臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文提出矽微型環共振式穩定暨波長可調之窄線寬光纖雷射，具體以環型架構搭配高品質因子微型環實現。其中微型共振腔之波導以波長可調和TE偏振特性來做最佳化設計。在論文中，連續波和脈衝雷射架構兼以實驗驗證並同時與光纖光學技術兼容。以連續波雷射架構而言，最終達到4 KHz窄線寬特點，其著重在低誤碼率通訊應用。以被動封裝和通訊波段考量，微型環和光柵式耦合器做單石化積體設計，耦合損耗為7 dB同時具備在二維度有± 3 μm的對準公差。因低損耗和高公差的特性，我們可藉由調整架構模態延遲，讓此架構具備在通訊波段擁有35.2 nm的波長可調整範圍以及穩定的雷射波長和能量輸出。以脈衝雷射架構而言，我們使用濾波驅動式四波混合機制來產生脈衝，最終達到小於1 KHz的線寬。與文獻比較，我們提出的新穎光源產生技術擁有以下優異特點：(1)同時兼容矽光子元件和光纖光學；(2)具備高度拍頻頻譜純度；(3)波長可調製的特性提供有線和無線通訊的波長分波多工應用；(4)與被動封裝的架構相容。未來我們會持續朝著多功能晶片的發展，例如與光鎖相迴路積體化整合，此架構需與矽光子調變器、矽鍺光接收器，以及多模干涉器等三種功能元件整合，如此可以產生更窄線寬、穩定波長和能量輸出、微型化的架構。在未來達成積體化的微型網路晶片(Network-on-chip)的應用。

In this thesis, a narrow-linewidth and wavelength-tunable optical source at C-band (1520-1560 nm) was implemented by a ring structure of fiber laser with a mode-selective and high quality factor microcavity, so-called silicon-micro-ring-resonator (SMRR). Both of continuous-wave (CW) and mode-locking sources were demonstrated experimentally and incorporated with fiber optics technology. For CW source it operates single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) with a narrow linewidth of 4 KHz that possesses the ability to achieve a low bit-error-rate (BER). A tolerable alignment device for passive packaging ease is also considered here. Hence, SMRR was integrated with two straight waveguides and an efficient grating coupler (GC) for C-band transmission that the coupling loss between fiber and SMRR is reduced to 7 dB. Meanwhile, the GC was optimized for TE-polarization that makes tunable wavelength covers the whole C-band in a bandwidth of 35.2 nm through controlling of mode retardance inside cavity. This configuration eases the alignment tolerance (± 3 um) to 2-dimensions and shows the stably lasing modes was observed over 30 minutes. For case of mode-locking source operated by method of filter-driven four wave mixing, it exhibits a linewidth of less 1 KHz. Compared with prior arts, the proposed sources exhibit an advanced results, making the combination of microcavity and fiber optics, and it would be a new kind of wide-tunable low error optical source, offering beat signal with high spectral purity and providing additional bandwidth for wavelength-division-multiplexing in wired or wireless communication systems.

Contents
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ I
Chinese Abstract ................................................................................................ II
English Abstrct..................................................................................................III
Contents .............................................................................................................IV
List of Fifures ......................................................................................................V
Chapter 1
Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1-1 Overview..................................................................................................1
1-2 Motivation ...............................................................................................7
Reference ........................................................................................................11
Chapter 2
Mechanism..........................................................................................................15
2-1 Silicon Micro Ring Resonator .............................................................15
2-1.1 Notch type filter .......................................................................15
2-1.2 Add-drop type filter ................................................................19
2-2 Silcion-based Graing Coupler .............................................................21
2-2.1 Uniform Grating Coupler.......................................................21
2-2.2 Non-unifrom Grating Coupler...............................................25
2-3 Summary of Chaper 2..........................................................................26
Reference ........................................................................................................27
Chapter 3
Design Rule of Devices.......................................................................................28
3-1 High Quality Factor Silicon Micro Ring Resonator .........................29
3-1.1 Bending loss in ring waveguide..............................................32
3-1.2 Coupling length........................................................................34
3-1.3 Gap effect .................................................................................38
3-1.4 Fabricated and Characterized Results..................................41
3-2 C-band Transmission Silicon Graing Coupler..................................44
3-2.1 Period of Grating.....................................................................49
3-2.2 Etch Depth Effect ....................................................................50
3-2.3 Fill Factor Effect......................................................................52
3-1.4 Fabricated and Characterized Results..................................54
3-3 Summary of Chaper 3..........................................................................57
Reference ........................................................................................................58
Chapter 4 Laser Construction ............................................................................................59 4-1 Continuous-wave Operation................................................................60
4-1.1 Experimental Setup.................................................................60
4-1.2 Experimental Results ..............................................................62
4-1.3 Optimized Setup ......................................................................69
4-1.4 Self-heterodyen Method for Linewidth Measurement ........73
4-2 Mode-locking Operation......................................................................75
4-1.1 Experimental Setup and results.............................................76
4-1.2 Optimized Setup ......................................................................81
4-1.3 Relative Intensity Noise and Stability ...................................83
4-1.4 Self-heterodyen Method for Linewidth Measurement ........84
4-3 Summary of Chaper 4..........................................................................90
Reference ........................................................................................................90
Chapter 5
Conclusions and Futurework............................................................................91
5-1 Conclusions and Futurework ..............................................................91
Reference ........................................................................................................94

[1] C. W. Chow, S. P. Huang, L. G. Yang, and C. H. Yeh, “Extended-reach access network with downstream radio-over-fiber (ROF) signal and upstream NRZ signal using orthogonal-WDM,” Optics Express, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 16757-16762, July 2012
[2] C. W. Chow, L. Xu, C. H. Yeh, C. H. Wang, F. Y. Shih, H. K. Tsang, C. L. Pan and S. Chi, “Mitigation of Signal Distortions using Reference Signal Distribution with Colorless Remote Antenna Units for Radio-over-Fiber Applications,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 27, pp. 4773-4780, 2009
[3] Puspa Devi Pukhrambam, Ming-Hsueh Chuang, San-Liang Lee, Gerd Keiser, Yung-Jr Hung, and Joni W. Simatupang, “Performance Enhancement of Radio-Over-Fiber System by Optical Injection Locking of a Directly Modulate Semiconductor Laser,” Photonics Global Conference 2012 (PGC 2012), paper c12a383, Singapore, December 13-16, 2012.
[4] H. J. R. Dutton, Understanding Optical Communications,
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/pubs/pdfs/redbooks/sg245230.pdf, IBM Redbooks
[5] T. Koch and U. Koren, “Semiconductor lasers for coherent optical communications,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 8, pp. 274–293, Mar. 1990.
[6] F. Favre and D. Le Guen "Effect of semiconductor laser phase noise on BER performance in an optical DPSK heterodyne-type experiment", Electron. Lett., vol. 18, pp.964 -965 1982.
[7] U. Gliese, E. Lintz Christensen, and K. Stubkj#westeur039#r, “Laser linewidth requirements and improvements for coherent optical beam forming networks in satellites,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 779–790, June 1991.
[8] P. Roriz, O. Fraz#westeur036#o, A.B. Lobo-Ribeiro, J.L. Santos, J.A. Sim#westeur054#es, “Review of fiber-optic pressure sensors for biomedical and biomechanical applications,” in Journal of Biomedical Optics 18(5), 050903 (May 2013).
[9] Roriz, P.; Carvalho, L.; Fraz#westeur036#o, O.; Santos, J.L.; Sim#westeur054#es, J.A. From conventional sensors to fibre optic sensors for strain and force measurements in biomechanics applications: A review. J. Biomech. 2014, 47, 1251–1261.
[10] Love, Jerry T., Steve Warren, George R. Laguna, and Timothy J. Miller. Personal Status Monitor, SAND97- 0418, DOE Category UC-706, Patent Caution, February 1997, 199 pages.
[11] Warren S, Craft R. Designing smart health care technology into the home of the future; Proc. 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conference; Atlanta, GA. 1999. p. 677.
[12] NIST Time and Frequency Publication Database, http://tf.nist.gov/general/generalpubs.htm
[13] T. Udem et al., “Optical frequency metrology”, Nature 416, 233 (2002).
[14] C. Spiegelberg, J. Geng, Y. Hu, Y. Kaneda, and S. Jiang, “Low-Noise narrow-Linewidth fiber laser at 1550nm,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 22, pp. 57-62, 2004.
[15] Y. Shen, Y. Qin, B. Wu, W. Zhao, S. Chen, T. Sun, and K. T. V. Grattan, “Short cavity single frequency fiber laser for in-situ sensing applications over a wide temperature range,” Opt. Lett., vol. 15, no. 2, pp.363-370, Jan. 2009.
[16] M. Horowitz, R. Daisy, B. Fischer, and J. L. Zyskind, “Narrow-linewidth, single-mode erbium-doped fibre laser with intra cavity wave mixing in saturable absorber,” Electron. Lett. , vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 648–649, Apr. 1994.
[17] S. Xu, Z. Yang, W. Zhang, et al. “400 mW ultra-short cavity low-noise single-frequency Yb3+-doped phosphate fiber laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 36, no. 18, pp. 3708-3710, Sem. 2011.
[18] Y. Cheng, J. T. Kringlebotn, W. H. Loh, R. I. Laming, and D. N. Payne, “Stable single-frequency traveling-wave fibre loop laser with integral saturable-absorber-based tracking narrow-band filter,” Opt. Lett. , vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 875–877, Apr. 1995.
[19] Z. Meng, G. Stewart, and G. whitenett, “Stable single-mode operation of a narrow-linewidth, linearly polarized, erbium-fiber ring laser using a saturable absorber,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, pp. 2179-2182, 2006. S. Xu, Z. Yang, W. Zhang, et al. “400 mW ultra-short cavity low-noise single-frequency Yb3+-doped phosphate fiber laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 36, no. 18, pp. 3708-3710, Sem. 2011.
[20] J. L. Zyskind, V. Mizrahi, D. J. DiGiovanni, et al. “Short single frequency Erbium-doped fibre laser,” Electron. Lett., vol.28, no.15, pp.1385-1387, 1992.
[21] B. Sprenger, H. G. L. Schwefel, and L. J. Wang. “Whispering-gallery-mode-resonator-stabilized narrow-linewidth fiber loop laser,” Opt. Lett., vol. 34, no. 21, pp.3370-3372, Nov. 2009.
[22] Z. Dai, and X. Zhang. “Stable high power narrow linewidth single frequency fiber laser using a FBG FP etalon and a fiber saturable absorber,” Photonics and Optoelectronic (SOPO), 2010 Symposium on. IEEE, 2010.
[23] F. Yin, et al. “60-nm-wide tunable single-longitudinal-mode ytterbium fiber laser with passive multiple-ring cavity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.32, no.22, pp.1658-1660, Nov 15, 2011.
[24] V. V. Spirin, C. A. L#westeur052#pez-Mercado, P.M#westeur042#gret, and A.A.Fotiadi, “Single-mode Brillouin fiber laser passively stabilized at resonance frequency with self-injection locked pump laser,” Laser Phys. Lett. vol.9, no.5, pp.377-380, 2012.
[25] S. Gee et al., “Self-stabilization of an actively mode-locked semiconductor-based fiber-ring laser for ultralow jitter”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19 (7), 498 (2007).
[26] A. J. DeMaria, D. A. Stetser, and H. Heynau, “Self mode-locking of lasers with saturable absorbers”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 174 (1966).
[27] E. P. Ippen, C. V. Shank, and A. Dienes, “Passive mode locking of the cw dye laser”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 348 (1972) (first continuous-wave mode locking with a saturable absorber).
[28] H. A. Haus, “Theory of mode locking with a fast saturable absorber”, J. Appl. Phys. 46 (7), 3049 (1975).
[29] C. Gunn, “CMOS photonics for high-speed interconnects,” IEEE Micro, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 58–66, Mar./Apr. 2006.
[30] C. K. Tang, G. T. Reed, A. J. Walton, and A. G. Rickman, “Simulation of a low loss optical modulator for fabrication in SIMOX material,” in Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., 1993, vol. 298, pp. 247–252.
[31] J. A. Cox, A. L. Lentine, D. C. Trotter, and A. L. Starbuck, “Control of integrated micro-resonator wavelength via balanced homodyne locking,” Opt. Express 22, 11279–11289 (2014).
[32] K. Padmaraju, D. F. Logan, T. Shiraishi, J. J. Ackert, A. P. Knights, K. Bergman, “Wavelength locking and thermally stabilizing microring resonators using dithering signals,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(3), 505–512 (2014).
[33] M. A. Popov#westeur046#c, T. Barwicz, M. R. Watts, P. T. Rakich, L. Socci, E. P. Ippen, F. X. K#westeur037#rtner, and H. I. Smith, “Multistage high-order microring-resonator add-drop filters,” Opt. Lett. 31(17), 2571–2573 (2006).
[34] L. O. Lierstuen and A. Sv. Sudbo, ‘‘Coupling losses between standard single-mode fibers and rectangular waveguides for integrated optics,’’ Appl. Opt. 34, 1024–1028 (1995).
[35] A. N. M. M. Masum Choudhury, T. R. Stanczyk, D. Richardson, A. Donval, R. Oron, M. Oron, "Method of improving light coupling efficiency between optical fibers and silicon waveguides," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 1881-1883 (2005).
[36] L. C. L. Chen, C. R. Doerr, Y.-K. C. Y.-K. Chen, and T.-Y. L. T.-Y. Liow, “Low-Loss and broadband cantilever couplers between standard cleaved fibers and high-index-contrast Si3N4 or Si waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(23), 1744–1746 (2010).
[37] G. Roelkens, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, D. Van-Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Efficient silicon-on-insulator fiber coupler fabricated using 248-nm-deep UV lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2613–2615, Dec. 2005.
[38] T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Morita, “Low loss mode size converter from 0.3 µm square Si wire waveguides to singlemode fibers,” Electron. Lett. 38, 1669 (2002).
[39] D. Taillaert, W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, T. F. Krauss, P. Van Daele, I. Moerman, S. Verstuyft, K. De Mesel, and R. Baets, “An out-of-plane grating coupler for efficient butt-coupling between compact planar waveguides and single-mode fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38(7), 949–955 (2002).
[40] D. Taillaert, F. Van Laere, M. Ayre, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Grating couplers for coupling between optical fibers and nanophotonic waveguides,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, vol. 45, no. 8, pt. 1, pp. 6071–6077, 2006.
[41] D. Taillaert, W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, T. F. Krauss, P. Van Daele, I. Moerman, S. Verstuyft, K. De Mesel, and R. Baets, “An out-of-plane grating coupler for efficient butt-coupling between compact planar waveguides and single-mode fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 949–955, Jul. 2002.
[42] D. Taillaert, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Compact efficient broadband grating coupler for silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Lett., vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 2749–2751, Dec. 2004.
[43] D. Taillaert, F. Van Laere, M. Ayre, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Grating couplers for coupling between optical fibers and nanophotonic waveguides,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, no. 8A, pp. 6071–6077, Aug. 2006.
[44] X. Chen, C. Li, C. K. Fung, S. M. Lo, H. K. Tsang, “Apodized waveguide grating couplers for efficient coupling to optical fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22(15), 1156–1158 (2010).
[45] R. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
[46] R Orobtchouk, A Layadi, H Gualous, D Pascal, A Koster, S Laval, “High-efficiency light coupling in a submicrometric silicon-on-insulator waveguide,” Applied optics 39 (31), 5773-5777, 2000.
[47] Keith A. Bates, Lifeng Li, Ronald L. Roncone, and James J. Burke, “Gaussian beams from variable groove depth grating couplers in planar waveguides,” Appl. Opt. 20, 2112, 1993.
[48] R. Waldhausl, B. Schnabel, P. Dannberg, E. Kley, A. Brauer and W. Karthe, ” Efficient Coupling into Polymer Waveguides by Gratings,” Appl. Opt. 36, 9383, 1997. S. J. Xiao, M. H. Khan, H. Shen, and M. H. Qi, “Compact silicon microring resonators with ultra-low propagation loss in the C band,” Opt. Express 15(22), 14467–14475 (2007).
[49] F. P. Payne, and J. P. R. Lacey, “A Theoretical-Analysis of Scattering Loss from Planar Optical Wave-Guides,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(10), 977–986 (1994).
[50] K. K. Lee, D. R. Lim, L. C. Kimerling, J. Shin, and F. Cerrina, “Fabrication of ultralow-loss Si/SiO(2) waveguides by roughness reduction,” Opt. Lett. 26(23), 1888–1890 (2001).
[51] M. Borselli, T. J. Johnson, and O. Painter, “Beyond the Rayleigh scattering limit in high-Q silicon microdisks: theory and experiment,” Opt. Express 13(5), 1515–1530 (2005).
[52] I. Kiyat, A. Aydinli, and N. Dagli, “High-Q silicon-on-insulator optical rib waveguide racetrack resonators,” Opt. Express 13(6), 1900–1905 (2005).
[53] V. Subramaniam, G. N. De Brabander, D. H. Naghski and J. T. Boyd, “Measured of mode field profiles and bending and transition losses in curved optical channel waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 990-997 (1997).
[54] S. Xiao, M. H. Khan, H. Shen, and M. Qi, “Modeling and measurement of losses in silicon-on-insulator resonators and bends,” Opt. Express 15, 10553–10561 (2007).
[55] F. Xia, L. Sekaric, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Mode conversion losses in silicon-on-insulator photonic wire based racetrack resonators,” Opt. Express 14, 3872–3886 (2006).
[56] T. Shoji, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Morita, IEEE Electron. Lett.38, 1669 (2002).
[57] V. R. Almeida, R. R. Panepucci, M. Lipson, Opt. Lett. 28, 1302 (2003).
[58] G. Z. Masanovic, V. M. N. Passaro, G. T. Reed, IEEE Photonic. Tech. L.15, 1395 (2003).
[59] A. Sure et al., Opt. Express 11, 3555 (2003).
[60] B. Bakir et al., IEEE Photonic. Tech. L. 22, 739 (2010).
[61] D. Taillaert et al., IEEE Quantum Electron. 38, 949 (2002).
[62] L. Zimmermann, H. Schr#westeur055#der, T. Tekin, W. Bogaerts, and P. Dumon, “g-Pack – a generic testbed package for silicon photonics devices,” Proc. Group IV Photonics 371–373 (2008).
[63] R. Waldhausl et al., "Efficient coupling into polymer waveguides by gratings," Applied Optics, vol. 36, no. 36, pp. 9383-9390, Dec 1997. X. Chen, C. Li, C. K. Y. Fung, S. M. G. Lo, and H. K. Tsang, “Apodized Waveguide Grating Couplers for Efficient Coupling to Optical Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(15), 1156–1158 (2010).
[64] D. Taillaert, F. Van Laere, M. Ayre, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Grating couplers for coupling between optical fibers and nanophotonic waveguides,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45(8A), 6071–6077 (2006).
[65] L. Zimmermann, H. Schr#westeur055#der, T. Tekin, W. Bogaerts, and P. Dumon, “g-Pack – a generic testbed package for silicon photonics devices,” Proc. Group IV Photonics 371–373 (2008).
[66] C. Kopp, S. Bernab#westeur042#, B. B. Bakir, J. Fedeli, R. Orobtchouk, F. Schrank, H. Porte, L. Zimmermann, and T. Tekin, “Silicon photonic circuits: On-CMOS integration, fiber optical coupling, and packaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 17, no.3, pp. 498–509, May/June 2011
[67] D. Taillaert, W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, T. F. Krauss, P. Van Daele, I. Moerman, S. Verstuyft, K. De Mesel, and R. Baets, “An outof- plane grating coupler for efficient butt-coupling between compact planar waveguides and single-mode fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 949–955, Jul. 2002.
[68] A. Narasimha, “Low dispersion, high spectral efficiency, RF photonic transmission systems and low loss grating couplers for siliconon- insulator nanophotonic integrated circuits,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ California, Los Angeles, 2004.
[69] P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Add–drop filters utilizing vertically-coupled microdisk resonators in silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 091102(1)–091102(3), Mar. 2005 S. K. Selvaraja, D. Vermeulen, M. Schaekers, E. Sleeckx, W. Bogaerts,
[70] G. Roelkens, P. Dumon, D. Van-Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Highly efficient grating coupler between optical fiber and silicon photonic circuit,” presented at the 2009 Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., Baltimore, Maryland, 2009.
[71] D. Taillaert, F. Van Laere, M. Ayre, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, P. Bienstman, andR.Baets, “Grating couplers for coupling between optical fibers and nanophotonic waveguides,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, no. 8A, pp. 6071–6077, 2006.
[72] Y. H. Ja, “Generalized theory of optical fiber loop and ring resonators with multiple couplers. 1: Circulating and output fields,” Appl. Opt. 29, 3517 (1990).
[73] J. Zhang, C.-Y. Yue, G. W. Schinn, W. R. L. Clements, and J. W. Y. Lit, “Stable single-mode compoundring erbium-doped fiber laser,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 104–109 (1996).
[74] S. K. Kim, G. Stewart, W. Johnstone, and B. Culshaw, “Mode-hop-free single-longitudinal-mode erbiumdoped fiber laser frequency scanned with a fiber ring resonator,” Appl. Opt. 38, 5154–5157 (1999).
[75] L. F. Stokes, M. Chodorow, and H. J. Shaw, “All-single-mode fiber resonator,” OPTICS LETTERS, Vol. 7, No. 6. June 1982
[76] Chien-Chung Lee, Yung-Kuang Chen, Shien-Kuei Liaw, “Single-longitudinal-mode fiber laser with a passive multiple-ring cavity and its application for video transmission,” OPTICS LETTERS / Vol. 23, No. 5 / March 1, 1998.
[77] C.-H. Yeh, T.-T. Huang, H.-C. Chien, C.-H. Ko, and S. Chi, “Tunable S-band erbium-doped triple-ring laser with single-longitudinal-mode operation,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 382-386, 2007
[78] T. Okoshi, K. Kikuchi, and A. Nakayama, Electron. Lett. 16, 630 (1980).
[79] Masato Yoshida, Atsushi Ono, and Masataka Nakazawa, “10 GHz regeneratively mode-locked semiconductor optical amplifier fiber ring laser and its linewidth characteristics,” OPTICS LETTERS, Vol. 32, No. 24, pp. 3513-3515, 2007
[80] A. L. Schawlow and C. H. Townes, “Infrared and optical masers”, Phys. Rev. 112 (6), 1940 (1958)
[81] M. Peccianti, A. Pasquazi1, Y. Park, B.E. Little, S.T. Chu, D.J. Moss, and R. Morandotti, “Demonstration of a stable ultrafast laser based on a nonlinear microcavity,” Nat. Commun. 1762 (2012). Hyundai Park, Alexander W. Fang, Satoshi Kodamaa, and John E. Bowers, “Hybrid silicon evanescent laser fabricated with a silicon waveguide and III-V offset quantum wells,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol. 13, No. 23, 2005.
[82] Alexander W. Fang, Hyundai Park, Oded Cohen, Richard Jones, Mario J. Paniccia, and John E. Bowers, “Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol. 14, No. 20, 2006.
[83] Hugo Lira1, Zongfu Yu, Shanhui Fan, Michal Lipson, “ Electro-optical silicon isolator,” arXiv:1110.5337.
[84] Dan-Xia Xu, Siegfried Janz, and Pavel Cheben, “Design of Polarization-Insensitive Ring Resonators in Silicon-on-Insulator Using MMI Couplers and Cladding Stress Engineering,” IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 18, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 2006
[85] Souren P. Pogossian, Lili Vescan, and Adrian Vonsovici, “The Single-Mode Condition for Semiconductor Rib Waveguides with Large Cross Section,” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1998
[86] L. Zimmermann, H. Schr#westeur055#der, T. Tekin, W. Bogaerts, and P. Dumon, “g-Pack – a generic testbed package for silicon photonics devices,” Proc. Group IV Photonics 371–373 (2008).