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研究生:黃建銘
研究生(外文):Clare Huang
論文名稱:嵌入式Linux系統開機程序的時間分析
論文名稱(外文):A Timing Analysis of Booting Procedures on Embedded Linux Systems
指導教授:黃育綸
指導教授(外文):Yu-Lun Huang
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立交通大學
系所名稱:電機學院碩士在職專班電機與控制組
學門:工程學門
學類:電資工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2007
畢業學年度:95
語文別:英文
論文頁數:61
中文關鍵詞:嵌入式開機時間開機程序時間分析
外文關鍵詞:Embedded systemsLinuxTiming AnalysisBooting ProceduresBoot times
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在蓬勃發展的嵌入式產品中,縮短系統開機時間往往是產業研發人員致力解決的問題之一。在本篇論文中,我們針對於不同系統架構,雙核心與單核心等,嵌入式Linux 作業平台,從硬體跟軟體兩方面去分析系統開機相關的因素,瞭解這些開機因素對開機時間的影響程度,以及互相之間的關連性。
在本論文中,選擇TI OMAP5912 作為雙核心實驗平台、Intel PXA270 為單核心實驗平台,針對平台的差異性,找出各種可能的軟硬體因素,設計一連串的實驗,得到不同的開機時間,並透過數據分析,歸納出各種因素組合對此一問題的影響程度。首先,我們先分析嵌入式Linux 作業系統的開機流程,將其區分為四大部分、十二階段,包括硬體初始化、開機載入程式、作業系統核心、使用者應用程式階段等;接下來,利用硬體電路的產生訊號、軟體核心公用程式產生的時間郵戳,加上示波器與邏輯分析儀等工具的輔助,量測各階段所耗費的時間。然後,對兩種架構各異的硬體平台架構進行結構分析,再搭配不同的軟硬體因素與其組合,由一系列的實驗結果、數據整合,分析並歸納出各因素對開機時間的影響程度。本論文中系列實驗所得之結論除了有助於開發人員選擇合適的嵌入式平台,並能提供從硬體與軟體等方面改善開機時間的參考依據。
摘 要 i
ABSTRACT ii
致 謝 iii
CONTENTS iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION - 1 -
Chapter 2 RELATED WORK - 3 -
2.1 Snapshot Technique for NOR Flash - 3 -
2.2 Kernel Execute-In-Place - 5 -
2.3 Linux Kernel Initialization - 5 -
Chapter 3 MULTIMEDIA DEVICE - 7 -
3.1 Product Specification - 7 -
3.2 Platforms - 8 -
3.2.1 OMAP5912 - 8 -
3.2.2 PXA270 - 9 -
3.3 Comparison - 10 -
3.4 Analysis - 11 -
3.4.1 Processor Architecture - 11 -
3.4.2 Platform Architecture - 13 -
3.4.3 Bottlenecks - 14 -
Chapter 4 LINUX BOOT-UP - 16 -
4.1 Overview - 16 -
4.2 Boot Sequences - 17 -
4.2.1 Hardware Initialization - 17 -
4.2.2 Boot-loader Stage - 18 -
4.2.2.1 Case 1-Kernel Uncompress Image - 19 -
4.2.2.2 Case 2-Boot-loader Uncompress Image - 20 -
4.2.3 Kernel Stage - 21 -
4.2.3.1 Case 1-Kernel Uncompress Image - 21 -
4.2.3.2 Case 2-Boot-loader Uncompress Image - 22 -
4.2.4 User Space Stage - 23 -
4.3 Impact Factors - 24 -
4.3.1 Hardware Factors - 25 -
4.3.2 Software Factors - 25 -
Chapter 5 EXPERIENMENTS - 27 -
5.1 Environments - 27 -
5.1.1 Factors of OMAP5912osk - 27 -
5.1.2 Factors of PXA270 - 28 -
5.2 Factors for Boot Phase - 29 -
5.3 Experiments Results - 30 -
5.3.1 OMAP5912osk - 30 -
5.3.2 PXA270 - 40 -
5.3.3 Others - 45 -
5.4 Analysis Results - 48 -
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION - 51 -
Chapter 7 FUTURE WORK - 53 -
REFERENCES - 54 -
APPENDIX - 56 -
A.1 Instruments - 56 -
A.1.1 Oscilloscope - 56 -
A.1.2 Logic Analyzer - 57 -
A.2 System Functions - 58 -
A.2.1 Printk Times - 59 -
A.2.2 initcall-times patch - 59 -
A.2.3 Time Stamp - 60 -
A.3 Inaccuracies - 60 -
[1] The Consumer Electronics Linux Forum, “Kernel Execute-In-Place,”
http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/KernelXIP
[2] Jimmy Wennlund, “Next Generation Init System – InitNG,”
http://www.initng.org/
[3] Keun Soo Yim, Jihong Kim, and Kern Koh, “A Fast Start-Up Technique for
Flash Memory Based Computing Systems,” Proceedings of the ACM
Symposium on Applied Computing, 2005
[4] Tim R. Bird, “Methods to Improve Boot Time in Linux,” Proceedings of the
Ottawa Linux Symposium, Sony Electronics, 2004
[5] Linus Torvalds, “The Linux Kernel Archives,” http://www.kernel.org/
[6] Wolfgang Denk, “Das U-Boot - Universal Bootloader,“
http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot/
[7] Rob Landley, “BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux,”
http://www.busybox.net/
[8] Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet, “Linux Device Drivers, Second
Edition,” O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2001
[9] Texas Instruments, “OMAP5912 Applications Processor (Rev. E),”
http://www-s.ti.com/sc/ds/omap5912.pdf
[10] Texas Instruments, “OMAP5912 Multimedia Processor OMAP3.2 Subsystem
Reference Guide (Rev. B),”
http://www-s.ti.com/sc/psheets/spru749b/spru749b.pdf
[11] Texas Instruments, “OMAP5912 Applications Processor Silicon Errata (Rev.
I),” http://focus.ti.com/lit/er/sprz209i/sprz209i.pdf
[12] Intel, “PXA27x Processor Family Developer's Manual,”
[13] Intel, “PXA27x Processor Family EMTS,”
[14] Intel, “Intel XScale Core Developer's Manual,”
[15] Intel, “PXA27x Processor Family Specification Update,”
[16] Catherine Dodge, Cynthia Irvine, and Thuy Nguyen, “A Study of
Initialization in Linux and OpenBSD,” ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems
Review, Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 79-93, April 2005
- 5 5 -
[17] Alessandro Rubini, “Kernel Korner: Booting the Kernel,” Linux Journal
Volume 1997, Issue 38es
[18] Kingsley Morse Jr., “Compression Tools Compared,” Linux Journal Volume
2005, Issue 137
[19] The Consumer Electronics Linux Forum, “Kernel Function Trace,”
http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/KernelFunctionTrace
[20] The Consumer Electronics Linux Forum, “Printk Times,”
http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/PrintkTimes
[21] Don Libes, “Exploring Expect,” O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1994
[22] ARM Limited., “ARM9EJ-S Revision r1p2 Technical Reference Manual,”
http://www.arm.com/pdfs/DDI0222B_9EJS_r1p2.pdf
[23] Palm Inc., “Palm Tungsten E2 Datasheet,”
http://www.palm.com/us/products/handhelds/tungsten-e2/tungsten-e2_ds.pdf
[24] Chih-Chien Yang, “An Empirical Analysis of Embedded Linux Kernel 2.6.14 to
Achieve Faster Boot Time,” Master Thesis, National Chiao-Tung University, 2006
[25] Sony, “Sony Cyber-shot series DSC product specification,”
http://www.sonystyle.com.tw/intershoproot/eCS/Store/en/html/spec/dsc_spec.html
[26] L.-P. Chang and T.-W. Kuo, “An Efficient Management Scheme for Large-Scale
Flash-Memory Storage Systems,” In Proc. of the ACM Sym. on Applied
Computing (SAC), pp. 862-868, 2004
[27] J. Kim, J. M. Kim, S. H. Noh, S. L. Min, and Y. Cho, “A Space-Efficient Flash
Translation Layer for CompactFlash Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp.366-375, 2002
[28] M. Wu and W. Zwaenepoel, “eNVy: A Non-Volatile, Main Memory Storage
System,” In Proc. of the ACM International Conference on Architectural Support
for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), pp. 86-97, 1994.
[29] D. Woodhouse, “JFFS: The Journaling Flash File System,” In Proc. of the Ottawa
Linux Symposium (OLS), RedHat Inc., 2001
[30] Aleph One Company, “The Yet Another Flash Filing System (YAFFS),”
http://www.aleph1.co.uk/yaffs/
[31] LILO (The Linux Loader), http://freshmeat.net/projects/lilo/
[32] GRUB (Grand Unified Boot Loader), http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
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