臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在19世紀初期的來華英人中，小斯當東 (George Thomas Staunton, 1781-1859) 是以往學界研究此一時期中英關係史較為忽略的人物，然其豐富的中國經歷，個人集使者、茶商、中國通等角色於一身，是史家考察此段歷史不可多得的個案。

本論文嘗試透過這位特殊歷史人物的經歷，由馬戛爾尼使團侍童、東印度公司雇員、下議院議員三個不同的角色來瞭解他與中國的各種連結，並深入前人尚未提及的一些面向，如斯當東幼年到歐陸及中國的旅遊經驗，其手稿日記中對馬戛爾尼是否叩頭的記載；斯當東服務廣東商館時所翻譯之《英吉利國新出種痘奇書》與跛臣原稿間的差異；斯當東返英定居後對中國貿易的立場與主張，其中他與《愛丁堡季評 (Edinburgh Review)》撰文者克盧佛 (John Crawfurd)、麥克勞 (J. R. McCulloch) 有關開放中國貿易市場的論戰，先前學界似乎罕見討論。此外，斯當東的中國意象亦是本論文討論重點之一，其對於中國外交、法律有何想法？其見解有何時代意義性？

斯當東傳奇性的中國經歷是19世紀初期英國海外殖民探險的代表人物之一，本論文透過對其生平重要活動的描繪，除補遺先前中文學界對此人研究的缺漏外，筆者希望以其為例，進一步觸及較重要的層面，如歐人域外探險、「歷史哲學 (philosophical history )」史觀、英國自由貿易思潮與東印度公司、馬戛爾尼使團後英人的中國意象、東方主義、人類學研究、中西文化衝擊等問題，希能引發學界更多的討論。

Arriving in China’s British in 19th century initial period, George Thomas Staunton is the former scholars which this for a while Chinese and British relations history neglects, however his rich China experiences, individual volume of role, messenger, tea merchant, expert on China to a body, is the historian inspects this phase of history rare document.

This thesis attempt penetrates this special historical personage’s experience, the affiliation by Lord Macartney’s page boy, the East India Company employee, a MP of House of Commons three different roles understood his various links with China, and thorough predecessor not yet mentions some face. For example, his traveling experience of European and China in childhood, his draft manuscript diary about Lord Macartney whether kowtows or not; when George Thomas Staunton serves in Canton Factory, the difference between his translation and Alexander Pearson’s original manuscript; after Staunton returning to England to settle down, the Chinese trade standpoint and the position between he and John Crawfurd, J. R. McCulloch (Reviews of Edinburgh Review) related opens the Chinese trade market, formerly the scholars as if rarely discussed; in addition, George Thomas Staunton’s views on China also is one important views of this thesis discussions, his regarding the Chinese diplomacy, the law has what idea? his opinion has what time significance.

George Thomas Staunton’s legend China experiences is one of British overseas colonizes exploration representative personages in 19th century initial period, this thesis penetrates to the description of his biography key activities, besides the supplement formerly Chinese scholar’s insufficiency which studied about him, the author hoped take him as an example, further contacted some more important fields, like Europeans outside the territory exploration, philosophical history, the British free trade ideological trend and East India Company, the British views on China after Macartney Embassy, the Orientalism, the anthropology research, the China and the West culture impact and so on questions, hoped could evoke more discussions.

目次
中英文摘要
誌謝辭
圖片………………………………………………………………………i
第一章　緒論………………………………………………………… 1
　　第一節　19世紀前中英關係簡述…………………………………1
　　第二節　研究動機..………………………………………………6
　　第三節　研究回顧…………………………………………………8
　　第四節　研究方法與章節結構………………………………… 10
第二章　具語言天賦的馬戛爾尼使團侍童………………………… 12
　　第一節　貴族式的幼年教育…………………………………… 12
　　第二節　甫識東方文化的中國之旅…………………………… 16
　　第三節　與權貴子弟競爭熱門的中國書記職缺……………… 20
第三章　任職東印度公司的茶商生涯……………………………… 22
第一節 初期苦悶的書記生活…………………………………… 23
第二節　任商館貨監時的傑出表現…………………………… 29
　　第三節　進入決策委員會後的活躍果決……………………… 40
　　第四節　熟稔中國事務的阿美士德使團副使………………… 45
第四章　英國早期「中國通」裡的佼佼者………………………… 52
第一節 對中國貿易的立場與主張…………………………… 54
第二節 著作等身的「中國通」……………………………… 63
第三節 推動漢學研究的各種努力…………………………… 70
第四節 斯當東的中國意象…………………………………… 72
第五節 另一個開始—鴉片戰爭時斯當東在國會的主戰演說…82
第五章　結論—鴉片戰爭前舊中國的見證者……………………… 86
參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 92

一、 原典
1. China Through Western Eyes, Manuscript Records of
Traders, Travellers, Missionaries & Diplomats, 1792-
1942, part 1 & 2 (Marlborough, Wiltshire: Adam Matthew
Publications, 1998), Reel 27-30.
2. Edinburgh Review.
3. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debate.
4. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
5. Quarterly Review.
6. The Chinese Repository.
7. The Times, 1813.
8. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland (London: Parbury, Allen & Co., 1827-
1835).
9. A Delicate Inquiry into the Embassies to China, and a
Legitimate Conclusion from the Premises (London: Thomas
and George Underwood & J. M. Richardson, 1818).
10.Auber, Peter, China: An Outline of its Government, Laws
and Policy (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1834).
11.Barrow, John, Sir John Barrow’s Auto-Biography (London:
John Murray, 1847).
12.Barrow, John, Travels in China: Containing Descriptions,
Observations, and Comparisons, Made and Collected in the
Course of a Short Residence at the Imperial Palace of
Yuen-min-yuen, and on a Subsequent Journey through the
Country from Pekin to Canton (London: T. Cadell and W.
Davies, 1806).
13.Crawfurd, John, Chinese Monopoly Examined (London: James
Ridgway, Piccadilly, 1830).
14.Ellis, Henry, Journal of the Proceedings of the Late
Embassy to China: Comprising a Correct Narrative of the
Public Transactions of the Embassy, of the Voyage to and
from China, and of the Journey from the Mouth of the Pei-
Ho to the Return to Canton (London: John Murray, 1817).
15.Ellis, Henry, Journal of the Proceedings of the Late
Embassy to China: Comprising a Correct Narrative of the
Public Transactions of the Embassy, of the Voyage to and
from China, and of the Journey from the Mouth of the Pei-
Ho to the Return to Canton (London: John Murray, 1818).
16.Jeffrey, Francis, “Ta Tsing Leu Lee; Being the
Fundamental Laws, and a Selection from the Supplementary
Statutes, of the Penal Code of China,” Edinburgh
Review, (1810), pp. 476-499.
17.Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de, The History of the Great and
Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof, ed.
G. T. Staunton (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society,
1853-1854).
18.Morrison, Robert, A Memoir of the Principal Occurrences
During an Embassy from the British Government to the
Court of China in the Year 1816 (London: The
Pamphleteer, 1819).
19.Pearson, Alexander, The Extraordinary History of a New
Method of Inoculating Discovered in the Kingdom of
England, Royal Society, Ms. 94.
20.Scenes in China, Exhibiting the Manners, Customs,
Diversions, and Singular Peculiarities of the Chinese:
Together with the Mode of Travelling, Navigation, etc.,
in that Vast Empire (New York: S. Wood and sons, 1819).
21.Staunton, G. L., An Authentic Account of an Embassy from
the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China:
including Cursory Observations Made, and Information
obtained, in Travelling through that Ancient Empire, and
a Small Part of Chinese Tartary; together with a
Relation of the Voyage Undertaken on the Occasion of His
Majesty's Ship the Lion, and the ship Hindostan, in the
East India Company's Service, to the Yellow Sea and Gulf
and Pekin; as Well as of their Return to Europe; taken
Chiefly from the Papers of His Excellency the Earl of
Macartney, Sir Erasmus Gower, and of other Gentlemen in
the Several Departments of the Embassy (1797; rpt.
London: Adamant Media, n.d.).
22.Staunton, G. L., An Historical Account of the Embassy to
the Emperor of China, Undertaken by Order of the King of
Great Britain: including the Manners and Customs of the
Inhabitants; and Preceded by an Account of the Causes of
the Embassy and Voyage to China, Abridged Principally
from the Papers of Earl Macartney, as Compiled by Sir
George Staunton, Bart. (London: J. Stockdale, 1797).
23.Staunton, G. T., An Inquiry into the Proper Mode of
Rendering the Word "God" (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey,
1849).
24.Staunton, G. T., Corrected Report of the Speech by Sir
George Staunton, on Sir James Grham's Motion on the
China Trade, April 7th, 1840 (Cambridge: Chadwyck-
Healey, 1840).
25.Staunton, G. T., Corrected Report of the Speeches on the
China Trade, 4th and 13th of June, 1833 (Cambridge:
Chadwyck-Healey, 1833).
26.Staunton, G. T., Journal of a Voyage to China, Duke
University.
27.Staunton, G. T., Journal of a Voyage to China, Second
Part, Duke University.
28.Staunton, G. T., Memoirs of the Chief Incidents of the
Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton, Bart.
(London: L. Booth, 1856).
29.Staunton, G. T., Miscellaneous Notices Relating to
China, and our Commercial Intercourse with the Country,
Including a Few Translations from the Chinese Language
(London: John Murray, 1822).
30.Staunton, G. T., Miscellaneous Notices Relating to
China, and our Commercial Intercourse with the Country,
Including a Few Translations from the Chinese Language,
Part the Second (Havant: private circulation only, 1828).
31.Staunton, G. T., Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the
Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars: in the Years 1712, 13,
14, & 15 (London: J. Murray, 1821).
32.Staunton, G. T., Notes of Proceedings and Occurrences
During the British Embassy to Pekin in 1816 (private
circulation only).
33.Staunton, G. T., Ta Tsing Leu Lee: Being the Fundamental
Laws, and a Selection from the Supplementary Statutes,
of the Penal Code of China (1810; rpt, Taipei: Ch’eng-
Wen, 1966).
34.Watsen, James, Journal of a Voyage in 1811 and 1812, to
Madras and China (London: J. Nichols, 1814).
35.《嘉慶朝起居注冊（定本）》（台北中央研究院傅斯年圖書館館
藏）。
36.中國第一歷史檔案館、澳門基金會、暨南大學古籍研究所合編，
《明清時期澳門問題檔案文獻匯編》（北京：人民出版社，
1999）。
37.中國第一歷史檔案館編，《英使馬戛爾尼訪華檔案史料匯編》
（北京：國際文化出版公司，1966）。
38.中國第一歷史檔案館編，《嘉慶道光兩朝上諭檔》（桂林：廣西
師範大學出版社，2000）。
39.故宮博物院編，《掌故叢編》（北京：中華書局，1990）。
40.故宮博物院輯，《清代外交史料（道光朝）》（台北，成文出版
社，民57）。
41.故宮博物院輯，《清代外交史料（嘉慶朝）》（台北，成文出版
社，民57）。
42.祝淮修，黃培芳纂，《新修香山縣志》（台北：台灣學生書局，
道光七年(1827)刊本）。
43.張建基等輯，《大清律例彙輯便覽》（台北中央研究院郭廷以圖
書館館藏同治11年刊本）。
44.梁廷柟等編，《粵海關志》（台北：文海出版社，景印道光間刊
本）。
45.許地山編，《達衷集》（台北：文海出版社，民63）。
46.圖理琛，《異域錄》（上海：博古齋，景印嘉慶十三年刊本）。
47.劉芳輯、章文欽校，《葡萄牙東波塔檔案館藏清代澳門中文檔案
彙編》（澳門：澳門基金會，1999）。
48.廣東省檔案館編，《廣東澳門檔案史料選編》（北京：中國檔案
出版社，1999）。
49.覺羅勒德洪等修，《大清仁宗睿皇帝實錄》（台北：華聯出
版社，民53）。