臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討燃料電池排熱回收利用在LiBr/H2O吸收式熱泵系統在各種不同運轉條件下，對系統性能的變化及影響。為了建立對燃料電池排熱回收以及吸收式熱泵系統的整體概念，研究中首先對燃料電池種類、特性及廢熱回收應用作整體介紹，其次就吸收式循環系統的類型及主要元件功能作詳細描述，再依據熱力學理論分析，建立循環系統各元件的數學模式及限制條件，並根據LiBr/H2O工作流體的熱質傳性質建立狀態方程式，對吸收式不同模式循環系統進行模擬，求得系統之最佳運轉狀態。
最後運用EES(Engineering Equation Solver)程式，針對燃料電池負載與冷卻水溫度變化等不同轉條件進行模擬，獲得燃料電池的負載從0~50kW之間變化(部份負載運轉)以及燃料電池輸出維持恆定於50kW，改變吸收式熱泵冷卻水溫度由25∼35℃間變化，對吸收式熱泵系統性能的影響。
研究顯示，燃料電池排熱回收量與電池之發電量有非常顯著的相關性，並在半載時出現最低值，使吸收式熱泵系統性能顯著變化，為了增加回收熱量提升系統性能，因此在運轉時應以滿載為最佳條件。另低冷卻水溫度對燃料電池排熱回收串聯吸收式冷水機AHP（Absorption Heat Pump）系統可獲得較佳的性能與熱回收特性，若以製熱為目的之吸收式熱量轉換器AHT（Absorption Heat Transformer）系統較高的冷卻水溫可使溫水機的COP值提升，但熱回收量減少間接使燃料電池運轉溫度發生變化，使燃料電池發電效率隨之改變，此為值得進一步探討的問題。

This thesis concentrates on the thermalefficiency analyses of LiBr/H2O Absorption Heat Pump systems with exhaust heat from Fuel Cell system at various operating conditions that affect the system various performances. The overall concept of exhaust heat utilization for fuel cell can be established and combined with the Absorption Heat Pump systems. In the study, firstly is an introduction of the fuel cell category and characteristic as well as waste Heat utilization. Secondly is the description of types of Absorption circulating system and main component function, and according to the thermalefficiency analyses to create the system cycle mathematic model and restrict conditions of individual component. According to the heat transfer properties of LiBr/H2O working fluid to develop the state equations and simulation of the Absorption chiller at different model of system cycle to get the system optimum operating conditions.
Finally applies the EES (Engineering Equation Solver) program to simulate the Fuel Cell loading vs. cooling water various temperatures at different operating conditions. It gets the loading variation of fuel cell from 0~50 kW (at partial operating) and fuel cell output is fixed at 50 kW. Changing the cooling water temperature of Absorption Heat Pump system from 25℃ to 35℃ which also affect the Absorption Heat Pump system performance.
It is verified in the study that the recovered energy from the fuel cell exhaust has clearly related with fuel cell power output. The power output has a minimum value at the half load. To improve the Heat Pump system performance and get better recovered energy for system performance, those are required to operate at full load as an optimum condition. On the other hand, low cooling water temperature for fuel cell recovered energy connects with the AHP (Absorption Heat Pump) system can obtain a better performance and recovered heat. For heating purpose of AHT (Absorption Heat Transformer) system, the higher cooling water temperature can increase COP value. However, the decreased heat recovery energy will indirectly affect the fuel cell operating temperature, and change the fuel cell power production efficiency. This subject needs to be further discussed by a separated paper.

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌 謝 v
目 錄 v
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 文獻探討 2
1.3 研究方法與步驟 5
第二章 燃料電池種類與特性 6
2.1 燃料電池種類應用 7
2.2 燃料電池特性 10
2.2.1 燃料電池的優點 10
2.2.2 燃料電池存在問題 13
2.3 燃料電池技術沿革 13
2.4 燃料電池應用實例 15
2.4.1 1.3MW級 PAFC發電廠例 15
2.4.2 200kW PAFC分散式電廠 17
2.4.3 2MW MCFC電廠例 21
第三章 PAFC磷酸燃料電池特性 24
3.1 前 言 24
3.2 PAFC結構、材料及製作技術 25
3.2.1 電極與催化劑 26
3.2.2 襯底 27
3.2.3 電解質 29
3.2.4 基質 30
3.2.5 分隔板 31
3.2.6 供氣系統 32
3.2.7 冷卻系統 32
3.3 PAFC的性能 34
3.3.1 溫度的影響 35
3.3.2 壓力的影響 36
3.3.3 雜質的影響 37
3.4 PAFC的效率 39
第四章 燃料電池排熱回收應用技術 42
4.1 前 言 42
4.2 燃料電池排熱特性 43
4.2.1 燃料電池機組規格 43
4.2.2 廢熱輸出特性 44
4.2.3 建築設備應用的考慮 45
4.3 建築系統的能源特性 46
4.3.1 旅館的能源系統 46
4.3.2 辦公大樓的能源系統 48
4.4 燃料電池廢熱應用案例 49
4.4.1 熱水供給的應用 49
4.4.2 暖氣設備利用 50
4.4.3 溫水吸收式冰水機熱源 51
4.4.4 蒸汽吸收式冰水機熱源 53
4.4.5 蒸汽直接利用 54
4.4.6 特殊用途 54
4.5 結果與討論 56
第五章 吸收式系統理論分析 57
5.1 吸收式系統工作原理 57
5.1.1 理想熱力循環 57
5.1.2 工作流體的相變化限制 59
5.1.3 工作流體 61
5.2 吸收式系統熱力平衡數學模式 63
5.3 吸收式系統模擬分析 66
5.3.1 基本假設 66
5.3.2 工作流體熱力性質 67
5.3.3 單效溴化鋰/水吸收式循環系統性能解析 71
5.4 結果與討論 74
第六章 溴化鋰/水吸收式熱量轉換器系統熱力效益解析 77
6.1 吸收式熱量轉換器運轉循環 77
6.2 熱力學分析 82
6.3 模擬狀態參數 83
6.4 結果和討論 85
6.4.1 廢熱源溫度對性能影響 85
6.4.2 冷卻水溫度效應 87
6.4.3 溶液熱交換器效率對性能影響 89
6.4.4 溶液流率對性能影響 90
6.4.5 熱交換器熱傳特性對性能影響 90
6.5 結果與討論 92
第七章 燃料電池排熱回收串聯溴化鋰/水吸收式熱泵系統解析 93
7.1 PAFC磷酸型燃料電池的排熱回收 93
7.1.1 電池冷卻系統的排熱回收 93
7.1.2 排氣gas的排熱回收 95
7.2 熱回收系統的模式化 96
7.3 排熱回收串聯吸收式冷水機（AHP）系統解析 100
7.3.1 燃料電負載變化對吸收式冷水機性能之影響 101
7.3.2 吸收式冷水機（AHP）系統冷卻水溫度的影響 107
7.4 排熱回收串聯吸收式熱量轉換器（AHT）系統解析 108
7.4.1 燃料電池負載變化對吸收式熱量轉換器性能之影響 111
7.4.2 吸收式熱量轉換器（AHT）系統冷卻水溫度的影響 113
7.5 結果與討論 116
第八章 結論 118
參考文獻 121
附 錄 A 吸收式系統計算公式 126
符號彙整 135

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