臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

乳鐵蛋白 (lactoferrin, Lf) 為一種能與鐵結合之球狀醣蛋白，廣泛存在於哺乳類動物的分泌物中，對革蘭氏陰性 (Gram negative, G (-)) 菌及少數革蘭氏陽性 (Gram positive, G (+)) 菌具有良好的抗菌效果，經胃蛋白酶水解所得之水解物 (lactoferrin hydrolysates, LfH) 可釋放其抗菌片段乳鐵蛋白素 (lactoferricin, Lfcin)，並大幅提升其抗菌活性。乳酸鏈球菌素 (nisin) 用於食品加工之天然防腐劑，可有效抑制 G (+) 菌，但對 G (-) 菌無顯著之抑菌效果，然而前人研究發現 nisin 與其他抗菌物質複合作用時，可提升對 G (-) 菌之抗菌活性。本研究使用 LfH 或 Lfcin 複合 nisin 對食品常見之G (-) 病原菌或腐敗菌包括大腸桿菌 (Escherichia coli, EC)、糞產鹼菌 (Alcaligenes faecalis, AF)、腸炎弧菌 (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VP)、綠膿桿菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA)、小腸結腸炎耶爾森菌 (Yersinia enterocolitica, YE) 及腸炎沙門氏菌 (Salmonella enterica, SE) 等 G (-) 菌群之抗菌效果進行探討。最低抑菌濃度 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 及動態生長曲線 (kinetic antibacterial growth curve, KAGC) 試驗發現，對 LfH 及 Lfcin 最敏感的為 EC，依序分別為 AF、SE 及 PA，而 VP 及 YE 則顯示不受抑制；對 nisin 最敏感的為 AF，其餘試驗菌株雖於 MIC 試驗中顯示無抑制效果，但於 KAGC 試驗中均有明顯抑制效果。LfH 與 nisin 複合實驗結果顯示，對 EC、AF 及 SE之抑制用量範圍可降低各別 MIC 劑量的1/2，但對 VP、PA 及 YE 仍無明顯抑制效果；以分量抑制濃度 (fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI) 計算的協同抑制指數結果顯示，對 EC、AF 及 SE 之 FICI 皆小於 0.5，代表具有良好的協同抗菌效果，但對 PA、VP 及 YE 仍無明顯抑制效果。進一步對抗菌物質呈現協同效果的試驗菌株進行鉀離子流失試驗，結果顯示 EC 及 SE 在單獨或複合施用抗菌物質時其鉀離子流失量並無明顯差異；而 AF 在單獨施用 nisin 時，可明顯造成其鉀離子流失，LfH 則相對不明顯，當兩抗菌物質複合使用時，除了可大幅減少抗菌物質的用量外，並迅速導致鉀離子流失反應。利用掃描式電子顯微鏡 (scanning electron microscope, SEM) 觀察，發現 LfH 與 nisin 對試驗菌株有不同的作用模式，將兩者抗菌物質複合使用時，有促進 AF 及 SE 菌體溶解之情形。經 SEM 的結果可推論，在 SE 的抑菌試驗中，LfH 為第一線的作用分子，nisin 則為主要殺菌物質；然而對 AF 而言，nisin 則不需 LfH 的輔助，即具強力的殺菌效果。

Nisin is the natural food preservatives, it can inhibit gram-positive bacteria (G (+)), but Gram-negative bacteria (G (-)) demonstrated no significant inhibition. However previous studies has found Nisin combining other antimicrobial substances can enhance antibacterial effect against G (-) bacteria. Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mammalian exocrine secretions, can significant inhibit G (-) bacteria, Studies have shown that Lf hydrolyzed by pepsin (LfH) can enhance antibacterial effect. This work attempted to apply Nisin combining LFH and lactoferricin (LFcin), respectively, for studying their synergistic effects against the common G (-) food pathogens or spoilage bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella enterica. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and kinetic antibacterial growth curve (KAGC) analysis results showed that A. faecalis was the most sensitive to nisin. The remaining strains were not inhibited by nisin in MIC test but were significantly inhibited in the KAGC test. LfH and Lfcin were most effective to E. coli, and the other were in the order: A. faecalis, S. enterica, V. parahaemolyticus; however, it showed no effect against P. aeruginosa, and Y. enterocolitica.. To study the synergistic relationship between two agents, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) analysis was applied and the result demonstrated that nisin/LfH had great synergistic effect against E. coli, A. faecalis and S. enterica strains, whose FIC were all below 0.5.; there was no synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa, and V. parahaemolyticus. The subsequent potassium ions (K+) release test was performed and the results revealed that nisin could obviously cause K+ release from A. faecalis strains but LfH could not. The combination of LfH and nisin leaded A. faecalis releasing more K+ than applied individually; while there is no enhancing effect found against E. coli and S. enterica. According to the morphological changes of the tested strains observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM), LfH and nisin showed different antibacterial behaviors; besides, combination of both agents demonstrated a complete lysis of target cells. To sum up, LfH may play a role as major attacker and nisin as enhancer in synergistic antibacterial against E. coli and S. enterica, while they may play different roles against A. faecalis.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
謝誌 III
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
附圖目錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理 2
一、革蘭氏陰性 (Gram-negative, G(-)) 試驗菌種之介紹 2
(一) 大腸桿菌 (Escherichia coli) 2
(二) 糞產鹼菌 (Alcaligenes faecalis) 2
(三) 腸炎弧菌 (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) 2
(四) 綠膿桿菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 3
(五) 小腸結腸炎耶爾森菌 (Yersinia enterocolitica) 3
(六) 腸炎沙門氏菌 (Salmonella enterica) 4
(七) 實驗菌株之親緣關係 4
二、乳鐵蛋白及其水解物之介紹 4
(一) 乳鐵蛋白 (lactoferrin, Lf) 4
(二) 乳鐵蛋白水解物 (lactoferrin hydrolysates, LfH) 5
(三) 乳鐵蛋白素 (lactoferricin, Lfcin) 6
(四) Lf、LfH及Lfcin之應用 6
(五) Lf、LfH及Lfcin之複合抗菌應用 6
三、乳酸鏈球菌素 (nisin) 之介紹 7
(一) 結構及特性 7
(二) 抗菌機制 7
(三) 應用與限制範圍 8
(四) 複合抗菌應用 8
參、實驗架構 10
肆、材料與方法 11
一、實驗材料 11
(一) 抗菌物質 11
(二) 試驗菌株 11
(三) 實驗藥品 12
(五) 實驗儀器 16
二、實驗方法 17
(一) 試驗菌株之活化及培養 17
(二) 最低抑菌濃度 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 之測試 17
(三) 複合抗菌 (combination antibacterial) 試驗 17
(四) 動態抑制生長曲線 (kinetic antibacterial growth curve, KAGC) 之測定..................................................................................................................17
(五) 鉀離子流失 (potassium ion release) 試驗 18
(六) 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (scanning electron microscope, SEM) 觀察 18
(七) SDS-PAGE蛋白質分離法 19
伍、結果 20
一、乳鐵蛋白水解物 (lactoferrin hydrolysates, LfH) 與乳鐵蛋白素 (lactoferricin, Lfcin) 之蛋白質分子量分析 20
二、Lf、LfH 與合成之 Lfcin 的抗菌活性分析 20
三、Nisin 之抗菌活性 20
四、LfH 或 Lfcin 複合 nisin 之抗菌活性 21
(一) LfH 複合 nisin 之抗菌效果 21
(二) LfH 複合 nisin 之動態抑制生長效果 21
(三) Lfcin 複合 nisin 之抗菌活性 22
四、鉀離子流失試驗 22
五、SEM 之菌體型態觀察 23
陸、討論 24
一、乳鐵蛋白水解物 (lactoferrin hydrolysates, LfH) 與乳鐵蛋白素 (lactoferricin, Lfcin) 之蛋白質分子量分析 24
二、Lf、LfH 與合成之 Lfcin 的抗菌活性分析 24
三、Nisin 之抗菌活性探討 25
四、LfH 或 Lfcin 複合 nisin 之抗菌活性探討 26
(一) LfH 複合 nisin 之動態抑制生長效果探討 26
五、LfH 或 Lfcin 複合 nisin 之作用機制探討 27
柒、結論 28
捌、參考文獻 29
玖、表 40
拾、圖 47
拾壹、附圖 61

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