臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

對於突然出現的刺激（簡稱突現）可以攫取注意力的現象，在文獻上有三種解釋，分別是新物件假說、顯著性假說以及注意力設定假說。前兩者認為突現可以產生刺激引發式的注意力攫取，亦即在任何作業中都可以觀察到突現攫取現象。但這些證據被質疑混淆了三個變項：目標呈現相關的注意力設定、受試者可能使用策略、以及過濾虧損。本研究的目的有三：（1）測試突現可否產生刺激引發式的注意力攫取，（2）若突現可造成刺激引發式的注意力攫取，則進一步檢驗新物件假說或顯著性假說何者較能解釋突現攫取的現象，（3）探索支持注意力設定假說的證據中為何沒有刺激引發的成分。實驗一以不注意視盲作業排除突現成為目標呈現相關注意力設定的可能性，實驗二以視覺搜尋作業將注意力設定在顏色向度，並排除策略和過濾虧損的混淆。兩個實驗的結果都發現突現可以攫取注意力，且都支持顯著性假說。實驗三在線索導引作業中操弄線索至目標的呈現時距以及線索顯著性，結果發現線索必須夠顯著才能攫取注意力，其攫取效果隨時距變化而變化。本研究的結論是：（1）突現可以產生刺激引發式的注意力攫取。（2）支持顯著性假說，而非新物件假說。（3）在線索作業中可以觀察到刺激引發式的攫取的效果。最後並提出一個整合式的模型來解釋本研究的結果以及過去的文獻。

The phenomenon of attentional capture by abrupt onset has been explained by three hypotheses: the new object hypothesis, the salience hypothesis, and the attentional control setting hypothesis. The former two hypotheses suggest that onset can capture attention in a stimulus-driven fashion. Their evidence, however, was questioned to have confounded with three variables: display-wide attentional setting, strategy, and filtering cost. The goal of this study is three-fold: (1) to examine whether there is stimulus-driven attentional capture by onset when all the confounding variables are excluded, (2) If an onset can capture attention in a stimulus-driven fashion, whether the salience hypothesis or the new object hypothesis better explains the results, and (3) to explore whether there can also be stimulus-driven capture by onset using a cueing task that has been mainly used to obtain results supporting the attentional control setting hypothesis. In Experiment 1, the inattentional blindness task was adopted to exclude possible display-wide setting on onsets. In Experiment 2, the visual search task with attentional setting on color was used and the possible confounding of strategy and filtering cost were avoided. Results of these two experiments showed that an onset could capture attention and the salience hypothesis was supported. In Experiment 3, the cue-to-target SOA was varied in a spatial cuing task. Results showed that a salient incontingent cue captured attention, and the effect was varied with SOAs. We conclude that: (1) Attentional capture can be purely stimulus-driven, (2) the salience hypothesis is supported, and (3) stimulus-driven capture can also be observed in a cueing task. An integrated model is proposed to explain the results.

壹、前言 7
「刺激引發式」和「主動式」注意力 9
兩種注意力的作用 10
兩階段式注意力理論 13
何謂注意力攫取？ 14
刺激引發式的注意力攫取 15
新物件假說（New Object Hypothesis） 15
Yantis與其同僚的研究 15
非突現的顯著刺激無法攫取注意力 16
突現攫取 - 瞬間亮度變化並非必要 16
突現攫取 - 新物件的開啟乃是關鍵 17
顯著性假說（Salience Hypothesis） 19
Theeuwes與其同僚的研究 19
非突現的顯著刺激可攫取注意力 19
突現攫取 - 瞬間亮度變化可影響攫取 21
顯著的刺激攫取注意力 23
主動式的注意力攫取 24
注意力設定假說（Attentional Control Setting Hypothesis） 26
Folk與其同僚的研究 26
注意力設定的特性 27
新物件無法產生刺激引發式的攫取 30
顯著刺激無法產生刺激引發式的攫取 31
刺激引發式的注意力攫取是否存在？ 31
刺激引發式的攫取並不存在？ 32
Yantis作業所受到的挑戰 32
Theeuwes作業受到的挑戰 33
刺激引發式的攫取應存在 36
突現刺激的特殊性 36
注意力設定不是必要條件 40
理論上的預測 41
突現攫取 - 顯著性或開啟新物件？ 42
線索導引作業的特殊性 42
貳、研究目的 46
參、實驗一：不注意視盲作業 48
設計與預測 50
方法 52
受試者 52
刺激與儀器 52
程序 53
結果 54
討論 55
突現攫取是因其顯著性 55
不支持新物件與注意力設定假說 56
不注意視盲作業的特殊性 57
肆、實驗二：視覺搜尋作業 59
反應一致性效果 60
實驗二A 60
方法 61
受試者： 61
儀器與刺激： 61
程序： 62
結果： 62
實驗二B 63
方法 64
結果： 64
實驗二C 65
方法 65
結果 66
討論 67
伍、實驗三：線索導引作業 69
攫取的指標 71
實驗三A 73
方法 73
受試者 73
刺激與儀器 73
程序 74
結果 75
實驗三B 77
方法 77
結果 78
實驗三C 79
方法 79
結果 80
實驗三D 81
方法 81
結果 82
實驗三E 83
方法 83
結果 83
討論 84
兩種攫取指標 85
SOA的效果 86
刺激數目的效果 87
線索種類的效果 87
與實驗二的比較 88
不支持注意力設定假說 88
陸、綜合討論 90
再論顯著性假說 90
何謂「顯著」刺激？ 91
顯著性的理論意涵 92
如何表徵突現的顯著性 94
對另外兩個假說的看法 96
注意力設定假說 96
新物件假說 98
整合式的理論模型 102
兩種激發值的來源 103
注意力選擇與轉移的關連 104
再論「何謂注意力攫取」 106
柒、結論 108
捌、參考資料 109
玖、圖表 122

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