臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要

背景介紹：非配對誘發電位 (mismatch negativity, MMN)及非配對腦磁反應 (magnetic mismatch negativity, MMNm) 通常是將奇異聲音(deviant tone)和標準聲音(standard tone)所誘發的腦波相減而獲得，但此相減結果中，可能包含了感覺記憶相關及非記憶相關的腦部反應。我們嘗試增加一組控制聲音，試圖控制相減結果中非記憶相關的腦部反應。
實驗方法及材料：實驗中，每位受試者皆接受新異刺激方式(oddball block)及控制刺激方式(control block)之聽覺刺激。新異刺激方式中，包含了出現比例分別為20%及80%之奇異聲音 (50 ms)以及標準聲音 (125 ms);控制刺激方式中，包含了50 ms之奇異聲音及其他四種不同長度(25 ms, 75 ms, 100 ms, 125 ms)之聲音，分別以20%的比例出現。傳統非配對誘發磁場(traditional MMNm)之獲得方式為將奇異聲音和標準聲音所誘發的腦磁反應相減，而控制非配對誘發磁場(controlled MMNm)之獲得方式為將新異刺激方式中之奇異聲音和控制刺激方式中之奇異聲音所有發之腦磁反應相減。我們記錄了13位受試者之傳統減法以及控制減法所獲得之非配對磁場反應，並且比較兩種反應的潛時(latency)、振幅(amplitude)、腦內訊號來源(equivalent current dipole location)以及雙側大腦半球間的反應差異(inter-hemispheric asymmetry)。
研究結果：相較於傳統的非配對誘發磁場，控制非配對誘發磁場有較晚的潛時以及較大的振幅，且控制非配對誘發磁場的潛時和過去的顱內腦電波(intracranial EEG)動物實驗所得的結果較為相符。另外，傳統非配對誘發磁場的優勢半球為右側腦，但控制非配對誘發磁場反應則為雙側大腦半球共同控制處理。
結論：相較於傳統的非配對誘發磁場，控制非配對誘發磁場反應更能夠代表人類大腦在處理非預期的聲音刺激長度改變時，所牽涉的以感覺記憶為基礎的神經處理過程，而此反應過程，在雙側大腦半球的處理，較為平均。
重要性及意義：本研究中使用的控制刺激實驗設計方法，能夠降低所得之非配對誘發磁場結果中，非記憶相關部分所產生的效應，並且有效的呈現反應中和記憶相關的大腦神經反應。

Abstract

Objective: The mismatch negativity (MMN) or its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) is traditionally obtained by subtracting the brain responses to standards from those to deviants within the same oddball paradigm. Thus, this signal reflects not only the cognitive-related comparing process but also the differential sensory-related neuronal refractoriness between deviant- and standard-elicited responses. Here, we tried to extract the memory-based duration MMNm by adding a control condition to reduce the refractoriness effect.
Methods: Whole-head magnetoencephalographic responses were recorded in 13 healthy adult subjects in two blocked conditions: an oddball block consisting of 50 ms tones as deviants (P = 0.2) and 125 ms tones as standards, and a control block consisting of 50 ms tones as controls (P = 0.2), and 4 other equiprobable tones of 25 ms, 75 ms, 100 ms, and 125 ms in duration. A traditional MMNm was obtained by subtracting the responses to standards from those to deviants, while a controlled MMNm was determined by subtracting the responses to controls from those to deviants. Traditional MMNm and controlled MMNm were compared in terms of their peak latencies, amplitudes, equivalent current dipole (ECD) locations, and inter-hemispheric asymmetry.
Results: Controlled MMNm showed a longer latency and smaller amplitude than traditional MMNm. The peak latency of controlled MMNm after the onset of duration change was compatible with previous intracranial EEG recordings. Notably, the right-hemispheric dominance in traditional MMNm was not observed in controlled MMNm.
Conclusion: Compared with traditional MMNm, the controlled MMNm is a more specific electrophysiological marker for memory-based neural processing in response to auditory duration change, and shows less asymmetry of response amplitude between hemispheres.
Significance: The controlled experimental design reduces the effect of differential refractoriness and helps extract the component of memory-based MMNm.

Contents

Signature Page i
Thesis Approval Form ii
Acknowledgments 2
Table of Contents 3
Chinese Abstract 4
English Abstract 6
Introduction 8
Material and Methods 14
Participants 14
Auditory Stimulation Paradigm 14
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 15
MEG recording 16
Data Analysis 17
Results 19
Discussion 22
Conclusions 26
References 27
List of Figures 31
List of Tables 37

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