臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討不同品系銀耳(LT13、LT15、LTam-1) 乾品，利用95% 酒精以超音波震盪方法萃取的粗萃物做測試進行生物活性成分測試、抑菌圈測試、時間序列測試。酒精萃取物抗菌活性對G (+)球菌，金黃色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus (SA) 、齲菌 Streptococcus mutans (SM)、痤瘡桿菌 Propionibacterium acnes (PA)。銀耳中總黃酮測試結果顯示， LT13含有5.4mg/g， LT15含有0.3mg/g， LTam-1含有3.4mg/g總黃酮，由實驗得知LT13乾品中總黃酮含量較其他兩者多。總多酚測試結果表示， LT13含有10mg/g， LT15含有9mg/g， LTam-1含有7mg/g，由結果得知LT13總多酚含量較其他兩者多。抑菌圈測試結果表示，LT13酒精萃取物對SA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.5± 0.0公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.2± 0.1公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片為0.9± 0.0公分；對SM之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4± 0.2公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.0± 0.2公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片沒有抑菌效果；對PA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.6± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4± 0.1公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片為1.3± 0.1公分。LT15對SA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.6± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.0 ± 0.2公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片沒有抑菌效果；對SM之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.6± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.3± 0.1公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片沒有抑菌效果；對PA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4±0.2公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片為1.7±0.1公分。LTam-1對SA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.2± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.6± 0.4公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4± 0.2公分；對SM之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.8± 0.2公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.6± 0.3公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片沒有抑菌效果；對PA之抑菌圈測試結果顯示，16mg粗萃物/測試片為1.4± 0.1公分，8mg粗萃物/測試片為1.7± 0.2公分，4mg粗萃物/測試片為1.5 ±0.2公分。LT13在金黃色葡萄球菌（SA）培養液中在4小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LT15在SA培養液中在2小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LTam-1在SA培養液中在4小時到12小時有持續抗菌作用。LT13在齲菌（SM）培養液中在12小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LT15在SM培養液中在2小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LTam-1在SM培養液中8小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。對於痤瘡桿菌（PA），LT13於2小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LT15於4小時到16小時有持續抗菌作用。LTam-1則於2小時到12小時有持續抗菌作用。根據本論文的研究結果證實，銀耳粗萃物具有抗菌作用，將來可以進一步開發成預防齲齒和痤瘡的產品。

In this study, ultra sonication was applied to extract bioactive components from three strains of Tremella fuciformis (i.e. LT13, LT15 and LTam-1) using 95% alcohol as the solvent. Antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts were analyzed on G (+) bacteria including Streptococcus mutans (SM), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Propionibacterium acnes (PA) using solid media in the plates. The quercetin assay and gallic acid assay resulted that LT13 had higher than LT15 and LTam-1. Antibacterial assays showed that the inhibition zones (IZ) of LT13 on SA were 1.5 ± 0.0 cm, 1.2 ± 0.1 cm and 0.9 ± 0.0 cm for 16mg crude extract (CE)/test piece (TP), 8mg CE/ TP, 4mg CE/ TP respectively. The antibacterial activity of LT15 on SA showed that the IZ were 1.6 ± 0.1 cm and 1 ± 0.2 cm for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP. The 4mg CE/ TP test showed no inhibitory effect. The antibacterial activity of LTam-1 on SA showed that the IZ were 1.2 ± 0.1 cm, 1.6 ± 0.4 cm and 1.4 ± 0.2 cm for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP, 4mg CE/ TP respectively. The antibacterial activity of LT13 for SM showed that the IZ were 1.4 ± 0.2 cm and 1.0 ± 0.2 cm, for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP. The 4mg CE/ TP test showed no inhibitory effect. The antibacterial activity of LT15 for SM showed that the IZ were 1.6 ± 0.1 cm, 1.3 ± 0.1 cm , for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP,4mg CE/ TP no inhibitory effect. The antibacterial activity of LTam-1 for SM showed that the diameter of IZ were 1.8 ± 0.2 cm, 1.6 ± 0.3 cm, for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP, The test of 4mg CE/ TP showed no inhibitory effect. The antibacterial activity of LT13 for PA showed that the IZ were 1.6 ± 0.1 cm, 1.4 ± 0.1 cm and 1.3 ± 0.1 cm for 16mg CE/ TP, 8mg CE/ TP, 4mg CE/ TP respectively. The antibacterial activity of LT15 for PA showed that the IZ were 1.4 ± 0.1 cm, 1.4 ± 0.2 cm and 1.7 ± 0.1 cm for 16mg CE/TP, 8mg CE/TP and 4mg CE/TP respectively. The antibacterial activity of LTam-1 for PA showed that the IZ were 1.4 ± 0.1 cm, 1.7 ± 0.2 cm and 1.5 ± 0.2 cm for 16mg CE/TP, 8mg CE/TP and 4mg CE/TP respectively. In time series assay in liquid broth, results showed that LTam-1 had antibacterial effect for SA from 4 to 12 hour incubation. LT13 showed antibacterial effect for SA from 4 to 16 hour incubation. LT15 showed antibacterial effect for SA in between 2nd to 16th hour. LTam-1 showed antibacterial effect on SM after 4 to 8 hour incubation. LT13 showed antibacterial effect on SM after 12 to 16 hour incubation. LT15 showed antibacterial effect on SM after 2 to 16 hour incubation. For PA, LTam-1 showed antibacterial effect after 2 to 16 hour incubation. LT13 showed antibacterial effect after 2 hour to 16 hour incubation. LT15 showed antibacterial effect after 4 hour to 16 hour incubation. It is concluded that crude ethanol extract of these silver ear stains contain potential bioactive ingredients which are useful for innovative applications in the health care industry.

目錄
誌謝 I
目錄 II
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 X
中文摘要 XII
Abstract XV

第一章 前人研究 1
1.1 銀耳之分類及生長環境 2
1.1.1 銀耳之生活史 3
1.1.2 銀耳之結構 3
1.1.2.1 菌絲體 4
1.1.2.2 子實體 4
1.1.3 銀耳之生長條件 6
1.1.3.1 空氣 6
1.1.3.2 溫度 6
1.1.3.3 光線 6
1.1.3.4 水分 7
1.1.3.5 酸鹼度 7
1.1.3.6 營養 7
1.1.4 銀耳與香灰菌的關係 7


1.2 銀耳的一般化學成分級活性成分 8
1.2.1 一般成分 8
1.2.2 胺基酸 8
1.2.3 銀耳多醣 9
1.3 菇類的生物活性成分 12
1.3.1 銀耳抗腫瘤活性成分 12
1.3.2 銀耳免疫調節功能的活性成分 13
1.3.3 其他菇類多醣的生物活性機制 13
1.3.4 銀耳多醣體的抗輻射效力和助造血機轉的功能 14
1.3.5 銀耳多醣體降低血膽固醇活性 15
1.3.6 銀耳多醣體 – 超氧化物歧化酶的活性 15
1.4 銀耳相關產品 15
第二章 菇類的抗菌活性成分研究 17
2.1 金黃色葡萄球菌 17
2.1.1 特性 18
2.1.2 發生原因及治療 18
2.1.3 預防 19
2.1.4 台灣病例概況 20

2.2 齲菌 21
2.2.1 特性 22
2.2.2 對牙齒的傷害 22
2.3 痤瘡桿菌 23
2.3.1 特性 24
2.3.2 痤瘡生成 24
2.3.3 痤瘡的成因 25
2.3.4 痤瘡的發展 28
2.3.5 痤瘡的治療 29

第三章 植化物中抗氧化成分之分類介紹 30
3.1 總黃酮 30
3.2 總多酚 34
第四章 材料與方法 36
4.1 實驗材料 36
4.1.1 銀耳品種 36
4.2 藥品與儀器 37
4.2.1 藥品來源 37
4.2.2 實驗儀器 39
4.3 實驗步驟 40
4.3.1 超音波震盪萃取 40
4.3.1.1 原理 40
4.3.1.2 試劑 40
4.3.1.3 儀器 40
4.3.1.4 步驟 41
4.3.2 總多酚測定 42
4.3.2.1 原理 42
4.3.2.2 樣品 42
4.3.2.3 藥劑 42
4.3.2.4 儀器 42
4.3.2.5 藥品配置 43
4.3.2.6 方法與步驟 44
4.3.2.7 標準品配製 45
4.3.2.8 樣品測定 45
4.3.3 類黃酮測定 46
4.3.3.1 原理 46
4.3.3.2 樣品 46
4.3.3.3 藥劑 46
4.3.3.4 儀器 46
4.3.3.5 藥品配製 47
4.3.3.6 步驟 47
4.3.3.7 標準品配製 48
4.3.3.8 樣品測定 48
4.3.4 銀耳萃取物抗菌測試 49
4.3.4.1 原理 49
4.3.4.2 樣品 49
4.3.4.3 菌種 49
4.3.4.4 試劑 50
4.3.4.5 儀器 50
4.3.4.6 步驟 51
4.3.5 時間序列測試 53
4.3.5.1 樣品 53
4.3.5.2 菌種 53
4.3.5.3 藥劑 54
4.3.5.4 儀器 54
4.3.5.5 步驟 55
第五章 結果與討論 56
5.1 總酚類測定 56
5.2 總黃酮測定 58
5.3 銀耳萃取物抗菌試驗 60
5.3.1 銀耳LT13之抗菌效果 60
5.3.2 銀耳LT15之抗菌效果 64
5.3.3 銀耳LTam-1之抗菌效果 68
5.3.4 抑菌圈測試實驗結果 72
5.4 時間序列測試 75
5.4.1 銀耳LT13之抗菌時間序列測試 76
5.4.2 銀耳LT15之抗菌時間序列測試 82
5.4.3 銀耳LTam-1之抗菌時間序列測試 88
5.4.4 抗菌活性時間序列測試結果 94
第六章 參考文獻 98

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