臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable batteries as a major energy storage device. One of the most notable topics is to develop high performance Li-ion battery anode materials. Current commercial anodes are made of graphite-based materials, that only has a specific capacity of 372 mAh g-1. Scientists are now looking for various candidates with higher capacity and longer endurance life. One of them is Sn-carbon composite. Sn or SnO2 can be a potential anode with high capacity, but there’re still various challenges, such as the Li2O phase formation and volume expansion of the Sn phase constitute the main barriers that have to be overcome.
To solve the drawbacks, cobalt as well as urea are introduced. The introduction of urea changes the pH of the solution in the hydrothermal process. Urea gives better dispersion of nano-sized SnO2 on the Graphene Oxide Sheets. The minimal grain size of SnO2 is obtained at pH 4.1 with the amount of urea 1 gram. The increase of reduction temperature makes the weight percent of carbon in the sample decrease. SnO2 is totally reduced to pure Sn for all samples at 650 oC. The complete reduction to Sn from SnO2 is preferred because Sn formation reduces the first cycle irreversibility.
By adding cobalt, SnO2 is fully reduced to Sn all the samples with 8 different atomic percentage of Co to Sn at 550 oC. Cobalt makes the better nucleation of Sn nanoparticles on Graphene Oxide Sheets and restricts the growth of Sn particle size. RGO-1-Sn-1-Co/C-H synthesized by two-step method (1% atomic percentage of Co to Sn) gives the best performance among the others because it gives the minimum Sn particle size and also the highest Sn weight percent. This material can be a candidate for an advanced anode material with high 1st columbic efficiency (74.2%), high capacity at 30th cycle (635.7 mAh/g at 200 mA/g current density), and also good capacity retention.

Lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable batteries as a major energy storage device. One of the most notable topics is to develop high performance Li-ion battery anode materials. Current commercial anodes are made of graphite-based materials, that only has a specific capacity of 372 mAh g-1. Scientists are now looking for various candidates with higher capacity and longer endurance life. One of them is Sn-carbon composite. Sn or SnO2 can be a potential anode with high capacity, but there’re still various challenges, such as the Li2O phase formation and volume expansion of the Sn phase constitute the main barriers that have to be overcome.
To solve the drawbacks, cobalt as well as urea are introduced. The introduction of urea changes the pH of the solution in the hydrothermal process. Urea gives better dispersion of nano-sized SnO2 on the Graphene Oxide Sheets. The minimal grain size of SnO2 is obtained at pH 4.1 with the amount of urea 1 gram. The increase of reduction temperature makes the weight percent of carbon in the sample decrease. SnO2 is totally reduced to pure Sn for all samples at 650 oC. The complete reduction to Sn from SnO2 is preferred because Sn formation reduces the first cycle irreversibility.
By adding cobalt, SnO2 is fully reduced to Sn all the samples with 8 different atomic percentage of Co to Sn at 550 oC. Cobalt makes the better nucleation of Sn nanoparticles on Graphene Oxide Sheets and restricts the growth of Sn particle size. RGO-1-Sn-1-Co/C-H synthesized by two-step method (1% atomic percentage of Co to Sn) gives the best performance among the others because it gives the minimum Sn particle size and also the highest Sn weight percent. This material can be a candidate for an advanced anode material with high 1st columbic efficiency (74.2%), high capacity at 30th cycle (635.7 mAh/g at 200 mA/g current density), and also good capacity retention.

ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation 1
1.3 Research Purposes 2
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Definition of Nanoparticle 3
2.2 Solvothermal / Hydrothermal Synthesis 3
2.3 Graphene Oxide 3
2.4 Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery 5
2.4.1 Graphite and Lithium Ion Battery 5
2.4.2 Sn-based Material Nanocomposites as Promising Anode Material 7
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METODOLOGY 19
3.1 Research Design 19
3.2 Materials 20
3.3 Equipment 21
3.4 Experimental Procedure 22
3.4.1 Preparation of Graphene Oxide [67] 22
3.4.2 Preparation of GO-x-SnO2/C 23
3.4.3 Preparation of GO-1-SnO2-y-Co/C 24
3.4.4 Preparation of GO-1-SnO2-1-Co/C via One Step Method 25
3.4.5 Preparation of Active Materials 26
3.4.6 Electrochemical Cell Assembly 26
3.4.7 Sample Characterization 27
3.4.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 27
3.4.7.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 27
3.4.7.3 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 28
3.4.7.4 ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 28
3.4.7.5 Battery testing system (Ubiq Machine) 28
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1 Characterization of GO-x-SnO2/C (Hydrothermal Product) 29
4.2 Characterization of RGO-x-SnO2/C-H (400 oC Thermal Reduction Product) 33
4.3 Characterization of 550 oC Thermal Reduction Product 35
4.4 Characterization of 600 oC Thermal Reduction Product 37
4.5 Characterization of RGO-x-Sn/C-H (650 oC Thermal Reduction Product) 38
4.6 Characterization of RGO-1-Sn-y-Co/C-H 42
4.7 Characterization of RGO-1-Sn-1-Co/C-H (One Step Method) 46
4.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) 48
4.9 Charge-Discharge Performance 49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 62
REFERENCES 64

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