臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的以毛豆殼為主要材料，品種分別為茶豆豆殼（tea vegetable soybean shell，TVS shell）、黑豆豆殼（black vegetable soybean shell，BVS shell）與305豆殼（305 vegetable soybean shell，305VS shell）。利用殺菁技術以毛豆殼與蒸餾水比例（1：10）於90°C沸水煮1 min，探討毛豆殼纖維經殺菁後的化學組成份與理化性質。再將殺菁後毛豆殼纖維利用噴霧乾燥技術製備毛豆殼纖維微膠囊（microcapsule of vegetable soybean shell，ME-VS shell），以大豆蛋白分離物為微膠囊壁材，噴霧乾燥條件為入口溫度178°C與出口溫度110°C，添加毛豆殼纖維固形物含量為10%，大豆蛋白分離物濃度為25%，進料速率為300 mL/h，以提高可溶性膳食纖維（soluble dietary fiber，SDF）的含量；並探其化學組成份、理化性質與生理活性。實驗結果顯示，殺菁之毛豆殼纖維SDF含量（13.2%‒15.6%）較未殺菁毛豆殼纖維高（P < 0.05），其中以B-305VS shell的SDF含量（15.6%）較高。單醣組成份方面，鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、醛醣酸含量較未殺菁毛豆殼纖維高（P < 0.05），其中以B-305VS shell單醣含量（0.81‒20.6 g/100g）較高，而醛醣酸含量（20.6 g/100g）較高顯示含有較多果膠物質。理化性質方面，保水性（9.62‒11.7 mL/g）、保油性（8.23‒9.34 g/g）、膨脹性（9.01‒10.8 mL/g）、溶解度（10.5‒12.2%）與陽離子交換能力（196‒221 meq/kg）較未殺菁毛豆殼纖維高（P < 0.05），其中以B-305VS shell理化性質較好。經噴霧乾燥的毛豆殼纖維微膠囊SDF含量（17.3%‒19.9%）較殺菁之毛豆殼纖維高（P < 0.05），其中以ME-305VS shell的SDF含量（19.9%）較高，主要由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、醛醣酸組成，亦具有上述的理化性質，其包埋率為67.4%，利用掃描式電子顯微鏡之粒徑大小為26.8 μm。
本研究以倉鼠為研究對象，進一步探討在高膽固醇（1%）飲食下，餵食B-305VS shell與ME-305VS shell中的SDF對於倉鼠生理活性的影響。倉鼠隨機分為四組，包含負控制組（不添加膳食纖維）、正控制組（5% cellulose）及實驗組（分別添加6.3% B-305VS shell與8.9% ME-305VS shell），動物飼養30天。實驗結果顯示，餵食ME-305VS shell實驗組能有效（P < 0.05）增加糞便含水量與重量。降低血清中總膽固醇、三酸甘油脂、LDL-C濃度，以及有效增加HDL-C濃度與HDL-C/ LDL-C濃度比值、降低肝臟中的脂肪與膽固醇濃度（P < 0.05）、增加糞便脂質、膽固醇與膽酸的含量。在腸道健康上，餵食ME-305VS shell實驗組能有效（P < 0.05）降低迴腸中麥芽糖酶、蔗糖酶活性、降低盲腸內容物的pH值、氨濃度及糞便中氨濃度（P < 0.05）、降低糞便中β-D-glucosidase、β-D-glucuronidase、mucinase 與urease的活性（P < 0.05）。並且增加短鏈脂肪酸含量、增加雙歧桿菌（Bifidobacterium spp.）與乳酸桿菌（Lactobacillus spp.）以及有效降低產氣莢膜桿菌（Clostridium perfringens）與大腸桿菌（Escherichia coli）菌落數含量（P < 0.05）。
綜合以上分析結果，ME-305VS shell具有較佳的理化性質，可應用於食品功能上，如防止食品脫水收縮。在生理活性方面上，ME-305VS shell能有效降低膽固醇吸收與增加膽酸的排泄、降低腸道酵素活性等，由這些指標顯示具有降血脂功效及維持良好的腸道健康，並減少有毒物質對於腸道的損害。

The use of vegetable soybean shell such as tea vegetable soybean shell, black vegetable soybean shell, and 305 vegetable soybean shell serves as materials in our study. For the preparation of blanched vegetable soybean shells, the shells were blanched in hot water at 90°C for 1 min with the ratio of shells to water of 1:10. Microencapsulation of vegetable soybean shells were prepared by spray drying using blanched vegetable soybean shells as a core materia in order to improve the soluble dietary fiber content. The inlet air temperature of 178°C and outlet air temperature of 110°C, 10% (w/w) total solid content, 25% (w/w) of soy protein isolate concentration, and feed flow rate of 300 mL/h were used for spray-dried microencapsulation. The object of this work was to study the effect of microencapsulation of vegetable sobean shell by spray drying on chemical compostion, physicochemical properties, and physicological activities, using soy protein isolate as wall materials. The results showed that the blanched vegetable soybean shell showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased soluble dietary fiber (13.2%‒15.6%) than unblanched vegetable soybean shell, with 305 vegetable soybean shell (15.6%) possessing the highest value. In view of the monosaccharide composition, the percentage of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and uronic acid (20.6 g/100g) in the various fibers of blanched vegetable soybean shell constituted the total sugars contents, implying that these fibers were mainly composed of pectic substances. With regard to physicochemical properties, the microencapsulation of vegetable soybean shell had excellent water-retention capacity (15.9 mL/g), oil-holding capacity (16.3 g/g), swelling property (13.4 mL/g), solubility (39.2%), ion-exchange capacity (269 meq/kg) and encapsulation efficiency (67.4%), especially for microencapsulation of 305 vegetable soybean shell. Moreover, encapsulation efficiency (67.4%) was found be higher.
The effect of dietary fiber derived from blanched 305 vegetable soybean shell and microcapsule of 305 vegetable soybean shell on hypocholesterolemic activity and intestinal health was investigated using animal feeding experiments. The hamsters were randomly allotted to the four diet groups, namely fiber-free diet, cellulose diet (5%), B-305VS shell diet (6.3%), and ME-305VS shell diet (8.9%). The animals were fed for 30 days. The results showed that among these four diets the consumption of ME-305VS shell could significantly (P < 0.05) decrease the levels of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, HDL-C/LDL-C ratio and liver cholesterol, and increase total lilpids, choleseterol, and bile acids in feces. For the parameters of intestinal helath, the feeding of ME-305VS shell relative to B-305VS shell diet significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the maltase, lactase, sucrase, cecal pH values, cecal ammonia, and fecal ammonia concentrations. Moreover, the feeding of ME-305VS shell effectively（P < 0.05）reduced the β-D-glucosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, mucinase, and urease activities and increased total short-chain fatty acid concentrations as well as increased the Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and reduced the Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli.
As the soluble dietary fiber-rich soybean shell is available in large quantities as a good source of food fiber, our findings suggest that microencapsulation of soybean shell could be exploited as a promising hypocholesterolemic ingredient. Furthermore, consumption of ME-305VS shell might exert a favorable effect on improving gastrointesintal milieu by reducing the exposure of intestine to the toxic materials .

中文摘要 I
Abstract IV
誌謝 VII
目錄 IX
表目錄 XXI
圖目錄 XXIII
第壹章 前言 1
第貳章 文獻整理 4
壹、毛豆簡介 4
貳、膳食纖維的定義 6
参、膳食纖維依溶解度 7
一、可溶性膳食纖維（Soluble dietary fibre，SDF） 7
二、不可溶性膳食纖維（Insoluble dietary fibre，IDF） 8
肆、膳食纖維的化學組成分（Chemical composition） 9
一、非澱粉型多醣（Nonstarch polysaccharide） 9
二、非多醣類的木質素（Lignin） 10
伍、膳食纖維的測定方法 12
陸、膳食纖維的理化性質（Physicochemical properties） 13
一、顆粒大小（Particle size）、表面積（Surface area）與體積（Bulk） 13
二、保水性（Water holding capacity） 14
三、保油性（Oil-holding capacity） 14
四、溶解度（Solubility）與黏性（Viscosity） 15
五、發酵能力（Fermentability） 16
六、陽離子交換能力（Cation exchange capacity） 16
柒、利用殺菁技術處理膳食纖維 17
一、殺菁技術目的 17
二、殺菁技術對於膳食纖維的影響 18
捌、利用噴霧乾燥技術製備毛豆殼纖維微膠囊 19
一、微膠囊化目的 19
二、微膠囊應用於食品工業 19
三、製備微膠囊方法 20
四、噴霧乾燥技術製備微膠囊 20
五、選擇大豆蛋白分離物為微膠囊壁材 21
六、噴霧乾燥技術對於膳食纖維的影響 22
玖、膳食纖維副產品利用 23
拾、可溶性膳食纖維的生理活性（Physiological functions） 24
一、可溶性膳食纖維對腸胃功能的調節 24
（一）腸胃的蠕動 24
（二）胃的排空時間與吸收作用 24
（三）膳食纖維通過腸道時間 25
二、可溶性膳食纖維對於糞便重量與含水率影響 26
三、可溶性膳食纖維對於血清中脂質與膽固醇代謝的影響 27
（一）膽固醇的合成與代謝 27
（二）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於血清中脂肪與膽固醇的影響 30
四、可溶性膳食纖維對於肝臟脂肪與膽固醇代謝的影響 32
（一）肝臟脂肪組織及膽固醇的合成與代謝 32
（二）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於肝臟脂肪與膽固醇的影響 33
五、可溶性膳食纖維對於膽酸的影響 34
（一）膽酸的分類與功能 34
（二）膽酸的合成與代謝 35
（三）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於膽酸的影響 36
六、可溶性膳食纖維對於腸道酵素的影響 37
（一）腸道酵素 37
（二）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於腸道酵素的影響 38
七、可溶性膳食纖維對於氨濃度的影響 39
八、可溶性膳食纖維對於糞便酵素活性的影響 41
（一）糞便酵素 41
（二）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於糞便酵素活性的影響 43
九、可溶性膳食纖維對於發酵產物短鏈脂肪酸的影響 44
（一）短鏈脂肪酸 44
（二）短鏈脂肪酸產物對於人體功能 45
（三）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於短鏈脂肪酸的影響 46
十、可溶性膳食纖維對於腸道中微生物菌相的影響 47
（一）人體腸道微生物分佈 47
（二）攝取可溶性膳食纖維對於腸道中微生物菌相的影響 48
十一、可溶性膳食纖維與疾病的關係 50
（一）心血管疾病 50
（二）大腸癌 51
第参章 實驗架構 54
一、殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的組成分與理化性質 54
二、殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對倉鼠降血脂及腸道健康之生理活性 55
第肆章 材料與方法 56
一、殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的組成分與理化性質 56
（一）實驗材料 56
1. 纖維原料 56
2. 藥品 57
3. 儀器 59
（二）實驗方法 60
1. 殺菁技術處理毛豆殼 60
2. 毛豆殼不可溶性固形物製備 60
3. 毛豆殼纖維的組成分分析 61
（1）水分（Moisture） 61
（2）灰分（Ash） 61
（3）粗蛋白質（Crude protein） 62
（4）粗脂肪（Crude lipid） 62
（5）碳水化合物（Carbohydrate） 63
4. 毛豆殼膳食纖維（Dietary fiber，DF）含量的分析 63
5. 毛豆殼纖維中的單醣組成分 65
（1）酸水解（Acid-hydrolysis） 65
a. 總單醣類（Total monosaccharides） 65
b. 標準溶液（Standard calibration solution）的配製 65
c. 衍生化（Derivatization） 66
d. 氣相層析儀（Gas chromatography，GC）分析 67
e. 中性糖類含量（Neutral sugar content）計算 68
f. 糖醛酸含量（Uronic acid content）測定 69
6. 毛豆殼纖維理化性質測定 70
（1）總體密度（Bulk density） 70
（2）保水性（Water-holding capacity） 70
（3）保油性（Oil-holding capacity） 71
（4）膨脹性（Swelling property） 71
（5）溶解度（Solubility） 72
（6）陽離子交換能力（Cation-exchange capacity） 72
7. 毛豆殼纖維微膠囊分析 73
（1）噴霧乾燥技術製備毛豆殼纖維微膠囊 73
（2）毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的組成分分析 73
a. 水分（Moisture） 73
b. 灰分（Ash） 73
c. 粗蛋白質（Crude protein） 73
d. 粗脂肪（Crude lipid） 74
e. 碳水化合物（Carbohydrate） 74
（3）毛豆殼纖維微膠囊中膳食纖維（Dietary fiber，DF）含量分析 74
（4）毛豆殼纖維微膠囊中的單醣組成分 74
（5）毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的理化性質測定 74
a. 體積密度（Bulk density） 74
b. 保水性（Water-holding capacity） 74
c. 保油性（Oil-holding capacity） 74
d. 膨脹性（Swelling property） 74
e. 溶解度（Solubility） 74
f. 陽離子交換能力（Cation-exchange capacity） 74
e. 吸溼性（Hygroscopicity） 74
f. 微膠囊包埋率（Encapsulation efficiency） 75
（6）毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的細微結構觀察 75
二、毛豆殼纖維的生理活性 76
（一）飼料製備 76
1. 飼料配製方法 77
（二）動物飼養 79
（三）動物犧牲取樣 79
（四）樣品分析 80
1. 糞便中水分含量測定 80
2. 糞便實相體積的計算 80
（五）血脂評估 80
1. 血清中三酸甘油酯（Triglyceride）測定 80
2. 血清中總膽固醇（Total cholesterol）測定 81
3. 血清中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇（HDL-C）測定 81
（1）分離HDL-C部分 81
（2）測定HDL-C含量 82
4. 血清中低密度脂蛋白（LDL-cholesterol）測定 82
5. 肝臟中膽固醇測定 83
6. 肝臟中總脂質的測定 84
7. 糞便中膽固醇（Cholesterol）測定 84
8. 糞便中總脂質（Total lipids）的測定 85
9. 糞便中膽酸（Bile acid）的測定 85
（六）腸道健康評估 86
1. 腸道均質液製備 86
2. 腸道雙醣酶（Disaccharidase）活性測定 87
3. 盲腸內容物中pH值測定 88
4. 盲腸內容物中氨（Ammonia）含量的測定 88
5. 糞便中氨（Ammonia）含量的測定 89
6. 糞便均質液製備 90
7. β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（β-glucuronidase）活性測定 90
8. β-葡萄糖酶（β-glucosidase）活性測定 91
9. 黏液素酶（Mucinase）活性測定 91
10. 尿素酶（Urease）活性測定 92
11. 糞便中的短鏈脂肪酸的測定 93
12. 糞便中菌相的測定 94
（1）乳酸桿菌（Lactobacillus spp.） 94
（2）雙叉桿菌（Bifidobacterium spp.） 95
（3）產氣莢膜桿菌（Clostridium perfringens） 96
（4）大腸桿菌（Escherichia coli） 96
三. 統計方法 96
第伍章 結果與討論 98
一、不同品種毛豆殼的組成份 98
（一）不同加工處理毛豆殼的一般組成份 98
（三）毛豆殼經不同加工製備的單醣組成份 106
二、不同型態的毛豆殼纖維的理化性質 110
三、毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的溶解度、吸濕性與微膠囊包埋率 119
四、毛豆殼纖維微膠囊的細微結構觀察 122
五、毛豆殼纖維中可溶性膳食纖維的生理活性 127
（一）倉鼠於實驗期間生長的情況 127
（二）倉鼠的各器官組織於實驗期間相對重量的變化 129
（三）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對糞便的排出量與水分的影響 132
（四）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對血清中總膽固醇與三酸甘油脂濃度影響 135
（五）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對肝臟中膽固醇與脂質的影響 141
（六）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對糞便中脂質、膽固醇與膽酸的影響 144
（七）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對迴腸中酵素活性的影響 148
（八）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對盲腸內容物pH 值、盲腸內容物與糞便中氨濃度的影響 151
（九）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對糞便中酵素活性的影響 155
（十）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對盲腸內容物短鏈脂肪酸含量的影響 161
（十一）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對糞便短鏈脂肪酸含量的影響 162
（十二）殺菁之毛豆殼纖維與噴霧乾燥之毛豆殼纖維微膠囊對糞便中菌相的影響 165
第陸章 總結論 171
第柒章 參考文獻 172

行政院農業委員會。2013。農業統計月報。
行政院農業委員會。2013。農業統計年報。
衛生福利部統計處。2013。101年度死因統計表。
AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) (2011). Letter to Nutrition Evaluation Division of Health Canada. Re: Proposed Policy: Definition and Energy Value for Dietary Fibre. URL <http://www.aaccnet.org/news/pdfs/2011_HealthCanada_DietaryFiber.pdf> Accessed 09.09.11.
Alhaj, O. A., Kanekanian, A. D., Peters, A. C., & Tatham, A. S. (2010). Hypocholesterolemic effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subs. Lactis (Bb12) and trypsin casein hydrolysate. Food Chemistry, 123, 430–435.
Anderson, E. T., & Berry, B. W. (2001). Effects of inner pea fiber on fat retention and cooking yield in high fat ground beef. Food Research International, 34, 689–694.
Andersson, K. E., Immerstrand, T., Sward, K., Bergenstahl, B., Lindholm, M. W., Oste, R., & Hellstrand, P. (2010). Effects of oats on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins in C57BL/6 mice are substrain specific. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(4), 513-521.
AOAC. Official Methtods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official
analytical Chemists: Washington, DC. 2000.
Aouadi, R., Aouidet, A., Elkadhi, A., Ben-Rayana, C., Jaafoura, H., Tritar, B., & Nagati, K. (2000). Effect of fresh garlic on lipid metabolism in male rats. Nutrition Research, 20, 273–280.
Aprikian, O., Levrat-Verny, M.-A., Besson, C., Busserolles, J., Rémésy, C., & Demigné, C. (2001). Apple favourably affects parameters of cholesterol metabolism and of anti-oxidative protection in cholesterol-fed rats. Food Chemistry, 75, 445-452.
Augustin, M. A., Sanguansri, L., & Bode, O. (2006). Maillard reaction products as encapsulants for fish oil powders. Food Science, 71, 25–32.
Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Vega-Vega, V., Rosas-Domínguez, C., Palafox-Carlos, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Siddiqui, M. W., Dávila-Aviña, J. E., & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2011). Review-Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a source of food additives. Food Research International, 44, 1866-1874.
Babin, P. J., & Gibbons, G. F. (2009). The evolution of plasma cholesterol: Direct utility or a ‘‘spandrel” of hepatic lipid metabolism? Progress in Lipid Research, 48, 73-91.
Baijal, P. K., Fitzpatrick, D. W., & Bird, R. P. (1998). Modulation of colonic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes by feeding bile acids: comparative effects of cholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. Food Chemistry Toxicol, 36(7), 601-607.
Bao, B., & Chang, K. C. (1994). Carrot pulp chemical composition, color, and waterholding capacity as affected by blanching. Food Science, 59, 1159–1161.
Barbosa, M. I. M. J., Borsarelli, C. D., & Mercadante, A. Z. (2005). Light stability of spray-dried bixin encapsulated with different edible polysaccharide preparations. Food Research International, 38, 989-994.
Beher, W. T., Stradnieks, S., Lin, G. J., & Sanfield, J. (1981). Rapid analysis of human fecal bile acids. Steroids, 38(3), 281-295.
Benítez, V., Cantera, S., Aguilera, Y., Mollá, E., Esteban, R. M., Díaz, M. F., & Martín-Cabrejas, M. A. (2013). Impact of germination on starch, dietary fiber and physicochemical properties in non-conventional legumes. Food Research International, 50, 64-69.
Bliss, D. Z., Jung, H. J., Savik, K., Lowry, A., LeMoine, M., Jensen, L., Werner, C., & Schaffer, K. (2001). Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res, 50(4), 203-213.
Bliss, D. Z., Stein, T. P., Schleifer, C. R., & Settle, R. G. (1996). Supplementation with gum arabic fiber increases fecal nitrogen excretion and lowers serum urea nitrogen in chronic Walter consuming a low-protein diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 392–398.
Botrel, D. A., Fernandes, R. V. o. d. B., Borges, S. V., & Yoshida, M. I. (2014). Influence of wall matrix systems on the properties of spray-dried microparticles containing fish oil. Food Research International, 62, 344-352.
Brennan, M. A., Monro, J. A., & Brennan, C. S. (2008). Effect of inclusion of soluble and insoluble fibres into extruded breakfast cereal products made with reverse screw configuration. Food Science and Technology, 43, 2278-2288.
Brownlee, I. A. (2011). The physiological roles of dietary fibre. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(2), 238-250.
Butt, M. S., Shahzadi, N., Sharif, M. K., & Nasir, M. (2007). Guar gum: a miracle therapy for hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and obesity. Critical Reviews in Food Science Nutrition, 47(4), 389-396.
Cai, Y. Z., & Corke, H. (2000). Production and properties of spray-dried Amaranthus betacyanin pigments. Food Science, 65(6), 1248−1252.
Caliskan, G., & Dirim, S. N. (2013). The effects of the different drying conditions and theamounts of maltodextrin addition during spray drying ofsumac extract. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 91, 539-548.
Canh, T. T., Aarnink, A. J., Verstegen, M. W., & Schrama, J. W. (1998). Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 76(4), 1123-1130.
Caprez, A., Arrigoni, E., Amadò, R., & Neukom, H. (1986). Influence of different types of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and physical properties of wheat bran. Cereal Science, 4, 233–239.
Cara, L., Dubois, M., Armand, N., Mekki, M., Senft, M., Portugal, H., & Lairon, D. (1993). Pectins are the components responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of apple fiber. Nutrition, 12, 66–77.
Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Grundy, S. M., & Brinkley, L. J. (2000). Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342(19), 1392-1398.
Chantaro, P., Devahastin, S., & Chiewchan, N. (2008). Production of antioxidant high dietary fiber powder from carrot peels. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41, 1987-1994.
Charve, J., & Reineccius, G. A. (2009). Encapsulation performance of proteins and traditional materials for spray dried flavors. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(6), 2486-2492.
Chau, C. F., Chen, C.-H., & Wang, Y.-T. (2004). Effects of a novel pomace fiber on lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the hamster. Nutrition Research, 24, 337-435.
Chau, C. F., & Cheung, P. C.-K. (1999). Effects of the physico-chemical properties of three legume fibers on cholesterol absorption in hamsters. Nutrition Research, 19, 257–265.
Chau, C. F., Wang, Y.-T., & Wen, Y.-L. (2007). Different micronization methods significantly improve the functionality of carrot insoluble fibre. Food Chemistry, 100, 1402-1408.
Chau, C. F. (1998). Nutritonal values of three leguminous seeds and functional properties of their protein and fiber fractions. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5, 1046-1052.
Chau, C. F., Cheung, P. C. K., & Wong, Y. S. (1997). Functional properties of protein concentrates from three Chinese indigenous legume seeds. Agricultural and Food Chemistryistry, 45, 2500-2503.
Chau, C. F., & Huang, Y. L. (2003). Comparison of the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of different fibers prepared from the peel of citrus sinensis L. Cv. Liucheng. Jourual of agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(9), 2615-2618.
Chen, H., Wang, C., Chang, C., & Wang, T. (2003). Effects of Taiwanese yam (Dioscorea japonica Thunb var. pseudojaponica Yamamoto) on upper gut function and lipid metabolism in Balb/c mice. Nutrition, 19(7-8), 646-651.
Chen, H. L., Fan, Y. H., Chen, M. E., & Chan, Y. (2005). Unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed konjac glucomannans modulated cecal and fecal microflora in Balb/c mice. Nutrition, 21(10), 1059-1064.
Chen, H. L., Lin, Y. M., & Wang, Y. C. (2010). Comparative effects of cellulose and soluble fibers (pectin, konjac glucomannan, inulin) on fecal water toxicity toward Caco-2 cells, fecal bacteria enzymes, bile acid, and short-chain fatty acids. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(18), 10277-10281.
Cherbut, C., Michel, C., Raison, V., Kravtchenko, T., & Severine, M. (2003). Acacia gum is a bifidogenic dietary fibre with high digestive tolerance in healthy humans. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 15, 43–50.
Choi, Y. S., Cho, S. H., Kim, H. J., & Lee, H. J. (1998). Effects of soluble dietary fibers on lipid metabolism and activities of intestinal disaccharidases in rats. Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo), 44(5), 591-600.
Clark, M. J., Robien, K., & Slavin, J. L. (2012). Effect of prebiotics on biomarkers of colorectal cancer in humans: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 70(8), 436-443.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report of the 30th Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses. Availableat:http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/710/al32_26e pdf. Accessed September 24, 2010.
Comunian, T. A., Thomazini, M., Alves, A. J. G., Junior, F. E. d. M., Balieiro, J. C. d. C., & Favaro-Trindade, C. S. (2013). Microencapsulation of ascorbic acid by complex coacervation: Protection and controlled release. Food Research International, 52, 373-379.
Costa, M. A., Mehta, T., & Males, J. R. (1989). Effects of dietary cellulose, psyllium husk and cholesterol level on fecal and colonic microbial metabolism in monkeys. Nutrition, 119(7), 986-992.
Cryne, C. N., Veenstra, J. M., Deschambault, B. R., Benali, M., Marcotte, M., Boye, J. I., Tosh, S. M., Farnworth, E. R., Wright, A. J., & Duncan, A. M. (2012). Spray-dried pulse consumption does not affect cardiovascular disease risk or glycemic control in healthy males. Food Research International, 48, 131-139.
Cuervo, A., Salazar, N., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Gueimonde, M., & González, S. (2013). Fiber from a regular diet is directly associated with fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the elderly. Nutrition Research, 33, 811-816.
Cummings, J. H., Branch, W., Jenkins, D. J. A., Southgate, D. A. T., Houston, H., & James, W. P. T. (1978). Colonic response to dietary fiber from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran and guar gum. Lancet, 1, 5-9.
Dahlqvist, A. (1964). Method for assay of intestinal disaccharidases. Analytical Biochemistry, 7, 18-25.
Dalgetty, D. D., & Baik, B. K. (2003). Isolation and characterization of cotyledon fibers from peas, lentils, and chickpeas. Cereal Chemistry, 80, 310–315.
Darwiche, G., Bjorgell, O., & Almer, L. O. (2003). The addition of locust bean gum but not water delayed the gastric emptying rate of a nutrient semisolid meal in healthy subjects. BMC Gastroenterol, 3, 12.
Day, S. D., Enos, R. T., McClellan, J. L., Steiner, J. L., Velazquez, K. T., & Murphy, E. A. (2013). Linking inflammation to tumorigenesis in a mouse model of high-fat-diet-enhanced colon cancer. Cytokine, 64(1), 454-462.
Ding, H. H., Cui, S. W., Goff, H. D., Qi Wang, J. C., & Han, N. F. (2014). Soluble polysaccharides from flaxseed kernel as a new source of dietary fibres: Extraction and physicochemical characterization. Food Research International, 56, 166-173.
Dong, J., Cai, F., Shen, R., & Liu, Y. (2011). Hypoglycaemic effects and inhibitory effect on intestinal disaccharidases of oat beta-glucan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Chemistry, 129, 1066-1071.
Donhowe, E. G., Flores, F. P., Kerr, W. L., Wicker, L., & Kong, F. (2014). Characterization and in vitro bioavailability of b-carotene: Effects of microencapsulation method and food matrix. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 57, 42-48.
Doong, R. A., & Shih, H. M. (2010). Array-based titanium dioxide biosensors for ratiometric determination of glucose, glutamate and urea. Biosens Bioelectron, 25(6), 1439-1446.
Ebihara, K., & Schneeman, B. O. (1989). Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestine of rats. Nutrition, 119(8), 1100-1106.
Ekholm, K., Grönberg, C., Börjeson, S., & Berterö, C. (2013). The next of kin experiences of symptoms and distress among patients with colorectal cancer: Diagnosis and treatment affecting the life situation. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17, 125-130.
Elleuch, M., Bedigian, D., Roiseux, O., Besbes, S., Blecker, C., & Attia, H. (2011). Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review. Food Chemistry, 124, 411-421.
Fäldt, P., & Bergenståhl, B. (1996). Spray-dried whey protein/lactose/soybean oil emulsions. 2. Redispersability, wettability and particle structure. Food Hydrocolloids, 10, 431–439.
Fang, Z., & Bhandari, B. (2010). Encapsulation of polyphenols—A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21, 510–523.
Favaro-Trindade, C. S., Santana, A. S., Monterrey-Quintero, E. S., Trindade, M. A., & Netto, F. M. (2010). The use of spray drying technology to reduce bitter taste of casein hydrolysate. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 336–340.
Fernández-López, J., Sendra-Nadal, E., Navarro, C., Sayas, E., Viuda-Martos, M., & Alvarez, J. A. P. (2009). Storage stability of a high dietary fibre powder from Orange by-products. Food Science and Technology, 44, 748–756.
Fernandez, M. L. (2001). Soluble fiber and nondigestible carbohydrate effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular risk. Current Opinion Lipidology, 12(1), 35-40.
Figuerola, F., Hurtado, M. a. L., Estévez, A. M. a., Chiffelle, I., & Asenjo, F. (2005). Fibre concentrates from apple pomace and citrus peel as potential fibre sources for food enrichment. Food Chemistry, 91, 395–401.
Fleddermann, M., Fechner, A., Rößler, A., Bähr, M., Pastor, A., Liebert, F., & Jahreis, G. (2013). Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance – A randomized cross-over Clinical Nutrition, 32, 519-526.
Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497-509.
Foschia, M., Peressini, D., Sensidoni, A., & Brennan, C. S. (2013). The effects of dietary fibre addition on the quality of common cereal products. Cereal Science, 58(2), 216-227.
Frascareli, E. C., Silva, V. M., Tonon, R. V., & Hubinger, M. D. (2012). Effect of process conditions on the microencapsulation of coffee oil by spray drying. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90, 413-424.
Frias, A. C., & Sgarbieri, V. C. (1998). Guar gum effects on food intake, blood serum lipids and glucose levels of Wistar rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 53(1), 15-28.
Fritzen-Freire, C. B., Prudêncio, E. S., Amboni, R. D. M. C., S., S., N., P. A., Negrão-Murakami, & Murakami, F. S. (2012). Microencapsulation of bifidobacteria by spray drying in the presence of prebiotics. Food Research International, 45, 306-312.
FSANZ (Food Standards Australia New Zealand) (2011). Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Standard 1.2.8 – Nutrition Information Requirements (F2001C00537). 11 July 2011. URL <http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/ F2011C00537/Download> Accessed 10.10.11.
Fu, Z. D., & Klaassen, C. D. (2013). Increased bile acids in enterohepatic circulation by short-term calorie restriction in male mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 273(3), 680-690.
Gómez-Conde, M. S., Rozas, A. P. d., Badiola, I., Pérez-Alba, L., Blas, C. d., Carabaño, R., & García, J. (2009). Effect of neutral detergent soluble fibre on digestion, intestinal microbiota and performance in twenty five day old weaned rabbits. Livestock Science, 125, 192–198.
Gómez-Condea, M. S., Rozas, A. P. d., Badiola, I., Pérez-Alba, L., Blas, C. d., Carabaño, R., & García, J. (2009). Effect of neutral detergent soluble fibre on digestion, intestinal microbiota and performance in twenty five day old weaned rabbits. Livestock Science, 125, 192–198.
Gharsallaoui, A., Roudaut, G., Chambin, O., Voilley, A., & Saurel, R. (2007). Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: an overview. Food Research International, 40, 1107-1121.
Goldin, B. R., & Gorbach, S. L. (1976). The relationship between diet and rat fecal bacterial enzymes implicated in colon cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 57(2), 371-375.
Goldin, B. R., Swenson, L., Dwyer, J., Sexton, M., & Gorbach, S. L. (1980). Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 64(2), 255-261.
Gorecka, D., Lampart-Szczapa, E., Janitz, W., & Sokolowska, B. (2000). Composition of fractional and functional properties of dietary fiber of lupines (L. luteus and L. albus). Nahrung, 44(4), 229-232.
Goula, A. M., & Adamopoulos, K. G. (2005). Spray drying of tomato pulp in dehumidified air:II. The effect on powder properties. Food Engineering, 66, 35-42.
Gråsten, S. M., Juntunen, K. S., Mättö, J., Mykkänen, O. T., El-Nezami, H., Adlercreutze, H., Poutanen, K. S., & Mykkänen, H. M. (2007). High-fiber rye bread improves bowel function in postmenopausal women but does not cause other putatively positive changes in the metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota. Nutrition Research, 27, 454–461.
Gråsten, S. M., Pajari, A.,M., Liukkonen, K. H., Karppinen, S., & Mykka¨nen, H. M. (2002). Fibers with different solubility characteristics alter similarly the metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota in rats fed cereal brans and inulin. Nutrition Research, 22, 1435-1444.
Grigelmo-Miguel, N., & MartõÂn-Belloso, O. (1999). Characterization of dietary fiber from orange juice extraction. Food Research International, 31, 355-361.
Gudiel-Urbano, M., & Goñi, I. (2002). Effect of edible seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra ternera) on the metabolic activities of intestinal microflora in rats. Nutrition Research, 22, 323-331.
Guevara-Cruz, M., Lai, C. Q., Richardson, K., Parnell, L. D., Lee, Y. C., Tovar, A. R., Ordovas, J. M., & Torres, N. (2013). Effect of a GFOD2 variant on responses in total and LDL cholesterol in Mexican subjects with hypercholesterolemia after soy protein and soluble fiber supplementation. Gene, 532(2), 211-215.
Högberg, A., & Lindberg, J. E. (2004). Influence of cereal non-starch polysaccharides and enzyme supplementation on digestion site and gut environment in weaned piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 116, 113–128.
Hannan, J. M., Ali, L., Rokeya, B., Khaleque, J., Akhter, M., Flatt, P. R., & Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. (2007). Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. British Journal of Nutrition, 97(3), 514-521.
Hansen, I., Knudsen, K. E., & Eggum, B. O. (1992). Gastrointestinal implications in the rat of wheat bran, oat bran and pea fibre. British Journal of Nutrition, 68(2), 451-462.
Harada, L. M., Amigo, L., Cazita, P. ı. M., Salerno, A. G., Rigotti, A. A., Quint˜ao, E. C. R., & Oliveir, H. C. F. (2007). CETP expression enhances liver HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake but does not alter VLDL and biliary lipid secretion. Atherosclerosis, 191, 313-318.
Hasnaoui, N., Wathelet, B., & Jiménez-Araujo, A. (2014). Valorization of pomegranate peel from 12 cultivars: Dietary fiber composition, antioxidant capacity and functional properties. Food Chemistry, 160(196-203).
Hatakka, K., Holma, R., El-Nezami, H., Suomalainen, T., Kuisma, M., Saxelin, M., Poussa, T., Mykkanen, H., & Korpela, R. (2008). The influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 together with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS on potentially carcinogenic bacterial activity in human colon. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 128(2), 406-410.
Hawlader, M. N. A., Uddin, M. S., & Khin, M. M. (2003). Microcapsuled PCM thermal-energy storage system. Applied Energy, 74, 195-202.
Henningsson, A. M., Nyman, E. M., & Bjorck, I. M. (2001). Content of short-chain fatty acids in the hindgut of rats fed processed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flours varying in distribution and content of indigestible carbohydrates. British Journal of Nutrition, 86(3), 379-389.
Hogan, S. A., Mcnamee, B. F., O'riordan, E. D., & O'sullivan, M. (2001). Microencapsulating properties of whey protein concentrate 75. Food Science, 66, 675–680.
Hosseinpour-Niazi, S., Mirmiran, P., Sohrab, G., Hosseini-Esfahani, F., & Azizi, F. (2011). Inverse association between fruit, legume, and cereal fiber and the risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabete Sresearch and Clinical Practice, 94, 276-283.
Hu, J.-L., Nie, S.-P., Li, C., & Xie, M.-Y. (2013). In vitro fermentation of polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. by human fecal microbiota. Food Hydrocolloids, 33, 384-392.
Huang, S. C., Lia, T. S., Cheng, T. C., Chan, H. Y., S. M.Hwang, & Hwang, D. F. (2009). In vitro interactions on glucose by different fiber materials prepared from mung bean hulls, rice bran and lemon pomace. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 17, 307–314.
Isken, F., Klaus, S., Osterhoff, M., Pfeiffer, A. F., & Weickert, M. O. (2010). Effects of long-term soluble vs. insoluble dietary fiber intake on high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Nutrition Biochemistry, 21(4), 278-284.
Jabbar, S., Abid, M., Hu, B., Wu, T., Hashim, M. M., Lei, S., Zhu, X., & Zeng, X. (2014). Quality of carrot juice as influenced by blanching and sonication treatments. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 55, 16-21.
Jackix, E. d. A., Monteiro, E. B., Raposo, H. F., & Amaya-Farfán, J. (2013). Cholesterol reducing and bile-acid binding properties of taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) leaf in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Research International, 51, 886-891.
Jafari, S. M., Assadpoor, E., Bhandari, B., & He, Y. (2008). Nano-particle encapsulation of fish oil by spray drying. Food Research International, 41(2), 172–183.
Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Vuksan, V., Vidgen, E., Parker, T., Faulkner, D., Mehling, C. C., Garsetti, M., Testolin, G., Cunnane, S. C., Ryan, M. A., & Corey, P. N. (2002). Soluble fiber intake at a dose approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for a claim of health benefits: serum lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease assessed in a randomized controlled crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(5), 834-839.
Jensen, B. B., & Jørgensen, H. (1994). Effect of dietary fiber on microbial activity and microbial gas production in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 1897–1904.
Jones, P. J. H. (2008). Dietary agents that target gastrointestinal and hepatic handling of bile acids and cholesterol. Clinical Lipidology, 2, S4-S10.
Jun-xia, X., Hai-yan, Y., & Jian, Y. (2011). Microencapsulation of sweet orange oil by complex coacervation with soybean protein isolate/gum Arabic. Food Chemistry, 125, 1267-1272.
Kapravelou, G., Martínez, R., Andrade, A. M., Sánchez, C., Chaves, C. L., López-Jurado, M., Aranda, P., Cantarero, S., Arrebola, F., Fernández-Segura, E., Galisteo, M., & Porres, J. M. (2013). Health promoting effects of Lupin (Lupinus albus var. multolupa) protein hydrolyzate and insoluble fiber in a diet-induced animal experimental model of hypercholesterolemia. Food Research International, 54, 1471-1481.
Kasdagly, M., Radhakrishnan, S., Reddivari, L., Veeramachaneni, D. N. R., MScVet, B., & Vanamala, J. (2014). Colon Carcinogenesis: Influence of Western Diet-induced Obesity and Targeting Stem Cells Using Dietary Bioactive Compounds. Nutrition.
Khan, S. S., Khan, A., Wadood, A., Farooq, U., Ahmed, A., Zahoor, A., Ahmad, V. U., Sener, B., & Erdemoglu, N. (2014). Urease inhibitory activity of ursane type sulfated saponins from the aerial parts of Zygophyllum fabago Linn. Phytomedicine, 21(3), 379-382.
Kidmose, U., & Martens, H. J. (1999). Changes in texture, microstructure and nutritional quality of carrot slices during blanching and freezing. Science of Food and Agriculture, 79, 1747-1753.
Kishimoto, A., Ushida, K., Phillips, G. O., Ogasawara, T., & Sasaki, Y. (2006). Identification of intestinal bacteria responsible for fermentation of gum arabic in pig model. Current Microbiology, 53(3), 173-177.
Kondo, Y., Nakatani, A., Hayashi, K., & Ito, M. (2000). Low molecular weight chitosan prevents the progression of low dose streptozotocin-induced slowly progressive diabetes mellitus in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 23(12), 1458-1464.
Kossori, R. L. E., Sanchez, C., Boustani, E.-S. E., Maucourt, M. N., Sauvaire, Y., Méjean, L., & Villaume, C. (2000). Comparison of effects of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica sp.) fruit, arabic gum, carrageenan, alginic acid, locust bean gum and citrus pectin on viscosity and in vitro digestibility of casein. Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(3), 359–364.
Krall, S. M., & McFeeters, R. F. (1998). Pectin hydrolysis: effect of temperature, degree of methylation, pH, and calcium on hydrolysis rates. Agricultural and Food Chemistryistry, 46(4), 1311–1315.
Krasaekoopt, W., & Watcharapoka, S. (2014). Effect of addition of inulin and galactooligosaccharide on the survival of microcapsuled probiotics in alginate beads coated with chitosan in simulated LWT - Food Science and Technology, 57, 761-766.
Lærke, H. N., Meyer, A. S., Kaack, K. V., & Larsen, T. (2007). Soluble fiber extracted from potato pulp is highly fermentable but has no effect on risk markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Nutrition Research, 27, 152 – 160.
Lærke, H. N., Pedersen, C., Mortensen, M. A., Theil, P. K., Larsen, T., & Knudsen, K. E. B. (2008). Rye bread reduces plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolaemic pigs when compared to wheat at similar dietary fibre level. Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 1385-1393.
Lan, G., Chen, H., Chen, S., & Tian, J. (2012). Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of dietary fiber from Polygonatum odoratum as affected by different processing methods. Food Research International, 49, 406-410.
Lecumberri, E., Goya, L., Mateos, R., Alia, M., Ramos, S., Izquierdo-Pulido, M., & Bravo, L. (2007). A diet rich in dietary fiber from cocoa improves lipid profile and reduces malondialdehyde in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutrition, 23(4), 332-341.
Lenquiste, S. A., Batista, Â. G., Marineli, R. d. S., Dragano, N. R. V., & Jr., M. R. M. (2012). Freeze-dried jaboticaba peel added to high-fat diet increases HDL-cholesterol and improves insulin resistance in obese rats. Food Research International, 49, 153-160.
Leontowicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Bartnikowska, E., Leontowicz, H., Kulasek, G., & Trakhtenberg, S. (2001). Sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fibers improve lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol. Food Chemistry, 72, 73-78.
Levrat-Verny, M. A., Behr, S., Mustad, V., Remesy, C., & Demigne, C. (2000). Low levels of viscous hydrocolloids lower plasma cholesterol in rats primarily by impairing cholesterol absorption. Nutrition, 130(2), 243-248.
Lindström, C., Holst, O., Hellstrand, P., Öste, R., & Andersson, K. E. (2012). Evaluation of commercial microbial hydrocolloids concerning their effects on plasma lipids and caecal formation of SCFA in mice. Food Hydrocolloids, 28, 367-372.
Ling, W. H., Korpela, R., Mykkanen, H., Salminen, S., & Hanninen, O. (1994). Lactobacillus strain GG supplementation decreases colonic hydrolytic and reductive enzyme activities in healthy female adults. Nutrition, 124(1), 18-23.
Liu, L., Yu, Y. L., Liu, C., Wang, X. T., Liu, X. D., & Xie, L. (2011). Insulin deficiency induces abnormal increase in intestinal disaccharidase activities and expression under diabetic states, evidences from in vivo and in vitro study. Biochem Pharmacol, 82(12), 1963-1970.
Liu, Z., Lin, X., Huang, G., Zhang, W., Rao, P., & Ni, L. (2014). Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans. Anaerobe, 26, 1-6.
Lo, G. S., & Moore, D. T. G. W. R. (1991). Physical effects and functional properties of dietary fiber sources., 153–191.
Lopez, H. W., Levrat, M. A., Guy, C., Messager, A., Demigne, C., & Remesy, C. (1999). Effects of soluble corn bran arabinoxylans on cecal digestion, lipid metabolism, and mineral balance (Ca, Mg) in rats. Nutrional Biochemistry, 10(9), 500-509.
Ma, T., & Verkman, A. S. (1999). Aquaporin water channels in gastrointestinal physiology. Physiology, 517 ( Pt 2), 317-326.
Madar, Z., & Stark, A. (1995). Possible mechanisms by which dietary fibers affect lipid metabolism. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 6, 40-42.
Mandimika, T., Paturi, G., Guzman, C. E. D., Butts, C. A., Nones, K., Monro, J. A., Butler, R. C., Joyce, N. I., Mishra, S., & Ansell, J. (2012). Effects of dietary broccoli fibre and corn oil on serum lipids, faecal bile acid excretion and hepatic gene expression in rats. Food Chemistry, 131, 1272-1278.
Martin-Cabrejas, M. A., Aguilera, Y., Benitez, V., Molla, E., Lopez-Andreu, F. J., & Esteban, R. M. (2006). Effect of industrial dehydration on the soluble carbohydrates and dietary fiber fractions in legumes. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(20), 7652-7657.
Mateos, G. G., Martín, F., Latorre, M. A., Vicente, B., & Lázaro, R. (2006). Inclusion of oat hulls in diets for young pigs based on cooked maize or cooked rice. Animal Science, 82, 57–63.
Matheson, H. B., Colon, I. S., & Story, J. A. (1995). Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is increased by dietary modification with psyllium hydrocolloid, pectin, cholesterol and cholestyramine in rats. Nutrition, 125(3), 454-458.
May, T., Mackie, R. I., Fahey, G. C., Jr., Cremin, J. C., & Garleb, K. A. (1994). Effect of fiber source on short-chain fatty acid production and on the growth and toxin production by Clostridium difficile. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 29(10), 916-922.
McDougall, G. J., Morrison, I. M., Stewart, D., & Hillman, J. R. (1996). Plant cell walls as dietary fiber: range, structure, processing and function. Science of Food and Agriculture, 133–150.
Meissner, M., Wolters, H., Boer, R. A. d., Havinga, R., Boverhof, R., Bloks, V. W., Kuipers, F., & Groen, A. K. (2013). Bile acid sequestration normalizes plasma cholesterol and reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. No additional effect of physical activity. Atherosclerosis, 228, 117-123.
Mendanha, D. V., Ortiz, S. E. M., S., C., Favaro-Trindade, Mauri, A., Monterrey-Quintero, E. S., & Thomazini, M. (2009). Microencapsulation of casein hydrolysate by complex coacervation with SPI/pectin. Food Research International, 42, 1099-1104.
Miller, M. S., Galligan, J. J., & Burks, T. F. (1981). Accurate measurement of intestinal transit in the rat. Pharmacological Methods, 6(3), 211-217.
Moffett, D., Moffett, S., & Schauf, C. L. (1993). Human Physiology: Foundations & Frontiers. Mosby.
Mohamed, S. A., Fahmy, A. S., & Salah, H. A. (2007). Disaccharidase activities in camel small intestine: Biochemical investigations of maltase–glucoamylase activity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 146, 124-130.
Morales-Blancas, E. F., Chandia, V. E., & Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2002). Thermal inactivation kinetics of peroxidase and lipoxygenase from broccoli, green asparagus and carrots. Food Science, 67, 146–154.
Mori, H., Yamada, Y., Kuno, T., & Hirose, Y. (2004). Aberrant crypt foci and beta-catenin accumulated crypts; significance and roles for colorectal carcinogenesis. Mutation Research, 566(3), 191-208.
Morzycki, J. W. (2014). Recent advances in cholesterol chemistry. Steroids, 83, 62-79.
Moundras, C., Behr, S. R., Remesy, C., & Demigne, C. (1997). Fecal losses of sterols and bile acids induced by feeding rats guar gum are due to greater pool size and liver bile acid secretion. Nutrition, 127(6), 1068-1076.
Mudgil, D., & Barak, S. (2013). Composition, properties and health benefits of indigestible carbohydrate polymers as dietary fiber: A review. Biological Macromolecules, 61, 1-6.
Nakao, M., Ogura, Y., Satake, S., Ito, I., Iguchi, A., Takagi, K., & Nabeshima, T. (2002). Usefulness of soluble dietary fiber for the treatment of diarrhea during enteral nutrition in elderly patients. Nutrition, 18(1), 35-39.
Nalini, N., Manju, V., & Menon, V. P. (2004). Effect of coconut cake on the bacterial enzyme activity in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colon cancer. Clinica Chimica Acta, 342(1-2), 203-210.
Nalini, N., Sabitha, K., Viswanathan, P., & Menon, V. P. (1998). Influence of spices on the bacterial (enzyme) activity in experimental colon cancer. Ethnopharmacology, 62(1), 15-24.
Nesterenko, A., Alric, I., Franc, Silvestre, o., & Durrieu, V. (2013). Vegetable proteins in microencapsulation: A review of recent interventions and their effectiveness. Industrial Crops and Products, 42, 469-479.
Nyman, E. M. G.-L., & Svanberg, S. J. M. (2002). Modification of physicochemical properties of dietary fibre in carrots by mono- and divalent cations. Food Chemistry, 76, 273-280.
Nyman, M. (1995). Effects of processing on dietary fibre in vegetables. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49 Suppl 3, S215-218.
Okuda, H., & Fujii, S. (1986). Kettyuu ammonia tyokusetsu hisyoku triryouhou. The Saishin-igaku, 21, 622-627.
Onat, A., Can, G., Cicek, G., Ayhan, E., & Dogan, Y. (2010). Predictive value of serum apolipoprotein B/LDL-cholesterol ratio in cardiometabolic risk: population-based cohort study. Clinical Biochemistry, 43(18), 1381-1386.
Pande, S., & Srinivasan, K. (2012). Potentiation of the hypolipidemic influence of dietary tender cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) by garlic in cholesterol fed rats. Food Chemistry, 133, 798-805.
Peerajit, P., Chiewchan, N., & Devahastin, S. (2012). Effects of pretreatment methods on health-related functional properties of high dietary fibre powder from lime residues. Food Chemistry, 132, 1891-1898.
Pena, N. C., Melgarejo, J. A. S., & Mendes, J. D. (1999). Aterosclerosis experimental: Cambios bioquímicos y vasculares. Revista Médica, 37, 401–406.
Pfoertner, H. N., & Fischer, J. (2001). Dietary fibers of lupins and other grain legumes. Advanced Dietary Fibre Technology, 361–366.
Phillips, G. O., Ogasawara, T., & Ushida, K. (2008). The regulatory and scientific approach to defining gum arabic (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal) as a dietary fibre. Food Hydrocolloids, 22, 24-35.
Phillips, K. M., & Palmer, J. K. (1991). Effect of freeze-drying and heating during analysis on dietary fiber in cooked and raw carrots. Agricultural and Food Chemistryistry, 39, 1216-1221.
Pirman, T., Ribeyre, M. C., Mosoni, L., Remond, D., Vrecl, M., Salobir, J., & Patureau Mirand, P. (2007). Dietary pectin stimulates protein metabolism in the digestive tract. Nutrition, 23(1), 69-75.
Qi, Y., Jiang, C., Cheng, J., Krausz, K. W., Li, T., Ferrell, J. M., Gonzalez, F. J., & Chiang, J. Y. (2014). Bile acid signaling in lipid metabolism: Metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of lipid and bile acid markers linked to anti-obesity and anti-diabetes in mice. Biochimica Biophysica Acta.
Ralet, M.-C., Valle, G. D., & Thibault, J.-F. (1993). Raw and extruded fiber from pea hulls. Part I: composition and physicochemical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 20, 17-23.
Rascóna, M. P., Beristain, C. I., Garcíaa, H. S., & Salgadoa, M. A. (2011). Carotenoid retention and storage stability of spray-dried encapsulated paprika oleoresin using gum Arabic and soy protein isolate as wall materials. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44, 549–557.
Ratnayake, R. M., Melton, L. D., & Hurst, P. L. (2003). Influence of cultivar, cooking, and storage on cell-wall polysaccharide composition of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima). Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(7), 1904-1913.
Redondo-Solano, M., Valenzuela-Martinez, C., Cassada, D. A., Snow, D. D., Juneja, V. K., Burson, D. E., & Thippareddi, H. (2013). Effect of meat ingredients (sodium nitrite and erythorbate) and processing (vacuum storage and packaging atmosphere) on germination and outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens spores in ham during abusive cooling. Food Microbiology, 35(2), 108-115.
Rideout, T. C., Harding, S. V., Jones, P. J., & Fan, M. Z. (2008). Guar gum and similar soluble fibers in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism: current understandings and future research priorities. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 4(5), 1023-1033.
Robertson, J. A., & Eastwood, M. A. (1981). An investigation of the experimental condition which could affect water holding capacity of dietary fiber. Science of Food and Agriculture, 32, 819-825.
Rocha-Selmi, G. A., Bozza, F. T., Thomazini, M., Bolini, H. M., & Favaro-Trindade, C. S. (2013). Microencapsulation of aspartame by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation to provide protection and prolong sweetness. Food Chemistry, 139(1-4), 72-78.
Rodríguez-Huezo, M. E., Durán-Lugo, R., Prado-Barragán, L. A., Cruz-Sosa, F., Lobato-Calleros, C., Alvarez-Ramírez, J., & Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2007). Pre-selection of protective colloids for enhanced viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum following spray-drying and storage, and evaluation of aguamiel as thermoprotective prebiotic. Food Research International, 40, 1299–1306.
Rodrigues, H. G., L. A. Diniz, Y. S., Faine, Almeida, J. A., Fernandes, A. A. H., & Novelli, E. L. B. (2003). Nutritional supplementation with natural antioxidants: Effect of rutin on HDL‐cholesterol concentration. Revista de Nutrição, 16, 315–320.
Roustapour, O. R., Hosseinalipour, M., Ghobadian, B., Mohaghegh, F., & Azad, N. M. (2009). A proposed numerical–experimental method for drying kinetics in a spray dryer. Food Engineering, 90, 20-26.
Roy, S., Freake, H. C., & Fernandez, M. L. (2002). Gender and hormonal status affect the regulation of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity and mRNA abundance by dietary soluble fiber in the guinea pig. Atherosclerosis, 163(1), 29-37.
Sakata, T. (1986). Effects of indigestible dietary bulk and short chain fatty acids on the tissue weight and epithelial cell proliferation rate of the digestive tract in rats. Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo), 32(4), 355-362.
Salimath, R. U. B. P. V., & Tharanathan, R. N. (1987). A mucilaginous acidic polysaccharide from black gram (Phaseolus mungo): structure–function characteristics. Carbohydrate research, 161, 161–166.
Salminen, S., Isolauri, E., & Salminen, E. (1996). Probiotics and stabilisation of the gut mucosal barrier. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 5(1), 53-56.
Scaglia, F. (2010). New insights in nutritional management and amino acid supplementation in urea cycle disorders. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 100 Suppl 1, S72-76.
Scheppach, W., Luehrs, H., Melcher, R., Gostner, A., Schauber, J., Kudlich, T., Weiler, F., & Menzel, T. (2004). Antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects of dietary fibre. Clinical Nutrition Supplements, 1, 51-58.
Scott, K. P., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2008). Dietary fibre and the gut microbiota. Nutrition Bulletin, 33, 201.
Searcy, R. L., & Bergquist, L. M. (1960). A new color reaction for the quantitation of serum cholesterol. Clinica Chimica Acta, 5, 192-199.
Sharma, P., Tomar, S. K., Goswami, P., Sangwan, V., & Singh, R. (2014). Antibiotic resistance among commercially available probiotics. Food Research International, 57, 176-195.
Sharma, R. D. (1985). Hypoglycemic effect of gum acacia in healthy human subjects. Nutrition Research, 5, 1437–1441.
Shen, Q., & Quek, S. Y. (2014). Microencapsulation of astaxanthin with blends of milk protein and fiber by spray drying. Food Engineering, 123, 165-171.
Sherry, C. L., Kim, S. S., Dilger, R. N., Bauer, L. L., Moon, M. L., Tapping, R. I., Jr., G. C. F., Tappenden, K. A., & Freund, G. G. (2010). Sickness behavior induced by endotoxin can be mitigated by the dietary soluble fiber, pectin, through up-regulation of IL-4 and Th2 polarization. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 631-640.
Shiau, S. Y., & Chang, G. W. (1983). Effects of dietary fiber on fecal mucinase and beta-glucuronidase activity in rats. Nutrition, 113(1), 138-144.
Shiga, K., Hara, H., Takahashi, T., Aoyama, Y., Furuta, H., & Maeda, H. (2002). Ingestion of water-soluble soybean fiber improves gastrectomy-induced calcium malabsorption and osteopenia in rats. Nutrition, 18(7-8), 636-642.
Silva, P. I., Stringheta, P. C., Teofilo, R. F., & Oliveira, I. R. N. d. (2013). Parameter optimization for spray-drying microencapsulation of jaboticaba(Myrciaria jaboticaba) peel extracts using simultaneous analysis of responses. Food Engineering, 117, 538-544.
Simren, M., Abrahamsson, H., Bosaeus, I., Brummer, R. J., Dolk, A., Lindberg, G., Nyhlin, H., Ohlsson, B., Sjolund, K., & Tornblom, H. (2007). Nutritional aspects in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders and motor dysfunction in the gut. Working team report of the Swedish Motility Group (SMoG). Dig Liver Dis, 39(5), 495-504.
Slowing, K., Ganado, P., Sanz, M., Ruiz, E., & Tejerina, T. (2001). Study of garlic extracts and fractions on cholesterol plasma levels and vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rats. Nutrition, 131(3s), 994S-999S.
Smithson, K. W., Millar, D. B., Jacobs, L. R., & Gray, G. M. (1981). Intestinal diffusion barrier: unstirred water layer or membrane surface mucous coat? Science, 214(4526), 1241-1244.
Southgate, D. A. T. (1995). The non-starch polysaccharide methods. Dietary fiber analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 87-118.
Souza, V. B. d., Thomazini, M., Balieiro, J. C. d. C., & Fávaro-Trindade, C. S. (2013). Effect of spray drying on the physicochemical properties and color stability of the powderedpigment obtained from vinification byproducts ofthe Bordo grape (Vitis labrusca). Food and Bioproducts Processing.
Sowbhagya, H. B., Suma, P. F., Mahadevamma, S., & Tharanathan, R. N. (2007). Spent residue from cumin – a potential source of dietary fiber. Food Chemistry, 104, 1220–1225.
Sudheesh, S., & Vijayalakshmi, N. R. (1999). Lipid-lowering action of pectin from Cucumis sativus. Food Chemistry, 67, 281-286.
Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, K., Amano, T., Asakura, T., & Muramatsu, N. (2004). Utilization by intestinal bacteria and digestibility of arabino-oligosaccharides in vitro. Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 73, 574-579.
Takahashi, T., Furuichi, Y., Mizuno, T., Kato, M., Tabara, A., Kawada, Y., Hirano, Y., Kubo, K.-y., Onozuka, M., & Kurita, O. (2009). Water-holding capacity of insoluble fibre decreases free water and elevates digesta viscosity in the rat. Science of Food and Agriculture, 89, 245–250.
Takahashi, T., Nakamura, A., Kato, M., Maeda, H., Mandella, R. C., Broadmeadow, A., & Ruckman, S. A. (2003). Soluble soybean fiber: a 3-month dietary toxicity study in rats. Food Chemistry Toxicol, 41(8), 1111-1121.
Takekoshi, H., Suzuki, G., Chubachi, H., & Nakano, M. (2005). Effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on fecal excretion and liver accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in mice. Chemosphere, 59(2), 297-304.
Tammariello, A. E., & Milner, J. A. (2010). Mouse models for unraveling the importance of diet in colon cancer prevention. Nutrition Biochemistry, 21(2), 77-88.
Terpstra, A. H. M., Lapre, J. A., Vries, H. T. d., & Beynen, A. C. (1998). Dietary pectin with high viscosity lowers plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in hamsters. Nutrition, 128, 1944–1949.
Theuwissen, E., & Mensink, R. P. (2008). Water-soluble dietary fibers and cardiovascular disease. Physiology and Behavior, 94(2), 285-292.
Tonon, R. V., Brabet, C., Pallet, D., Brat, P., & Hubinger, M. D. (2009). Physicochemical and morphological characterisation of açai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) powder produced with different carrier agents. Food Science and Technology, 44, 1950–1958.
Tonon, R. V., Grosso, C. R. F., & Hubinger, M. D. (2011). Influence of emulsion composition and inlet air temperature on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. Food Research International, 44, 282-289.
Torsdottir, I., Alpsten, M., Andersson, H., & Einarsson, S. (1989). Dietary guar gum effects on postprandial blood glucose, insulin and hydroxyproline in humans. Nutrition, 119(12), 1925-1931.
Trocinoa, A., Fragkiadakisb, M., Majolinib, D., Carabañoc, R., & Xiccatob, G. (2011). Effect of the increase of dietary starch and soluble fibre on digestive efficiency and growth performance of meat rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 165, 265–277.
Tsubakio-Yamamoto, Sugimoto, T., Nishida, M., Rieko Okano, Y. M., Kitazume-Taneike, R., Yamashita, T., Hajime Nakaoka, R. K., Yuasa-Kawase, M., Inagaki, M., Nakatani, K., Masuda, D., Ohama, T., Matsuyama, A., Nakagawa-Toyama, Y., Ishigami, M., Komuro, I., & Yamashita, S. (2012). Serum adiponectin level is correlated with the size of HDL and LDL particles determined by high performance liquid chromatography Kazumi Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 61, 1763-1770.
Tsuji, K., & Nakagawa, Y. (1984). Effects of simultaneous feeding of konjac mannan and cellulose on the growth, organ weight and lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutrition Reports International, 30, 19–25.
Turley, S. D., & Dietschy, J. M. (1978). Re-evaluation of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay for total bile acids in bile. Lipid Research, 19(7), 924-928.
Vallimont, J. E., Varga, G. A., Arieli, A., Cassidy, T. W., & Cummins, K. A. (2001). Effects of prepartum somatotropin and monensin on metabolism and production of periparturient Holstein dairy cows. Dairy Science, 84(12), 2607-2621.
Veenstra, J. M., Duncan, A. M., Cryne, C. N., Deschambault, B. R., Boye, J. I., Benali, M., Marcotte, M., Tosh, S. M., Farnworth, E. R., & Wright, A. J. (2010). Effect of pulse consumption on perceived flatulence and gastrointestinal function in healthy males. Food Research International, 43, 553–559.
Villanueva, M. J., Yokoyama, W. H., Hong, Y. J., Barttley, G. E., & Rupérez, P. (2011). Effect of high-fat diets supplemented with okara soybean by-product on lipid profiles of plasma, liver and faeces in Syrian hamsters. Food Chemistry, 124, 72-79.
Villemejane, C., Roussel, P., Berland, S., Aymard, P., & Michon, C. (2013). Technological and sensory tools to characterize the consistency and performance of fibre enriched biscuit doughs. Cereal Science, 57, 551-559.
Wennberg, M., Ekvall, J., Olsson, K., & Nyman, M. (2006). Changes in carbohydrate and glucosinolate composition in white cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. capitata) during blanching and treatment with acetic acid. Food Chemistry, 95, 226-236.
Whitehead, J. S., Kim, Y. S., & Prizont, R. (1976). A simple quantitative method to determine short chain fatty acid levels in biological fluids. Clinica Chimica Acta, 72(3), 315-318.
Wolters, M. G. E., Verbeek, C., Westerop, J. J. M., Voragen, A. G. J. v., & Van-Westerop, J. J. M. (1992). Comparison of different methods for determination of dietary fiber. AOAC International, 75, 626-634.
Wong, J. M., de Souza, R., Kendall, C. W., Emam, A., & Jenkins, D. J. (2006). Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. Clinical Gastroenterology, 40(3), 235-243.
Wu, T., Rayner, C. K., Young, R. L., & Horowitz, M. (2013). Gut motility and enteroendocrine secretion. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 13, 928–934.
Wu, W. T., & Chen, H. L. (2011). Effects of konjac glucomannan on putative risk factors for colon carcinogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(3), 989-994.
Wu, W. T., Yang, L. C., & Chen, H. L. (2014). Effects of konjac glucomannan, inulin and cellulose on acute colonic responses to genotoxic azoxymethane. Food Chemistry, 155, 304-310.
Yao, H. T., Huang, S. Y., & Chiang, M. T. (2008). A comparative study on hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of high and low molecular weight chitosan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chemistry Toxicol, 46(5), 1525-1534.
Yassine, H. N., Belopolskaya, A., Schall, C., Stump, C. S., Lau, S. S., & Reaven, P. D. (2014). Enhanced cholesterol efflux to HDL through the ABCA1 transporter in hypertriglyceridemia of type 2 diabetes. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 63, 727-734.
Yen, G. C., & Lin, H. T. (1998). Effects of high pressure and heat treatment on pectic substances and related characteristics in guava juice. Food Science, 63, 684-687.
Yoshie-Stark, Y., & Wäsche, A. (2004). In vitro binding of bile acids by lupin protein isolates and their hydrolysates. Food Chemistry, 88, 179–184.
Yousefi, S., Emam-Djomeh, Z., & Mousavi, S. M. (2011). Effect of carrier type and spray drying on the physicochemical properties of powdered and reconstituted pomegranate juice (Punica Granatum L.). Food Science and Technology, 48(6), 677-684.
Zerenturk, E. J., Kristiana, I., Gill, S., & Brown, A. J. (2012). The endogenous regulator 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol inhibits cholesterol synthesis at DHCR24 (Seladin-1). Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1821, 1269-1277.
Zhao, Y., Kang, L., Gao, S., Zhou, Y., Su, L., Xin, W., Su, Y., & Wang, J. (2011). Expression and purification of functional Clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification, 77(2), 207-213.
Zhou, H., & Hylemon, P. B. (2014). Bile Acids are Nutrient Signaling Hormones. Steroids, 86, 62–68.