臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

社會比較 - 透過與他人的比較進而定義自己 - 是人類普遍的特質。社會比較可以塑造我們的思想，影響我們的情緒以及行為。社會比較傾向的概念乃旨與他人進行個人在成就方面、個人的情況、或是個人的經驗的比較，所呈現出來個人在比較傾向上的差異；然而，此傾向往往是因人而異的。個人也因採取社會比較方向的差異(向上比較或是向下比較)，使得情緒反應也因而受其影響。本研究旨在編修社會比較傾向的中文量表，探討大學生的一般社會比較傾向、向上社會比較傾向、以及向下社會比較傾向現況。受試者為533位的大學生，分別進行了社會比較傾向量表的施測，即一般社會比較傾向量表、向上社會比較傾向量表、以及向下社會比較傾向量表。其次，本研究所探討的是重要的人口變項與社會比較傾向之關聯性；以試題反應理論(IRT)的概括部分給分模式(GPCM)分析試題的參數特徵；並以結構方程模式(SEM)探討社會比較傾向與主觀幸福感之關聯性。

ABSTRACT
Social comparison - how people use others to make sense of themselves - is a universal characteristic of humans. Social comparison could shape our thinking, our emotion, and our behavior. The concept of social comparison orientation (SCO) refers to individual difference in the inclination to compare one’s accomplishment, one’s situation, and one’s experiences with those of others. However, the tendency of social comparison differs from one individual to the next. The direction of social comparison ( upward and downward ) moderates the affective impact. The purpose of this study is to create a Chinese version of SCO and to investigate the current status of undergraduates on the social comparison orientation. Subjects consist of 533 college students who were administered three measures of social comparison scales, namely, general, upward and downward ones. The relationship of SCO with some important demographic variables is also explored. The characteristics of item parameters estimated by GPCM (Generalized Partial Credit Model) and the structural relationships of SCO, upward and downward comparison orientation with subjective well-being demonstrated by SEM (Structural Equation Model) are also discussed.

中文摘要 .................................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii
誌謝 ........................................................................................................................................ iii
目錄 ......................................................................................................................................... iv
表目錄 ..................................................................................................................................... vi
圖目錄 .................................................................................................................................. viii
第壹章 緒論 .......................................................................................................................... 1
第一節 研究動機 .......................................................................................................... 1
第二節 研究目的 .......................................................................................................... 8
第三節 研究問題 .......................................................................................................... 9
第四節 名詞釋義 .........................................................................................................10
第貳章 文獻探討 ................................................................................................................ 12
第一節 社會比較的內涵 ............................................................................................ 12
第二節 社會比較與主觀幸福感的相關研究 ............................................................ 24
第三節 概括的部分給分模式...................................................................................... 31
第叁章 研究方法 ................................................................................................................ 33
第一節 研究架構與設計.............................................................................................. 33
第二節 研究流程與研究樣本 .................................................................................... 36
第三節 研究工具 ........................................................................................................ 39
第四節 資料分析 ........................................................................................................ 42
第肆章 結果與討論.............................................................................................................. 43
第一節 社會比較傾向各量表之信度分析.................................................................. 43
第二節 社會比較傾向量表之參數估計與效度檢核 ................................................ 47第三節 不同背景變項對社會比較傾向的差異性考驗 ............................................ 56
第四節 不同背景變項對社會比較傾向量表的預測效力.......................................... 61
第五節 不同背景變項對應於社會比較傾向量表(試題參數)的預測效力.............. 65
第六節 社會比較傾向量表與主觀幸福感量表關聯性之關聯性 ............................ 77
第伍章 結論與建議 ............................................................................................................ 81
第一節 結論 ................................................................................................................ 81
第二節 研究建議 ........................................................................................................ 84
參考文獻.................................................................................................................................. 86
附錄一 問卷填答說明 ........................................................................................................ 94
附錄二 背景問卷 ................................................................................................................ 95
附錄三 一般社會比較傾向量表 ........................................................................................ 96
附錄四 向上社會比較傾向量表 ........................................................................................ 97
附錄五 向下社會比較傾向量表 ........................................................................................ 97
附錄六 主觀幸福感量表 .................................................................................................... 98











表目錄
表1 意見面向的三元模式 ................................................................................................ 16
表2 社會比較過程............................................................................................................. 17
表3 預試樣本人數分配表.................................................................................................. 37
表4 正式施測樣本人數分配表.......................................................................................... 38
表5 社會比較傾向量表信度分析摘要表(預試) ............................................................... 41
表6 一般、向上、以及向下社會比較傾向量表之描述統計量....................................... 44表7 一般社會比較傾向量表試題原始分數描述統計摘要表........................................... 44
表8 向上社會比較傾向量表試題原始分數描述統計摘要表........................................... 45
表9 向下社會比較傾向量表試題原始分數描述統計摘要表........................................... 46
表10 一般、向上、以及向下社會比較傾向量表之信度分析摘要表............................. 46
表11 一般社會比較傾向整體模式適配度檢定指標與結果............................................. 50
表12 向上社會比較傾向整體模式適配度檢定指標與結果............................................. 52
表13 向下社會比較傾向整體模式適配度檢定指標與結果............................................. 55
表 14 不同性別大學生在社會比較傾向的表現差異之變異數分析摘要表.................... 57
表15 不同性別大學生在SCO, UCO, DCO之t 考驗摘要表.......................................... 57
表16 不同年齡大學生在社會比較傾向的表現差異之變異數分析摘要表..................... 58
表17 不同年齡在社會比較傾向的多重比較(scheffe法) ............................................. 58
表18 不同社經地位大學生在社會比較傾向的表現差異之變異數分析摘要表............. 59
表 19 不同社經地位在社會比較傾向的多重比較(scheffe法)..................................... 60
表20 不同居住地區大學生在社會比較傾向的表現差異之變異數分析摘要表............. 61
表21 不同居住地區大學生在SCO, UCO, DCO之t考驗摘要表................................... 61
表22 一般社會比較傾向量表模式摘要............................................................................ 62
表23 一般社會比較傾向量表多元迴歸係數摘要............................................................. 63
表24 向上社會比較傾向量表模式摘要............................................................................. 63
表25 向上社會比較傾向量表多元迴歸係數摘要表......................................................... 64
表26 向下社會比較傾向量表模式摘要............................................................................. 65
表27 向下社會比較傾向量表多元迴歸係數摘要表......................................................... 65
表28 一般社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值模式摘要................................................. 66
表29 一般社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值多元迴歸係數摘要表............................. 66
表30 一般社會比較傾向量表-能力(ability)面向試題參數摘要表................................... 68
表31 一般社會比較傾向量表-意見(opinion)面向試題參數摘要表................................. 68
表32 一般社會比較傾向量表-能力(ability)面向參數估計摘要表................................... 68
表33 一般社會比較傾向量表-意見(opinion)面向參數估計摘要表................................. 68
表34 一般社會比較傾向量表-能力(ability)面向各試題類別域限參數摘要表.............. 69
表35 一般社會比較傾向量表-意見(opinion)面向各試題類別域限參數摘要表............. 69
表36 向上社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值模式摘要................................................. 70
表37 向上社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值多元迴歸係數摘要表............................. 70表38 向上社會比較量表試題參數摘要表......................................................................... 71
表39 向上社會比較量表參數估計摘要表......................................................................... 71
表40 向上社會比較傾向量表各試題類別域限參數摘要表............................................. 72
表41 向下社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值模式摘要................................................. 72
表42 向下社會比較傾向量表受試者能力θ值多元迴歸係數摘要表............................. 73
表43 向下社會比較量表試題參數摘要表......................................................................... 74
表44 向下社會比較量表參數估計摘要表......................................................................... 74
表45 向下社會比較傾向量表各試題類別域限參數摘要表............................................. 74
表46 SCO,UCO, DCO & SWB之相關係數摘要表........................................................... 78



圖目錄
圖1 社會比較傾向研究架構圖......................................................................................... 34
圖2 一般社會比較傾向量表結構方程模式架構圖......................................................... 35
圖3 向上社會比較傾向量表結構方程模式架構圖......................................................... 35
圖4 向下社會比較傾向量表結構方程模式架構圖......................................................... 35
圖5 研究流程圖................................................................................................................. 36
圖6 一般社會比較傾向構面測量模式之二因素初始模式及標準化參數估計...... .......49
圖7 一般社會比較傾向構面測量模式之二因素修正模式及標準化參數估計..............49
圖8 向上社會比較構面測量模式之初始模式及標準化參數估計................................. 51
圖9 向上社會比較構面測量模式之修正模式及標準化參數估計................................. 52
圖10 向下社會比較構面測量模式之初始模式及標準化參數估計................................. 54
圖11 向下社會比較構面測量模式之修正模式及標準化參數估計................................. 54
圖12 一般社會比較傾向與主觀幸福感之結構關聯性..................................................... 79
圖13 向上社會比較傾向與主觀幸福感之結構關聯性..................................................... 80
圖14 向下社會比較傾向與主觀幸福感之結構關聯性..................................................... 80

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