臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

社群網站蓬勃發展及具照相功能手機的普及，讓使用者開始以大量的相片與他人溝通，也促使以相片為溝通核心的社群網站－Instagram的興起，然則，過去並無研究探討社群網站使用者如何藉由相片呈現自我身份認同，且過往針對網路身份認同的研究，也出現理想自我與真實自我的差異化解釋，因此本研究同時由數位敘事概念和觀展／表演典範切入，檢視使用者在Instagram上藉相片呈現自我身份認同的情形，探討其呈現真實自我與理想自我的可能性。本研究採取網路民族誌中的參與觀察法以及相片分類，觀察使用者在Instagram上張貼相片的情形，並輔以深度訪談法，訪問受訪者對上傳相片的看法與感受。研究結果發現，使用者可經由相片呈現身份認同，且藉由挑選相片和使用濾鏡強化並完美化身份認同，但這些行為皆非受「被觀看」影響，而是使用者為了保存自我的回憶而呈現出來的，再加上相片的素材多來自使用者的生活，因此他們藉相片呈現的身份認同，非絕對真實自我也非理想自我，而是完美化的真實自我。

As the rapid development of social network websites and the ubiquitous of camera phones, users has started to communicate with others by photos, and resulted in rising of Instagram. However there were no studies aiming at investigating how social network website’s users present their identities through pictures, also online identity related studies indicated two different type of selves: true selves and ideal selves. Hence this study examines how Instagram users present their identities through pictures with digital storytelling and Spectacle／Performance Paradigm , to find the possibilities that users present their true selves and ideal selves. This study use Virtual Ethnography and photo classification to observe Instagram user’s behaviors and in-depth interviews to understand user’s feelings and opinions toward photo sharing. The result indicates that users can present their identities through pictures, and strengthen and perfection their identities by selecting pictures and using filters. These behaviors are not affected by “be seen”, but by user’s intention to keep their memories. In addition, the resources of pictures are from user’s life. As a result, the identities they present through pictures are not absolute true selves or ideal selves, but perfection true selves.

壹、緒論 1
第一節　研究背景與研究動機 1
第二節　研究目的 4
貳、文獻探討 6
第一節　社群時代的相片分享網站 6
第二節　從相片說起 7
第三節　INSTAGRAM上的身份認同 12
第四節　視覺身份認同的再現與展演 13
參、研究方法 22
第一節　網路民族誌 22
第二節　深度訪談法 26
第三節　研究流程 27
肆、資料分析 30
第一節　不曾消逝的相片三功能 30
第二節　INSTAGRAM上視覺身份認同的呈現 34
第三節　片段的真實身份認同呈現 51
第四節　為自我修正的理想自我身份認同 55
伍、結論 62
第一節　研究發現 62
第二節　研究貢獻 66
第三節　限制與建議 72
參考文獻 74
附件一、訪談綱要 79
附件二、參與觀察紀錄表 81
附件三、參與者基本資料 83

Abercrombie, N., &; Longhurst, B. J. (1998). Audiences: A sociological theory of performance and imagination: Sage.
Ames, M., &; Naaman, M. (2007). Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems.
Araujo, C. S., Correa, L. P. D., Silva, A. P. C. d., Prates, R. O., &; Meira, W. (2014). It is Not Just a Picture: Revealing Some User Practices in Instagram. Paper presented at the Web Congress (LA-WEB), 2014 9th Latin American.
Bakhshi, S., Shamma, D. A., &; Gilbert, E. (2014). Faces engage us: photos with faces attract more likes and comments on Instagram. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y., &; Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the Internet. Journal of social issues, 58(1), 33-48.
Barthes, R. (1981). Camera lucida: Reflections on photography: Macmillan.
Boyd, d. m., &; Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Chalfen, R. (1987). Snapshot versions of life.
Cohen, K. R. (2005). What does the photoblog want? Media, Culture &; Society, 27(6), 883-901.
De Ruyter, D., &; Conroy, J. (2002). The formation of identity: the importance of ideals. Oxford Review of Education, 28(4), 509-522.
Dogruer, N., Menevi, I., &; Eyyam, R. (2011). What is the motivation for using Facebook? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2642-2646.
Donath, J. S. (1999). Identity and deception in the virtual community. Communities in cyberspace, 1996, 29-59.
Ellison, N. B., Hancock, J. T., &; Toma, C. L. (2012). Profile as promise: A framework for conceptualizing veracity in online dating self-presentations. new media &; society, 14(1), 45-62.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., &; Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
English, L. D. o. C. (2003). identity. from http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/identity
Frommer, D. (2010, November 1). Here''s How To Use Instagram. from http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-2010-11
Gülnar, B., Balcı, Ş., &; Çakır, V. (2010). Motivations of Facebook, You Tube and similar web sites users. Bilig, 54, 161-184.
Garry, M., &; Gerrie, M. P. (2005). When photographs create false memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 321-325.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 1360-1380.
Grinter, R. E., Aoki, P. M., Szymanski, M. H., Thornton, J. D., Woodruff, A., &; Hurst, A. (2002). Revisiting the visit:: understanding how technology can shape the museum visit. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work.
Hancock, J. T., &; Dunham, P. J. (2001). Impression formation in computer-mediated communication revisited an analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication research, 28(3), 325-347.
Harrison, B. (2002). Photographic visions and narrative inquiry. Narrative inquiry, 12(1), 87-111.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective: Guilford Press.
Hochman, N., &; Schwartz, R. (2012). Visualizing instagram: Tracing cultural visual rhythms. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Workshop on Social Media Visualization (SocMedVis) in conjunction with the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM–12).
Hollenbeck, C. R., &; Kaikati, A. M. (2012). Consumers'' use of brands to reflect their actual and ideal selves on Facebook. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 395-405.
Hsu, C.-W. (2007). Staging on the Internet: Research on online photo album users in Taiwan with the spectacle/performance paradigm. Cyberpsychology &; Behavior, 10(4), 596-600.
Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., &; Kambhampati, S. (2014). What We Instagram: A First Analysis of Instagram Photo Content and User Types.
Instagram. (2012). Documenting 2012 Through Instagram. from http://blog.instagram.com/post/38879583079/documenting-2012-through-instagram-to-see-more
Instagram. (2015a). FAQ. from http://instagram.com/about/faq/
Instagram. (2015b). 如何將相片和影片設定為不公開，並且只跟獲准追蹤的粉絲分享？. from https://www.facebook.com/help/instagram/448523408565555?locale=zh_TW
Instagram. (2015, January 22). Our Story. from http://instagram.com/press/
Jacobson, D. (1999). Impression formation in cyberspace: Online expectations and offline experiences in text‐based virtual communities. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 5(1), 0-0.
Jaffray, P. (2014, October 8). Different is the New Cool, According to Piper Jaffray Survey of 7,200 Teens. from http://www.piperjaffray.com/2col.aspx?id=287&;releaseid=1975435
Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 61-72.
L2. (2014). Intelligence Report Instagram 2014. from http://www.l2inc.com/research/instagram-2014
Lambert, J. (2013). Digital storytelling: Capturing lives, creating community: Routledge.
Lehtonen, T.-K., Koskinen, I., &; Kurvinen, E. (2002). Mobile digital pictures–the future of the postcard? Findings from an experimental field study. The postcard in its social context, 71-98.
Lundby, K. (2008). Digital storytelling, mediatized stories: Self-representations in new media (Vol. 52): Peter Lang.
Manikonda, L., Hu, Y., &; Kambhampati, S. (2014). Analyzing User Activities, Demographics, Social Network Structure and User-Generated Content on Instagram.
McNely, B. J. (2012). Shaping organizational image-power through images: Case histories of Instagram. Paper presented at the Professional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2012 IEEE International.
Mead, G. H., &; Mind, H. (1934). Self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Meadows, D. (2003). Digital storytelling: Research-based practice in new media. Visual Communication, 2(2), 189-193.
Miller, A. D., &; Edwards, W. K. (2007). Give and take: a study of consumer photo-sharing culture and practice. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems.
Nyboe, L., &; Drotner, K. (2008). Identity, aesthetics and digital narration. Digital storytelling, mediatized stories. Self-presentations in new media, 52, 161-176.
Okabe, D. (2004). Emergent social practices, situations and relations through everyday camera phone use. Paper presented at the International Conference on Mobile Communication and Social Change, Seoul, Korea.
Parks, M. (2007). Personal networks and personal relationships. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sarvas, R., &; Frohlich, D. M. (2011). From Snapshots to Social Media-The Changing Picture of Domestic Photography: The Changing Picture of Domestic Photography: Springer.
Satchell, C., Shanks, G., Howard, S., &; Murphy, J. (2006). Knowing me, knowing you: End user perceptions of identity management systems.
Schiano, D. J., Chen, C. P., &; Isaacs, E. (2002). How teens take, view, share, and store photos. CSCW Interactive Poster.
Sherry, T. (1995). Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. NY etc.: cop.
Smith, C. (2013, November 7). A Portrait Of Instagram''s Users: Who''s On The Service And Who''s Not. from http://www.businessinsider.com/a-primer-on-social-media-demographics-2013-10
Sontag, S. (1973). On Photography. New York: Delta.
Staksrud, E. (2008). Fairytale parenting: Contextual factors influencing children''s online self-representation. Digital Storytelling, Mediatized Stories: Self-representations in New Media. K. Lundby: New York, Peter Lang Publishing Group.
Strange, D., Gerrie, M. P., &; Garry, M. (2005). A few seemingly harmless routes to a false memory. Cognitive Processing, 6(4), 237-242.
Stuhlmiller, C. M. (1996). Narrative picturing: Ushering experiential recall. Nursing inquiry, 3(3), 183-184.
Tolentino, M. (2012, March 26). Instagram: The History and Evolution. from http://siliconangle.com/blog/2012/03/26/instagram-the-history-and-evolution/
Trusov, M., Bodapati, A. V., &; Bucklin, R. E. (2010). Determining influential users in internet social networks. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), 643-658.
Van Dijck, J. (2008). Digital photography: communication, identity, memory. Visual Communication, 7(1), 57-76.
Van House, N., Davis, M., Ames, M., Finn, M., &; Viswanathan, V. (2005). The uses of personal networked digital imaging: an empirical study of cameraphone photos and sharing. Paper presented at the CHI''05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems.
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication research, 23(1), 3-43.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S. Y., Westerman, D., &; Tong, S. T. (2008). The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34(1), 28-49.
Weilenmann, A., Hillman, T., &; Jungselius, B. (2013). Instagram at the museum: communicating the museum experience through social photo sharing. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
吳品清. (2015年1月26日). Instagram 創意行銷七招. from http://www.smartm.com.tw/Article/373230cea3
林姿吟. (2008). 從攝影部落格觀看自我的呈現: 觀展/表演典範之初探. (碩士), 國立中山大學, 高雄市.
林燕秋. (2009). 自我的線上舞台--影音分享網站之閱聽人研究. (碩士), 元智大學, 桃園縣.
花逸文. (2006). 部落格裡的日常生活再現: 以無名小站為例. (碩士), 國立臺灣藝術大學, 台北.
唐士哲. (2004). 民族誌學應用于網路研究的契機、問題與挑戰. 資訊社會研究, 第六期, 頁59-頁90.
財團法人資訊工業策進會. (2014年7月20日). 資策會FIND：2014年上半年消費者行為調查出爐. from http://www.iii.org.tw/service/3_1_1_c.aspx?id=1367
張玉佩. (2005). 從媒體影像觀照自己: 觀展/表演典範之初探. 新聞學研究(82), 41-85.
張玉佩. (2009). 遊戲, 人生: 從線上遊戲玩家探討網路世界與日常生活的結合. 新聞學研究(98), 1-45.
曹雅玲. (2007). 部落客的觀展與表演. (碩士), 碩士, 高雄市.
陳向明. (2002). 社會科學質的研究, 台北市: 五南.
陳怡君. (2012). 舞台或監獄：從YouTube看網路素人的線上自我展演與線下勞動過程. (碩士), 國立中山大學, 高雄市.
黃厚銘. (2002). 網路上的身份認同. 資訊社會研究(2), 226-228.
資策會產業情報研究所. (2014年6月13日). 96.2%台灣網友近期曾使用社交網站. from http://mic.iii.org.tw/intelligence/pressroom/pop_pressfull.asp?sno=364&;type1=2
劉依婷. (2007). 線上表演: 部落格作者網絡關係對網路書寫的影響. (碩士), 元智大學, 桃園縣.
潘淑滿. (2003). 質性研究: 理論與應用. 台北: 心理.
謝靜雯. (2012). 從媒體中介到社群中介── 名人和粉絲透過社群網站的觀展和想像. (碩士), 國立政治大學, 台北.