臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Purpose
This study aims to understand the factors that influenced foreign entrepreneurs in Taiwan to start a company. This is done by looking at their experience through different elements composing Xie’s (2014) integrative approach of entrepreneurship, both containing various indicators, and located both on the individual and the environment level. The idea is to understand if entrepreneurs in Taiwan start a business because they are individually prepared and done for it, the environment made them become entrepreneurs, or if it’s a combination of both that brought a special alchemy.

Methodology
This research has been conducted as a qualitative study. A sample of 12 foreign entrepreneurs in Taiwan has been interviewed with the same questionnaire.

Findings
The results show that the foreign entrepreneurs in Taiwan are individuals with a low technical preparedness, but a high psychological preparedness. This means that these individuals don’t have a high work experience and education, that would bring them the knowledge and skills needed to start a company, but they have the entrepreneur mindset in the sense that they can face difficulties and uncertainty.
On the environment level, Taiwan is an environment that offers high opportunities, and facilitates the venture creation process. This makes the country an ideal substrate for entrepreneurship, as opportunities are readily available, and getting ideas on the market easy.
Foreigners fell some advantages in their situation, especially for opportunities. However, they also feel some difficulties being foreigners, such as the tough immigration laws, and the language barrier.

Conclusion
Looking at it through an integrative approach (Xie, 2014), the Taiwanese environment has both high opportunity providing factor and a high facilitation of the environment factor. This therefore offers an environment where company creation is the most likely. This likeliness however depends in this situation mostly on the individual’s psychological preparedness (Xie, 2014), which can be verified in Taiwan as the average interview entrepreneur has a high psychological preparedness linked with a low technical preparedness.

Abstract I
Acknowledgements III
List of Tables VI
List of Figures IX
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1. Purpose of this research 1
1.2. Importance of the research 1
1.3. Research Questions 2
1.4. Content 2
Chapter 2: Literature Review 4
2.1. Definitions 4
2.2. Entrepreneurs and Venture Creation 4
2.2.1. Trait Approach 5
2.2.2. Demographic Approach 7
2.2.3. Cognitive Approach 8
2.2.4. Environment Approach 9
2.2.5. Integrative Approach 11
2.2.6. Selected approach 15
Chapter 3: Methodology 16
3.1. Hypothesis 16
3.2. Data Source 18
3.2.1. Data Collection 18
3.2.2. Personal Information 18
3.2.3. Company creation 19
3.2.4. The Environment 20
3.2.5. Evaluation of the Components of the Integrative Approach 21
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 33
Chapter 5: Conclusion 45
5.1. Findings and Recommendations 45
5.2. Limitation and Future Research 47
References 49
Appendix 55
Appendix A: The questionnaire 55
A.1. You and your company 55
A.2. Previous company experience 56
A.3. Company experience in Taiwan 56
A.4. Associate 57
Appendix B: Interviews 58
B.1. Interview 1 58
B.2. Interview 2 60
B.3. Interview 3 62
B.4. Interview 4 64
B.5. Interview 5 67
B.6. Interview 6 69
B.7. Interview 7 71
B.8. Interview 8 73
B.9. Interview 9 76
B.10. Interview 10 78
B.11. Interview 11 80
B.12. Interview 12 82
B.13. Summary of the Interviews 85
B.14. Hypothesis Evaluation 118

Abelson, R. P. (1976) Script Processing in Attitude Formation and Decision Making. Lawrence Erlbaum
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. American Psychologist, 37(2). 122-147
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Macmillan
Baron, R. A. (2004). The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool for Answering Entrepreneurship’s Basic “Why” Questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2). 221-239
Begley, T. M., and Boyd, D.P. (1987). Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(1). 79-93
Bhave, M. P. (1994). A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(3). 223-242
Bhidé, A. V. (2000). The Origin and Evolution of New Business. New York: Oxford Press, Chapter 4 “Distinctive Qualities”.
Bieri, J., Atkins, A. L., Briar, S., Leaman, R. L., Miller, H., and Tripodi, T. (1996). Clinical and Social Judgement: The Discrimination of Behavioral Information. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Billore, S., Zainuddin, A. H., Al-Haj, N. H. H. Y., and Halkias, D. (2010). Demale immigrant entrepreneurship: a developing sector in Japan’s entrepreneurial economy. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(02). 165-186
Brockhaus, R. H. (1982). The psychology of the entrepreneur. C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds). Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship.
Brockhaus, R. H., and Horowitz, P. (1986). The psychology of the entrepreneur. Sexton, D.; Smilor, R. (Eds). The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. 25-48
Busenitz, L. W., and Barney, J. B. (1997). Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making. Journal of business venturing, 12(1). 9-30
Busenitz, L. W., and Lau, C. M. (1996). A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 20(4). 25-40
Carsrud, A. L., and Johnsons, R. W. (1989). Entrepreneurship: A Social Psychological Perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1(1). 21-31
Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Rownman & Littlefield
Crant, J. M. (1996). The Proactive Personality Scale as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3). 42-49
Cromie, S. (2000). Assessing Entrepreneurial Inclinations: Some Approaches and Empirical Evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1). 7-30
Cromie, S., and Johns, S. (1983). Irish Entrepreneurs: Some Personal Characteristics. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 4(4). 317-324
Cromie, S., and O’Donaghue, J. (1992). Assessing entrepreneurial Inclinations. International Small Business Journal, 10(2). 66-73
Davidsson, P., and Honig, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital Among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3). 201-331
De Wit, G., and Van Winden, F. A. A. M. (1989). An Empirical Analysis of Self-Employment in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics, 1(4). 263-272
Delmar, F., and Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do They Come From? Prevalence and Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(1). 1-23
DeTienne, D. R., and Chandler, G. N. (2004). Opportunity Identification and its Role in the Entrepreneurial Classroom: A Pedagogical Approach and Empirical Test. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3). 242-257
Dimov, D. (2007). From Opportunity Insight to Opportunity Intention: The Importance of Person-Situation Learning Match. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(4). 561-583
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, and Statistics (2011). Labor Facility Rate and Labor Productivity of Enterprise Units of All Industries, by Industry Group. Available from http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbas04/bc2/ics100F/General/TT19.pdf
Durand, D., and Shea, D. (1974). Entrepreneurial Activity as a Function of Achievement Motivation and Reinforcement Control. The Journal of Psychology, 88. 57-63
Dutta, D. K., and Crossan, M. M. (2005). The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 4l Organizational Learning Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4). 425-449
Elfring, T., and Hulsink, W. (2003). Networks in Entrepreneurship: The Case of High-Technology Firms. Small Business Economics, 21(4). 409-422
Forbes, D. P. (1999). Cognitive Approaches to New Venture Creation. International Journal of Management Reviews, 1(4). 415-439
Gagné, M., and Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4). 331-362
Gartner, W. B. (1985). A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. Academy of Management, 10(4). 696-706
Gasse, Y. (1982). Elaborations on the psychology of the entrepreneur. C. A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 57-71
Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (2016). Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Attitudes. Available from http://www.gemconsortium.org/data/key-aps
Gnyawali, D. R., and Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(4). 43-62
Goss, D. (2005). Entrepreneurship and “The Social”: Towards a Deference-emotion Theory. Human Relations, 58(5), 617-636
Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. US: Doubleday & Co
Hills, G. E., Lumpkin, G. T., and Singh, R. P. (1997). Opportunity Recognition: Perceptions and Behaviors of Entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 17(4). 168-182
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Vol.5). Sage
Hull, D. L., Bosley, J. J., and Udell, G. G. (1980). Renewing the Hunt for the Heffalump: Identifying Potential Entrepreneurs by Personality Characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 18(1). 11-18
Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristic and Biases. Science, 185. 1124-1131
Katz, J. A. (1992). A Psychosocial Cognitive Model of Employment Status Choice. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(1). 29-37
Koh, H. H. (1996). Testing Hypotheses of Entrepreneurial Characteristics. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3). 12-25
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., and Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5). 411-432
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and Development. American Economic Review, 58(2). 72-83
Locke, E. A., and Latham G. P. (1990). A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance. Prentice-Hall
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4). 370-396
Maslow, A. H. (1954). The Instinctoid Nature of Basic Needs. Journal of Personality, 22(3). 326-347
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality (Third Edition). Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Matlin, M. W. (2002). Cognition. Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
McClelland, D. C. (1965). Toward a Theory of Motive Acquisition. American Psychologist, 20(5). 321-333
McCline, R. L., Bhar, S., and Baj, P. (2000). Opportunity Recognition: An Exploratory Investigation of a Component of the Entrepreneurial Process in the Context of the Health Care Industry. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(2). 81-94
Miner, J. B. (1990). Entrepreneurs, High Growth Entrepreneurs, and Managers: Contrasting and Overlapping Motivational Patterns. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(4). 221-234
Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., and Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision. Academy of Management, 43(5). 974-993
Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1). 51-75
Nijkamp, P. (2003). Entrepreneurship in a Modern Network Economy. Regional Studies, 37(4). 395-405
Okamuro, H. (2008). How Different are the Regional Factors of High-Tech and Low-Tech Start-Ups? Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing Industries. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(2). 199-215
Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., and Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship Skills and Motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3). 442-454
Robinsons, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., and Hunt, H. K. (1991). An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4). 13-31
Shane, S. (2000). Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4). 448-469
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., and Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial Motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2). 257-279
Shane, S., and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1). 217-226
Shapero, A. (1975). The Displaced Uncomfortable Entrepreneur. Psychology Today, 9(6). 83-88
Shook, C. L., Priem, T. L., and McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture Creation and the Enterprising Individual: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3). 279-399
Short, J. C., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Shook, C. L., and Ireland, R. D. (2010). The Concept of “Opportunity” in Entrepreneurship Research: Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges. Journal of Management, 36(1). 40-65
Simon, M., Houghton, S.M., (1999) The Relationship between Overconfidence and the Introduction of Risky Products: Evidence from a Field Study. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2). 139-149
Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., and Aquino, K. (2000). Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Venture Formation: How Individuals Decide to Start Companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2). 113-134
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., and Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do Entrepreneurship Programmes Raise Entrepreneurial Intention of Science Engineering Students? The Effect of Learning Inspiration and Resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4). 566-591
Tan, J. (2002). Culture, Nation, and Entrepreneurial Strategic Orientations: Implications for an Emerging Economy. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 26(4). 95-112
Thornton, P. H. (1999). The Sociology of Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1). 19-45
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3(1). 119-138
Walsh, J. P. (1995). Managerial an Organizational Cognition: Notes from a Trip Down Memory Lane. Organization science, 6(3). 280-321
Wang, C. K., and Wong, P. K. (2004). Entrepreneurial Interest in University Students in Singapore. Technovation, 24(2). 163-172
World Bank Group (Eds.) (2014). Economy Profile 2015, Taiwan, China. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
Xie, C. (2014). Why Do Some People Choose to Become Entrepreneurs? An Integrative Approach. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1). 25
Yu F. L. T. (2012). Entrepreneurship and Taiwan’s Economic Dynamics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Zimmerman, J. (2010). Immigrant Entrepreneurship and Host Market Unfamiliarity (Summary). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 20(16). 4