臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

維持親密關係與親密關係中的行為反應有關，研究發現動機能夠預測行為反應，其中，又以接近動機、逃避動機對親密關係中的行為反應有較大的預測力。不過接近、逃避動機與親密關係中行為的關聯，可能因為個別差異而有強度的差異。過往研究發現高拒絕敏感度者，其逃避動機與負向行為的關聯，較低拒絕敏感度者強；研究也發現高、低拒絕敏感度者，對模糊的互動情境有不同的認知樣態與情感反應，而這可能影響動機預測行為反應的關聯。因此，本論文嘗試探討接近、逃避動機對於親密關係中情緒的預測力，並檢驗拒絕敏感度是否為其調節變項。本論文有兩個研究，研究一以一個月為間隔，檢視參與者在時間點一的接近、逃避動機是否能預測後續戀情中對伴侶的正、負向情緒，此外，動機與情緒的關聯是否會受到拒絕敏感度所調節。主要發現為逃避動機對後續的負向情緒有預測力，對親密關係滿意度則否。接近動機對後續的正向情緒、親密關係滿意度都有預測力。研究二以實驗法的方式操弄動機，並且請參與者在想像的模糊拒絕情境中做反應，檢驗操弄動機是否可以影響動機對後續行為反應的預測力。研究二共有兩種主要操弄（提升接近動機、降低逃避動機），以迴歸做分析，結果顯示動機操弄的有無，對狀態動機有預測力、狀態逃避動機對負向情緒有預測力、狀態接近動機對正向情緒有預測力。研究者檢視拒絕敏感度是否能調節上述的預測關係，結果狀態逃避動機對負向情緒的預測關係，會受到拒絕敏感度所調節。研究二的發現也說明操弄動機對情緒有一定程度預測力，以此說明操弄的效果，而這些發現有助於親密關係中的維持與互動。

Previous research shows that motivations can predict action and response. These findings can maintain quality of close relationships.There are two types of motivation in close relationships:approach and avoidance motivations. Approach motivations can predict positive response and avoidance motivation can predict negative response in close relationships, but how strong the prediction is depend on individual difference. Previous research shows that compared to individuals with low rejection sensitivity, avoidance motivations are more associated with negative response in individuals with high rejection sensitivity. And there are different cognition and affect responses between people with low and high rejection sensitivity. Main goals of this research are to investigate if motivations (approach, avoidance) can predict emotion response in close relationship and if these associations are modulated by rejection sensitivity. There are two studies in this research. Study1 was a survey study (longitudinal) that measured participants’ approach motivation, avoidance motivations, rejection sensitivity, and response in close relationship (positive and negative emotion, relationship satisfaction). Study1 found that avoidance motivations could predict negative emotions, approach motivations could predict positive emotions and relationship satisfaction. Study2 was an experiment that contained two manipulations of motivations and it used a scenario story to manipulate ambiguous rejection cues. Study2 mainly found that manipulations of motivations could predict change of state motivation, state approach motivation could predict positive emotions, state avoidance motivation could predicted negative emotions, and association between avoidance motivation and negative emotions was modulated by participants’ rejection sensitivity. Results in study2 suggested that manipulations of motivations could predict change of emotions in close relationships, and that is helpful to maintain quality of close relationships. Two studies provided convergent evidence to this research to suggest that motivations can predict emotions in close relationships, and association between avoidance motivations and negative emotions is modulated rejection sensitivity.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 動機能夠預測人類的行為反應 1
第二節 拒絕敏感度 3
第三節 拒絕敏感度調節動機對行為反應的預測關係 5
第二章 研究一 10
第一節 研究方法 10
第二節 研究結果 13
第三節 討論與研究限制 19
第三章 研究二 2
第一節 預試 22
第二節 研究方法 32
第三節 研究結果 38
第四節 討論與研究限制 44
第四章 綜合討論 47
第一節 研究結果討論 47
第二節 研究貢獻 50
第三節 研究限制與未來研究方向 52
參考文獻 54
附錄一：研究一 60
附錄二：預試 65
附錄三：研究二 75

林津儷 (2010) 性別特質與愛情關係滿意度 : 關係他人-自我取向的中介效果。碩士學位論文，政治大學，心理學系，台北。

姚琦、樂國安、伍承聰、李燕飛、陳晨 (2008)。調節定向的測量維度及其問卷的信度和效度檢驗。應用心理學，318-323。

陳思帆 (2008) 大學生依附關係、拒絕敏感度與曖昧訊息處理之關係研究（碩士論文）台灣博碩士論文知識加值系統（系統網址：http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/38777435364923138950）

曾由佳 (2010)。愛在監控年代－兩性在Facebook上的嫉妒與關係滿意度研究。中華傳播學會。

Ayduk , O. , Downey , G. , & Kim , M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women .
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 , 868 – 877 .

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hall.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 147 - 178.

Baumeister , R. F. , Twenge , J. , & Nuss , C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 , 817 – 827.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: VoL 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.

Crick, N., & Dodge, K. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information- processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74 – 101.

Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999a). Harsh parenting and rejection sensitivity: A longitudinal study. Unpublished data, Columbia University.

Downey , G. , & Feldman , S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 , 1327 – 1343.

Downey , G. , Lebolt , A. , Rincon , C. , & Freitas , A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children ’ s interpersonal diffi culties . Child Development , 69 , 1074 – 1091.

Downey, G., Mougios, V., Ayduk, O., London,B.E. & Shoda, Y.(2004). Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system: insights from the startle response to rejection cues. Psychological Science, 15, 668 – 673.

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to personality and motivation. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.

Elliot, A. J. (2008) Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

Eisenberger , N. I. , & Lieberman , M. D. (2005). Broken hearts and broken bones: The neurocognitive overlap between social pain and physical pain . In K. D.

Gable, S. L. (2006b). Approach and avoidance social motives and goals.Journal of Personality, 74, 175–222.

Grawe, K. (1997). Research-informed psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 7, 1-19.

Gray, J.A. (1982) The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93–98.

Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as a Motivational Principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.

Higgins, E. T., & Bargh, J. (1987). Social cognition and social perception. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology , 38, 369 – 425. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement Orientations from Subjective Histories of Success: Promotion Pride versus Prevention Pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 3-23.

Higgins, E. T., & Kruglanski, A. (Eds.). (1996). Handbook of social psychology.Basic principles. New York: Guilford Press.

Higgins, E. T., Roney, C., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276-286.

Holtforth M.G (2008) Avoidance motivation in psychological problems and psychotherapy., Psychother Res, 18,147-59.

Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.

Koster, N., de Maat, D. A., Schreur, M., & van Aken, M. G. (2018). How borderline personality characteristics affect adolescents’ life satisfaction: The role of rejection sensitivity and social relations. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 594-607.

Lang, P.J. (1995) The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385.

Lang, P., Bradley, M., & Cuthbert, B. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377–395.

Leary, M.R. (2001). Inrerpersonal rejection. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw Hill.

Mattingly, B. A., McIntyre, K. P., Lewandowski, G. W.. (2012). Approach motivation and the expansion of self in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 19, 113–127.
London , B. , Downey , G. , Bonica , C. , & Paltin , I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 17 , 481 – 506.

Mattingly, BA., Mcintyre KP., Lewandowski, GW.(2011) Approach motivation and the expansion of self in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 19, 113-127.
McAdams, D. P. (1989). Intimacy: The need to be close. New York:Doubleday.

Miller, R. S., Perlman, D., & Brehm, S. S. (2006). Intimate relationships. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252-283.

Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structures. Psychological Review, 102, 246-268.

Patterson CJ, Cohn DA, Kao BT. (1989). Maternal warmth as a protective factor against risks associated with peer rejection among children. Development and Psychopathology,1, 21–38.

Rubin, K. H., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Burgess, K. B. (2006b). The best friendships of shy/withdrawn children: Prevalence, stability, and relationship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 1–143.

Schneirla, T. C. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1959 Oxford, England: Univer. Nebraska Press.

Schoebi, D., Perrez, M., & Bradbury, T. N. (2012). Expectancy effects on marital interaction: Rejection sensitivity as a critical moderator. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 709-718.

Tucker L. Jones, Mark A. Barnett, Taylor W. Wadian & Tammy L. Sonnentag (2016) Individual Differences Associated with Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Ambiguous Social Situations in which Rejection Might be Inferred. The Journal of General Psychology, 143, 298-310.

Williams , K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors. 133-170. New York : Plenum Press.

Williams , K. D. , Cheung , C. K. T. , & Choi , W. (2000). Cyber Ostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748 – 762.

Williams , K. D. , Forgas , J. P., & von Hippel , W. (Eds.). (2005). The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusions, rejection, and bullying. New York : Psychology Press.

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social Withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of Personality, 80, 29 – 38.