臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
聚乳酸 [poly(lactic acid), PLA] 和去水乳酸共聚物 (lactide copolymers) 是生物可分解和可堆肥化的聚合物材料，它是生產自可恢復的資源，具有生物相容性和在人類身體與環境中無毒性等特性。相關的研究和發展是越來越受到重視，已被廣泛地應用在包括醫學，製藥學，農業和工業等不同的領域。值得注意的是，近十年來聚乳酸聚合物已逐
漸取代了傳統的合成包裝材料。本論文主要總結歸納了聚乳酸的特性，回顧聚乳酸的生產技術，圖解說明於每個領域的最新研究與應用實例以及描述它們被生物或其他方式的降解過程。
製作聚乳酸和它的共聚物共有三種方式。目前有幾間公司以半商業等級生產的聚乳酸，已使用在生物可分解塑膠材料。PLAs 曾經被使用在組織再生的生醫材料，藥物傳遞系統的材料和其他可降低環境衝擊的商業化聚合物材料，如應用於包裝材料上。有關聚合物在動物和人類體內的降解，一般認為是經由酵素和非酵素的水解。包括有proteinase K、pronasec 和bromelain 等幾個酵素能夠降解這聚合物；然而僅有少數論文描述關於這聚合物被微生物降解的特性。有一些例如Amycolatopsis sp.的放線菌類 (actinomycete) 和例如Bacillus brevis 之適高溫細菌(thermophilic bacterium) 等聚乳酸降解微生物已被鑑定出。這些微生物的確認是利用可於含有聚乳酸粉末的洋菜皿上產生透明地帶的技術來篩選出，然而有關微生物降解乳酸聚合物作用機制仍舊是不太清楚。
聚乳酸和它的共聚物的特性和技術水準仍然有需改進之處以應用在其他的領域。一旦聚乳酸的生產工業化後，它將能夠廣泛的應用在醫學和降解塑膠等領域。

ABSTRACT
Poly(lactide)s [i.e. poly(lactic acid) (PLA)] and lactide copolymers are
polymer materials that are biodegradable, compostable, producible from
renewable resources, biocompatibile, and nontoxic to the human body and the
environment. Since the polymer materials have and no toxicity and can be
absorbed, greater and greater attention has been paid to the related researches
and development. They are increasingly applied in various areas including
medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, and industry. Polylactide polymers have
also gained enormous attention as a replacement for conventional synthetic
packaging materials in the last decade. The aim of this issue is to summarize
the main properties of PLAs, review the production techniques for PLAs,
illustrate the applicated examples and advanced researches in every field, and
describe their degradation by organisms or others.
There are three methods for preparing polylactide and its copolymers.
Several companies now produce polylactic acid (PLA) on a semi-commercial
scale for using in biodegradable plastics. PLAs have been used as
biomedical materials for tissue regeneration, matrices for drug delivery
systems, and alternatives, such as packaging materials, for commercial
polymeric materials to reduce the impact on the environment. The
degradation of the polymer in animals and humans is thought to proceed via
enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis. Several enzymes can degrade the
polymer: proteinase K, pronase and bromelain; however, few have been
characterized with regards to microbial degradation of the polymer. A few
PLA-degrading microorganisms have been identified, such as actinomycete
(Amycolatopsis sp.) and thermophilic bacterium (Bacillus brevis.) These
organisms were identified by their ability to form a clear zone in an agar plate
containing PLA powder. However, the involvement of microorganisms in
the depolymerization of PLAs is still unclear.
The property and technological level of polylactide and its copolymers
remain to be improved for use in some areas. Once the manufacture of
polylactide is industrialized, it can be of wide application in the fields of
medicine and degraded plastics.

目錄
摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
高分子縮寫表 v
目錄 vii
表目錄 xi
圖目錄 xii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 生物可分解材料之定義 2
1.2 可堆肥化認證 6
1.3 生物可分解材料及其分解 9
1.3.1 微生物生產的生物可分解塑膠 9
1.3.2 化學合成的生物可分解塑膠 13
第二章 聚乳酸的合成與性質 25
2.1 乳酸 25
2.1.1 乳酸的結構與性質 25
2.1.2 乳酸的來源 27
2.1.3 乳酸的生產 27
2.1.4 乳酸的應用 28
2.2 聚乳酸材料的生產 28
2.2.1 聚乳酸材料定義 28
2.2.2 聚乳酸原料的來源 28
2.2.3 聚乳酸材料合成的原理 29
2.3 聚乳酸材料特性 36
2.4 乳酸與聚乳酸的研究回顧 42
第三章 聚乳酸材料之應用 44
3.1 聚乳酸材料於醫學上的應用 44
3.1.1 骨科固定 44
3.1.2 組織修復 47
3.1.3 外科縫合線 47
3.1.4 眼科植入材料 48
3.1.5 藥物傳送釋放體 49
3.1.6 牙科的應用 50
3.2 聚乳酸材料於食品上的應用 54
3.3 聚乳酸材料於農業上的應用 57
3.4 聚乳酸材料於工業上的應用 60
3.4.1 工業包裝收縮膜 60
3.4.2 聚乳酸纖維 60
3.4.3 其他工業用途 61
3.5 聚乳酸應用發展的限制 62
3.5.1 塑膠原料與聚乳酸原料的成本比較 62
3.5.2 聚乳酸的材料缺點 65
第四章 聚乳酸材料分解 67
4.1 聚乳酸材料的非生物性分解 68
4.2 聚乳酸材料的生物性分解 70
第五章 結論 78
參考文獻 91

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