臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

臺灣獼猴（Macaca cyclopis）是台灣除了人類以外唯一之本土靈長類動物，在台灣高雄壽山地區已有多年的長期生態及行為研究。臺灣獼猴為母系社會，社群之組成多為多雄多雌之兩性群，過去之研究多針對雌猴進行研究，而對雄猴社會互動及兩性交配策略還有待進一步研究。本研究欲瞭解成年雄猴與猴群成員間之社會行為，藉此分析其與不同位階、性別年齡層之社會互動及交配季與非交配季之行為差異。研究期間從2017年10至2019年6月，研究路線從鼓山高中登山口至七蔓休息站，經長壽園及四棵榕返回登山口，路線總長4.56公里。本研究針對北壽山小社群Kb及中社群Ic群以掃描取樣及焦點追蹤等方法分析成年雌雄猴社會行為、敵對行為及生殖行為，也紀錄相遇其他猴群及流浪雄猴之社群結構和個體特徵。
小社群Kb之成員變動較中社群Ic群頻繁。Kb群成年雌雄猴共遷出入4次，Ic群則無成猴遷出入。Kb群交配季及非交配季之群外雄猴（NTM）數並無顯著差異（Mann-Whitney test, P>0.2），但Ic群NTM數量在交配季顯著較非交配季為多（P<0.05）。
高位階雄猴參與較多雌雄猴理毛，其參與之雌雄理毛數達79%。高位階雄猴之雌猴理毛夥伴數較中低位階雄猴多，雄猴藉理毛與雌猴建立良好關係。2社群高位階雄猴之雌猴理毛夥伴數平均佔全社群雌猴數82.9%（±7.9, n=2）。
雄猴類型和交配次數相關，群內雄猴及群外雄猴之交配數與雌猴位階有關連性（p<0.001）。高位階雄猴於交配上佔優勢，高位階雄猴交配數及交配夥伴皆較多。社群大小及雄猴位階影響交配夥伴數，小社群Kb群最高位階雄猴幾乎獨佔交配機會。中社群Ic群最高位階雄猴交配夥伴則佔此社群全數成年雌猴之90.9%。雄猴位階與干擾交配或配對有顯著關聯（p<0.001）。最高位階雄猴皆未被干擾交配及配對，但中低位階雄猴及群外雄猴則多被干擾。在17次雌猴拒絕交配事件中，高中低位階之雄猴皆有可能被雌猴拒絕交配。臺灣獼猴雄猴雖主導交配，但雌性選擇仍會對交配成功造成影響。

Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis) is the only native primate in Taiwan except humans, which had long-term ecological and behavioral researches in Mt. Longevity of Kaohsiung. Formosan macaques are matrilineal society, and previous studies have mostly focused on females. This study designed to understand the social behaviors between adult males and members, and to analyze their social interactions with different ranks, gender, age and behavioral differences between mating seasons and non-mating seasons. During the study period from October 2017 to June 2019, a research route was chosen with 4.56 kilometers long. This study focused on two target troops (Kb and Ic) and monkeys on routes. Behavioral sampling methods included scan, focal sampling, and all occurrences sampling of affiliative, aggressive and reproductive behaviors of adult monkeys. The members of the small troop Kb changed more frequently than those of the middle troop Ic. There was no significant difference in the number of non-troop males (NTM) in Kb between mating and non-mating seasons (P>0.2), but the number of NTM of troop Ic was significantly higher in the mating season than in the non-mating season (P<0.05). The high-ranking male monkeys were involved in more male and female grooming (79%). The number of female grooming partners of high-ranking males was higher than those of middle and lower-ranking males. These high-ranking males established a good relationship with the adult females through allogrooming. The number of grooming female partners of high-ranking males accounted for an average of 82.9% (±7.9, n=2) of the total troop adult females. The types of males were related to the number of matings, the number of matings of troop males and NTM were related to female ranks (p<0.001). High-ranking males predominated in mating, and have more mating events and mating partners. The troop size and the rank of males affected the number of mating partners. The highest-ranking males of the small troop Kb almost exclusively engaged all the mating opportunities. The mating partners of the highest-ranking male of troop Ic accounted for 90.9% of all troop adult females. Male ranks were significantly associated with interference mating or consortship (p < 0.001). The highest-ranking males were not interfered during mating and consortship, but the middle, lower-ranking males and NTM were frequently disturbed. In 17 events that females refused to mate, mating attempts from all males regardless of their ranks were likely to be refused by females. Male ranks were significantly associated with interference mating or consortship (p < 0.001). Although mating of Formosan macaques were dominated by males, female choice still affected mating success.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vi
表次 viii
圖次 ix
前言 1
材料與方法 3
一、研究地點 3
二、研究對象與資料蒐集 3
三、行為類別 4
（一）社會聯繫行為 4
（二）敵對及臣服行為 4
（三）生殖行為 5
（四）其他行為 5
四、資料分析 5
結果 7
一、目標猴群社群動態 7
二、成年雄猴行為 9
（一）雄猴間理毛行為 9
（二）成年雄猴敵對行為 9
（三）流浪雄猴和雄單群分布及行為 10
三、成年雌雄猴社會互動 11
（一）理毛行為 11
（二）雌雄猴交配互動 12
（三）移動決策 16
四、成年雄猴與嬰幼猴之互動 16
討論 17
一、Kb群與Ic群猴群動態 17
二、成年雄猴間理毛互動 18
三、雄猴敵對行為 19
四、兩性群雌雄理毛行為 19
五、雌雄猴交配策略 20
六、結語 21
參考文獻 22
表 26
圖 31
附錄 42

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