聯大決議譴責安理會〉，《BBC中文網》(2015/03/22瀏覽)，http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2012/08/120803_un_syria_unga.shtml
英國廣播公司，〈指責聯合國「雙重標凖」 沙特拒入安理會〉，《BBC中文網》，(2015/6/25瀏覽) ，http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2013/10/131018_saudi_un
英國廣播公司，〈阿薩德連任敘利亞總統 美歐稱無意義〉，《BBC中文網》，(2015/4/13瀏覽)，http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/06/140604_syria_assad
美國之音，〈敘利亞政府軍奪回戰略重鎮庫賽爾〉，《美國之音》(2015/3/22瀏覽)，http://www.voacantonese.com/content/sryia/1675493.html
紐約時報，〈美國轉變敘利亞政策，不再堅持阿薩德下台〉，《紐約時報中文網》(2015/7/5) ，http://cn.nytimes.com/world/20150120/c20syria/zh-hant/
紐約時報，〈敘利亞選舉結果顯示阿薩德控制力〉，《紐約時報中文網》(2014/6/5瀏覽)，http://cn.nytimes.com/world/20140605/c05syria/
新華社，〈安理會未通過將敘問題提交國際刑事法院的決議草案〉，《新華網》(2015/6/21瀏覽)，http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/23/c_126536400.htm
德國之聲，〈誰在向敘利亞反對派提供武器？〉，《德國之聲中文網》，(2015/6/26)，http://www.dw.com/zh/%E8%B0%81%E5%9C%A8%E5%90%91%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8/a-16885168?maca=chi-rss-chi-ca-1044-rdf
雅虎網站，〈8大關鍵點讓你看透敘利亞內戰為何打不完〉，《雅虎網站》(2015/5/12瀏覽) ，http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=3542
聯合國調查委員會，〈阿拉伯敘利亞共和國問題獨立國際調查委員會的第八次報告〉，A/HRC/27/60 (2015/4/1瀏覽) ，http://www.ohchr.org/CH/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx
聯合國，〈中俄否決安理會敘利亞問題決議草案 中國對草案存在幾點重大困難〉，《聯合國網頁》，(2014/12/05瀏覽)
http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=21940
聯合國，〈美國轉變敘利亞政策，不再堅持阿薩德下台〉，《紐約時報中文網》(2015/7/5瀏覽)，http://cn.nytimes.com/world/20150120/c20syria/zh-hant/
聯合國，〈關注敘利亞〉，《聯合國網頁》，(2014/01/14瀏覽)， http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/syria.shtml
聯合國，〈敘利亞問題聯合特使：安理會決議應以《日內瓦公報》為基礎〉，《聯合國網站》，(2015/6/30瀏覽)，http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=18705
聯合國，〈聯合國推動在日內瓦舉行敘利亞問題新一輪磋商〉，《聯合國網站》，(2015/6/30瀏覽)，http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=23947
聯合國，〈聯合國調查委員會：敘利亞戰爭嚴重威脅全球和平與安全〉，《聯合國新聞》(2015/3/24瀏覽)，http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=22437
五、報刊文章
王聯，〈伊斯蘭國與宗教極端主義的蔓延〉，《兩岸公評網》(2015/7/1瀏覽)，http://www.kpwan.com/news/viewNewsPost.do?id=1003
李登科，〈解決敘利亞內戰僵局 大國介入協商是關鍵〉，《青年日報》(2015/2/22瀏覽)，http://news.gpwb.gov.tw/news.aspx?ydn=w2u5S9CJZGAXB%2FzPg%2Fq7ahBURwZ%2FxCkoH%2BRnvuMETFyWKPV7zA4heUwQTIsVOUSWJrco2ycTkBsaE%2BefxufAqzIPh%2F%2FfLB2TBmIOlLm01Kk%3D
安曉萌，〈敘利亞南部反對派叫板 “基地”組織〉，《新華社》(2015/5/24瀏覽)，http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-04/16/c_127693409.htm
拱振喜，〈敘利亞危機：從“代理人戰爭”到“反恐戰爭”〉，《新華社》，(2015/4/13瀏覽) , http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-01/06/c_127360795.htm
胡敏遠，〈?國內戰泥淖成美、俄、「中」角力戰場〉，《青年日報》，(2015/6/30瀏覽)，http://news.gpwb.gov.tw/mobile/news.aspx?ydn=w2u5S9CJZGAXB%2FzPg%2Fq7ahBURwZ%2FxCkoH%2BRnvuMETFyFJPab%2BY3LRYe8JFphZ835lfWCI8vui7Gw%2FNeQk4fZoh1bL3z85qrQxU%2BBTZPKz4A%3D
張澄，〈敘利亞政府回饋俄羅斯簽署首個能源開採協議〉，《華爾街見聞》，(2015/6/26)，http://wallstreetcn.com/news/?tid=1715
傅莞淇，〈內戰中的各色參戰組織〉，《風傳媒》(2015/5/19瀏覽)，http://www.storm.mg/article/43811
楊孟書，〈敘利亞主要反對派及反對派聯盟盤點〉，《中國國際廣播電台》，(2015/6/1瀏覽), http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/42071/2013/10/29/7211s4301387_3.htm
蔡榮峰，〈在自己土地上打別人的戰爭：倒楣的敘利亞為何成為「中東的巴爾幹半島」〉，《關鍵評論》(2015/5/12瀏覽)， http://www.thenewslens.com/post/144488/
樂羽嘉，〈伊斯蘭國生財有道 制裁難奏效〉，《中央擴播電臺》(2015/5/29瀏覽)， http://news.rti.org.tw/news/detail/?recordId=136954&p=5
六、影音資料
〈大愛全球視野〉，(2014/09/11瀏覽)，
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3lCpJqbynI

貳、外文書目
一、外文專書論文
Ulmer, Beate. “Arabellion: Geopolitical Proxy Wars and New Constellations of East and West in Syria,” in Rainer Rothfuss & Yakubu Joseph, The Political Geography of Religious Radicalism ,( Tuebingen：Herausgeber GSWP,2013), pp.85-98.
二、外文論文期刊
Batatu, Hanna .“ Some Observations on the Social Roots of Syria's Ruling, Military Group and the Causes for Its Dominance,”Middle East Journal ,Vol. 35, No. 3 (Summer, 1981),pp. 331-344.
Blanchard, Christopher M. and Jeremy M. Sharp(2012),“Syria: Unrest and U.S. Policy,”Congressional Research Service ,pp. 12-14 .
Blanchard, Christopher M. Carla E, Nikitin, Mary Beth D.(2014),“Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response,” Congressional Research Service, pp. 1-28.
Byman, Daniel (2013),“Outside Support for Insurgent Movements,”Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,Vol.36, No.12,pp. 981-1004.
Hinnebusch, Raymond(2012),“Syria: from ‘authoritarian upgrading’to revolution?”International Affairs , Vol.88,No.1, p.95-113.
Hughes, Geraint Alun (2014),“Syria and the perils of proxy warfare,” Small Wars & Insurgencies, Vol. 25, No. 3 ,pp.522-538.
Landis, Joshua (2012),“The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013,” Middle East Policy Council ,Spring, Vol.19, No.1.
Leverett, Flynt (2005),“Inheriting Syria: Bashar’s Trial by Fire, ”Brookings Institution Press, p. 58.
Liepman, Andrew. Nichiporuk, Brian. and Killmeyer, Jason (2014), “Alternative Futures for Syria, ”Rand Corperation Press, pp.1-15.
Lister, Charles(2014), “Assessing Syria's Jihad”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy , Vol.56, No.6, p.87-112.
Lister, Charles (2014), “Dynamic Stalemate : Surveying Syria’s Military Landscape,” Brookings Institution Press, pp. 1-21.
Mumford, Andrew (2013), “Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict,” The RUSI Journal, Vol. 158, No.2,pp. 40-46.
Outzen, Richard (2014),“The Flawed Strategic Debate on Syria ,”INSS, No. 285,p.1-12.
Phillips, Christopher (2012), “Syria’s Bloody Arab Spring,” LSE IDEAS Special Report, pp. 37-42.Carpenter,Ted Galen (2013),“Tangled Web:The Syrian Civil War and Its Implications”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.1, pp.1-11.
Zisser, Eyal (2014),“The End of the Syrian Revolution：Between Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s Islamic Caliphate and Bashar al-Assad’s Baath Regime,”Strategic Assessment ,Vol.17, No.3,p.55-64.
二、外文網站資料
Al-Monitor ,“From Qusair to Yabrud: Shiite foreign fighters in Syria,” al-Monitor(2015/6/21),http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/qusair-yabroud-shiite-foreign-fighters-syria.html
Al-Khatieb, Mohammed. “After four years, Syrian revolution continues, ” al-Monitor (2015/5/12) , http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/syria-revolution-fourth-anniversary-arms-against-assad.html
Al-Sarhan, Saud.“From Qusair to Yabrud: Shiite foreign fighters in Syria,” al-Monitor (2015/6/21), http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/qusair-yabroud-shiite-foreign-fighters-syria.html
Al-Salhy Suadad，“Iraqi Shiites flock to Assad’s side as sectarian split widens,” Reuters (2015/6/21), http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/06/19/iraq-syria-militants-idINDEE95I0G920130619
Alfoneh, Ali. “Iranian Hostages Freed by Free Syrian Army,” Foundation for Defense of Democracies (2015/7/12), http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/fdd-policy-brief/
Anjarini, Suhaib. “The unknown role of Kuwait's Salafis in Syria,”al-Akhbar (2015/6/26),http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19123
Anjarini, Suhaib. “The unknown role of Kuwait's Salafis in Syria,” al-Akhbar (2015/6/26),http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19123
Abu-Nasr, Donna. and Khraiche,Dana.“Assad Reminds Syrians Who Is Leader After Military Setbacks,”Bloomberg Business (2015/5/24), http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-06/assad-reminds-syrians-who-is-leader-after-losses-on-battlefield
Al Rifai, Diana. and Ritzen, Yarno. “Syria: A home no more,” aljazeera (2015/3/21),http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/03/syria-displaced-worst-humanitarian-crisis-decades-150314161720009.html
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Barnard, Anna. and Kershner, Isabel.“Hezbollah Says Israeli Helicopter Strike Killed Five Fighters in Syria,” The New York Times(2015/7/6), http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/world/middleeast/hezbollah-says-israeli-helicopter-strike-killed-5-fighters-in-syria.html?_r=0
Barnard, Anne.“Dual Threat Has Mainstream Syrian Rebels Fearing Demise,” The New York Times (2015/5/16), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/16/world/middleeast/syria-bashar-assad-aleppo-rebels-isis.html?_r=0
Berkley Center ,“National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces,” Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs (2015/5/16), http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/organizations/national-coalition-for-syrian-revolutionary-and-opposition-forces
Belfer Center ,“Who's who in the Syria conflict? ”Belfer Center (2015/7/8), http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/project/74/harvardbelfer_on_syria.html?page_id=531
Balanche, Fabrice. “The Alawi Community and the Syria Crisis,” MEI (2015/6/7),http://www.mei.edu/content/map/alawi-community-and-syria-crisis
BBC, “Syria Iraq: The Islamic State militant group,” BBC (2015/5/28), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084
BBC ,“Syria profile – Timeline,” BBC (2015/5/12) , http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703995
BBC ,“Syria in civil war, Red Cross says,” BBC (2015/05/08), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18849362
BBC , “Syria conflict: BBC exclusive interview with President Bashar al-Assad,”BBC (2015/5/10), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31327153
BBC,“Guide to the Syrian opposition，”BBC (2015/5/19), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15798218
Boghardt, Lori Plotkin. “Saudi Funding of ISIS,” The Washington Institute (2015/6/30),http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/saudi-funding-of-isis
Borger, Julian. “Iran and Hezbollah 'have built 50,000-strong force to help Syrian regime', ”The Guardian (2015/6/21) , http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/14/iran-hezbollah-force-syrian-regime
Chang, I-wei Jennifer. “China's Evolving Stance on Syria,”MEI,(2015/6/24), http://www.mei.edu/content/chinas-evolving-stance-syria
Cafarella ,Jennifer. “Assad Regime Loses Idlib to Jabhat al-Nusra and Rebel Offensive”, Understanding War (2015/4/14), http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/assad-regime-loses-idlib-jabhat-al-nusra-and-rebel-offensive
Cafarella ,Jennifer. “Syrian Jihadists Signal Intent for Lebanon,”Understanding War (2015/5/8), http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrian_Backgrounder_approved_0.pdf
Cafarella ,Jennifer. “Rebels Launch New Offensive in Southern Syria,”Institute for the Study of War(2015/7/8),http://iswsyria.blogspot.tw/
CEIP,“Local Coordination Committees of Syria,”Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2015/6/1),
http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=searchResults&qry=LCC
CIA,“The World Factbook：Syria,”The Central Intelligence Agency,(2015/2/22), http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.html
Deyoung, Karen. and Warrick, Joby. “Iran and Hezbollah build militia networks in Syria, officials say, The Guardian (2015/5/31), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/12/iran-hezbollah-milita-networks-syria
Deyoung, Karen.“Syrian opposition fighters obtain U.S.-made TOW antitank missiles,” The Washington Post (2015/6/22), http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/syrian-opposition-fighters-obtain-us-made-tow-anti-tank-missiles/2014/04/16/62d1a6f6-c4e8-11e3-b574-f8748871856a_story.html
Dehghan, Saeed Kamali. “Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces,”The Guardian (2015/6/21), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces
Dehghanpisheh, Babak.“Elite Iranian unit’s commander says his forces are in Syria,” The Washington Post (2015/6/21), http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/elite-iranian-units-commander-says-his-forces-are-in-syria/2012/09/16/431ff096-0028-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html
Dick,Marlin. “New Syrian rebel coalition announced,” The Daily Star (2015/5/24),http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Dec-01/279463-syrian-rebel-coalition-announced.ashx#
Doherty, Regen. and Bakr, Amena. “Exclusive: Secret Turkish nerve center leads aid to Syria rebels,” Reuters (2015/7/14), http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/27/us-syria-crisis-centre-idUSBRE86Q0JM20120727
Engdahl, F. William. “The Secret Stupid Saudi-US Deal on Syria. Oil Gas Pipeline War,”Global Research (2015/6/29), http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-secret-stupid-saudi-us-deal-on-syria/5410130
Entous, Adam. Barnes, Julian E.etc.,“U.S. Mounts Quiet Effort To Weaken Assad'sRule,” The Wall Street Journal (2015/6/21), http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303933404577503284044597086
Freeman , Colin. “Syria: how Jordan could play a pivotal role in toppling Bashar al-Assad,” The Telegraph (2015/6/22), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10121679/Syria-how-Jordan-could-play-a-pivotal-role-in-toppling-Bashar-al-Assad.html
Fassihi,Farnal. and Solomon, Jay. etc., “Iranians dial up presence in Syria,” The Wall Street Journal (2015/6/21), http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323864604579067382861808984
France24 ,“Syrians march in support of Jabhat al-Nusra militants,” France24 (2015/5/24) ,http://www.france24.com/en/20121216-syria-march-support-jabhat-nusra-militants-us-terrorist/
Ford, Robert S. “The Assad Regime: The Beginning of the End? ” The Middle East Institute (2015/5/21), http://www.mei.edu/content/at/assad-regime-beginning-end
Fisher, Max. “Political science says Syria’s civil war will probably last at least another decade,” The Washington Post (2015/6/26), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/23/political-science-says-syrias-civil-war-will-probably-last-at-least-another-decade/
Greenberg, Joel. and Dehghanpisheh,Babak .“Israeli strike in Syria might be first in series,” The Washington Post (2015/6/21) , http://articles.washingtonpost. com/2013-02-09/world/37003841_1_ israeli-strikes-israeli- officials- chemicalweapons
Global Security, “Syria - National Defence Forces (NDF) ,”Global Security (2015/5/31),http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/ndf.htm
Global Security ,“Kurdish People’s Protection Unit YPG,” Global Security (2015/6/1), http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ypg.htm
Hubbard, Ben.“Warily, Jordan Assists Rebels in Syrian War,” The New York Times (2015/6/23), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/11/world/middleeast/syria.html?_r=0
Hosenball,Mark. “Congress secretly approves U.S. weapons flow to 'moderate' Syrian rebels,” Reuters (2015/6/25), http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-usa-syria-rebels-idUSBREA0Q1S320140127
Horesh, Roxanne. “Syria's fragmented opposition,”aljazeera (2015/5/10), http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111413419372523.html
Ignatius, David .“A new cooperation on Syria,”The Washington Post (2015/5/21),http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-new-cooperation-on-syria/2015/05/12/bdb48a68-f8ed-11e4-9030-b4732caefe81_story.html
International Crisis Group , “Tentative Jihad: Syria’s Fundamentalist Opposition, ” Middle East Report No.131 (2015/3/21), http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/131-tentative-jihad-syrias-fundamentalist-opposition.pdf
International Crisis Group,“ Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VI): The Syrian People’s Slow-motion Revolution, ” Middle East/North Africa Report No.108 (2015/5/11), http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria-lebanon/syria/108-popular-protest-in-north-africa-and-the-middle-east-vi-the-syrian-peoples-slow-motion-revolution.aspx
International Crisis Group ,“Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria,”Middle East Report No.151 (2015/05/10),
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdfKozak, Christopher. “The Regime's Strategic Objectives,”Understanding War(2015/5/22), http://iswsyria.blogspot.fr/
Khatib,Lina.,“A Comprehensive Strategy for Syria: Next Steps for the West ,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,(2014/12/04), http://carnegie-mec.org/2014/03/04/comprehensive-strategy-for-syria-next-steps-for-west/h2cb#
Khouri, Rami. “Putting Out the Syrian Fire,” The New York Times (2014/12/5), http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/23532/putting_out_the_syrian_fire.html
Kelley, Michael B. “The Madness Of The Syria Proxy War In One Chart,” The Business Insider (2014/12/5), http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-involved-in-the-war-in-syria-2013-10Kozak, Christopher. “The Regime's Military Capabilities: Part 1,” Understanding War (2015/6/5), http://iswsyria.blogspot.fr/2015/05/the-regimes-military-capabilities-part-1.html
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Lister, Charles. “The Next Phase of the Syrian Conflict,” Brookings Institution (2014/12/4),http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/12/23-syria-jihadist-growth-lister
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Lavoix, Helenel. “Strategic Intelligence Assessment for Syria,” Red (Team) Analysis Society (2015/5/16), http://www.redanalysis.org/2013/04/22/strategic-intelligence-assessment-for-syria-2/
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Levitt, Matthew. “Regional Implications of the War in Syria”, The Washington Institute(2015/4/12),http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/regional-implications-of-the-war-in-syria
Martini, Jeffrey. York, Erin. and Young,William “Syria as an Arena of Strategic Competition,” Rand Corperation (2014/12/4), http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR213.html#abstract
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Mazzetti,Mark. Chivers,C. J. and Schmitt, Eric. “Taking Outsize Role in Syria, Qatar Funnels Arms to Rebels,” The New York Times (2015/7/16), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/middleeast/sending-missiles-to-syrian-rebels-qatar-muscles-in.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
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NBC “President Barack Obama, Interview with Meet the Press,”NBC News (2015/6/21),http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/president-barack-obamas-full-interview-nbcs-chuck-todd-n197616
Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. “Sectarian attack kills 14 of same family in Syria,”Reuters(2015/04/14 ),http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/27/us-syria-killing-family-idUSTRE80Q06J20120127
Peel,Michael. “Iran, Russia and China prop up Assad economy,”FT (2015/6/21), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/79eca81c-df48-11e2-a9f4-00144feab7de.html#axzz3ddMiiEce
Porter, Gareth. “Obama’s failure on Saudi-Qatari aid to al-Qaeda affiliate,”Middle East Eye (2015/6/23), http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/obama-s-fail-saudi-qatari-aid-al-qaeda-affiliate-1176814251#sthash.RYLgo0yw.dpuf
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Putin, Vladmir V. “A Plea for Caution From Russia,” The New York Times (2015/6/26),
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Sen, Ashish Kumar.“Proxy war between Iran, Saudi Arabia playing out in Syria,” The Washington Times (2014/11/4),
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/feb/26/proxy-war-between-iran-saudi-arabia-playing-out-in/
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