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相 關 判 決 一、 屬於優惠性差別待遇者(依時間順序排列) 1. 本文討論核心者 ² Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978). ² Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980) . ² Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986). ² United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987). ² City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989). ² Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. F. C. C., 497 U.S. 547 (1990). ² Adarand Constrictors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995) . 2. 非本文討論核心者 ² DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974). ² United Steelworkers v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979). ² Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 467 U.S. 561 (1984). ² Local 28, Sheet Metal Workers’ Intern. Ass’n v. E.E.O.C., 478 U.S. 421 (1986). ² International Association of Firefighters v. City of Cleveland, 478 U.S. 501 (1986). ² Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California, 480 U.S. 616 (1987). 二、 不屬於優惠性差別待遇者(依字母順序排列) 1. 以種族為分類標準者 ² Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977). ² Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I), 347 U.S. 483 (1954). ² Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955). ² Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856). ² Gaston County v. United States, 395 U.S. 285 (1969). ² Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968). ² Griffin v. Prince Edward County Board of Education, 377 U.S. 218 (1964). ² Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971). ² Guinn v. United States, 238 U.S. 347 (1915). ² Keyes v. School Dist. No. 1, 413 U.S. 189 (1973). ² Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). ² Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967). ² McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964). ² Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972). ² North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann, 402 U.S. 43 (1971). ² Pace v. Alabama, 106 U.S. 583 (1883). ² Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429 (1984). ² Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler, 423 U.S. 1335 (1975). ² Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S.537 (1896). ² Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993). ² Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948). ² Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1879). ² Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976). ² Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1, 458 U.S. 457 (1982). 2. 以性別為分類標準者 ² Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 (1977). ² Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976). ² Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973). ² Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U.S. 351 (1974). ² Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981). ² Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982). ² Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 (1979). ² Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256 (1979). ² Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971). ² Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 (1975). ² Wengler v. Druggist Mut. Ins. Co., 446 U.S. 142 (1980). 3. 其他 ² Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970). ² Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980). ² Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). ² San Antonio Indep. School Dist. V. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973) ² United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938). 參 考 文 獻 一、 中文部分 1. 專書或碩士論文 ² 徐秀蘭,《平等權審查標準之解析與建構─以社會立法為中心》,台大法律學研究所碩士論文 (2000,6)。 ² 蘇彥圖,《立法者的形成餘地與違憲審查─審查密度理論的解析與檢討》,台大法律研究所碩士論文 (1998,6)。 2. 期刊論文 ² 王玉葉,〈美國最高法院處理優惠待遇(Affirmative Action)案件之新趨勢:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena案之評析〉,收錄於:焦興鎧主編,《美國最高法院重要判決之研究:一九九三~一九九五》,頁171-210 (1998)。 ² 何建志,〈憲法上平等條款與違憲審查:由空洞概念到價值權衡〉,收錄於:《判解研究彙編(五):李模務實法學基金會八十九年第五屆法學論文徵選得獎作品集》,頁112以下 (2001)。 ² 法治斌,〈司法審查中之平等權:建構雙重基準之研究〉,《國家科學委員會研究彙刊:人文及社會科學》六卷一期,頁35-50 (1996)。 ² 林子儀,〈言論自由與優惠性的差別待遇─METRO BROADCASTING, INC. v. F. C. C.〉,收錄於氏著,《言論自由與新聞自由》,元照初版,頁261-291 (1999)。 ² 林子儀,〈言論自由的限制與雙軌理論〉,收錄於《李鴻禧教授六秩華誕祝賀論文集─現代國家與憲法》,頁639以下 (1997)。 ² 焦興鎧,〈美國勞工法上就業歧視問題之最新發展〉,《美國研究》第二十卷第二期,頁59以下 (1980)。 ² 黃昭元,〈「國軍老舊眷村改建條例」的合憲性─司法院釋字第四八五號解釋評析〉,《台灣本土法學雜誌》第六期,頁19-38 (2000)。 ² 湯德宗,〈美國聯邦最高法院一九八八~一九八九會期重要判決評述〉,《美國月刊》第四卷第五期,頁22以下 (1989)。 ² 雷文玫,〈家庭中性別平等的違憲審查─從美國女性主義法學看我國大法官最近幾則有關平等原則的解釋〉,收錄於李建良、簡資修主編,《憲法解釋之理論與實務第二輯》,頁123-160 (2000)。 ² 廖元豪,〈美國「種族優惠性差別待遇」(Racial Affirmative Action)合憲性之研究─兼論平等原則之真義〉,《東吳大學法律學報》第九卷第二期,頁1-44 (1996)。 二、 英文部分 1. 專書 ² BELL, DERRICK, AND WE ARE NOT SAVED─THE ELUSIVE QUEST FOR RACIAL JUSTICE (1987)。 ² BICKEL, ALEXANDER M., THE MORALITY OF CONSENT (1975). ² COLAMERY, S.N., AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: CATALYST OR ALBATROSS? (1998). ² GOLDMAN, ALAN H., JUSTICE AND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION (1979). ² ELY, JOHN H., DEMOCRACY AND DISTRUST─A THEORY OF JUDICIAL REVIEW (1980). ² ROSENFELD, MICHEL, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND JUSTICE─A PHILOSOPHICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL INQUIRY (1991). ² NOWAK, JOHN E. & ROTUNDA, RONALD D., CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (6th ed., 2000). ² TRIBE, LAURENCE H., AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (2nd ed., 1988) 2. 期刊論文 ² Alstyne, William Van, Rites of Passage: Race, the Supreme Court, and the Constitution, 46 U. Chi. L. Rev. 775 (1979). ² Amar, Akhil Reed & Katyal, Neal Kumar, Bakke’s Fate, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1745 (1996). ² Ayres, Ian, Narrow Tailoring, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1781 (1996). ² Brest, Paul, The Supreme Court 1975 Term─Foreword: In Defense of the Antidiscrimination Principle, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1976). ² Brest, Paul, Palmer v. Thompson: An Approach to the Problem of Unconstitutional Motive, 1971 Sup. Ct. Rev. 95 ² Brest, Paul & Oshige, Miranda, Affirmative Action for Whom? , 47 Stan. L. Rev. 855 (1995). ² Brooks, Roy L., The Affirmative Action Issue: Law, Policy, and Morality, 22 Conn. L. Rev. 323 (1990). ² Chang, David, Discriminatory Impact, Affirmative Action and Innocent Victims: Judicial Conservatism or Conservative Justice? , 91 Colum. L. Rev. 790 (1991). ² Colker, Ruth, Anti-Subordination above All: Sex, Race, and Equal protection, 61 N. Y. U. L. Rev. 1003 (1986). ² Days III, Drew S., Fullilove, 96 Yale L. J. 453 (1987). ² Dimond, Paul R., The Anti-Caste Principle─Toward a Constitutional Standard for Review of Race Cases, 30 Wayne L. Rev. 1 (1983). ² Dworkin, Ronald, Affirmative Action: Dose It Work? , in SOVEREIGN VIRTUE: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EQUALITY, 386 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harv. U. Press, 2000). ² Dworkin, Ronald, Affirmative Action: Is It Fair? , in SOVEREIGN VIRTUE: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EQUALITY, 409 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harv. U. Press, 2000). ² Dworkin, Ronald, Bakke’s Case: Are Quotas Unfair? , in A MATTER OF PRINCIPLE, 293 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harv. U. Press, 1985). ² Ely, John Hart, The Constitutionality of Reverse Racial Discrimination, 41 Chi. L. Rev. 723 (1974). ² Ely, John Hart, Legislative and Administrative Motivation in Constitutional Law, 79 Yale L. J. 1205 (1970). ² Fallon, Richard H., Jr., To Each According to His Ability, from None According to His Race: The Concept of Merit in the Law of Antidiscrimination, 60 B. U. L. Rev. 815 (1980). ² Fallon, Richard H., Jr., A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1189 (1987). ² Fallon, Richard H., Jr. & Weiler, Paul C., Firefighters v. Stotts: Conflicting Models of Racial Justice, 1984 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1. ² Fiss, Owen M., Groups and the Equal Protection Clause, in EQUALITY AND PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT─A PHILOSOGHY & PUBLIC AFFAIR READER, 107 (MARSHALL COHEN & THOMAS NAGEL & THOMAS SCANLON eds., 1977). ² Flagg, Barbara J., “Was Blind, but Now I See”: White Race Consciousness and the Requirement of Discriminatory Intent, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 953 (1993). ² Freeman, Alan David, Legitimizing Racial Discrimination through Antidiscrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine, 62 Minn. L. Rev. 1049 (1978). ² Fried, Charles, The Supreme Court─Foreword: Revolutions? , 109 Harv. L. Rev. 13 (1995). ² Gotanda, Neil, A Critique of “Our Constitution is Color-Blind”, 44 Stan. L. Rev. 1 (1991). ² Gunther, Gerald, The Supreme Court 1971 Term─Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection, 86 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1972). ² Kahlenberg, Richard D., Class-Based Affirmative Action, 84 Calif. L. Rev. 1037 (1996). ² Kennedy, Randall, Persuasion and Distrust: A Comment on the Affirmative Action Debate, 99 Harv. L. Rev. 1327 (1986). ² Klarman, Michael, An Interpretive History of Modern Equal Protection, 90 Mich. L. Rev. 213 (1991). ² Lawrence III, Charles R., The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism, 39 Stan. L. Rev. 317 (1987). ² Li, Nigel N. T., The Less Restrictive-Means Principle: A More or a Less Restrictive Methodology? , in THE EVOLVING U.S. CONSTITUTION 1787-1987 (SUN, TUNG-HSUN ed., Taipei, R.O.C: Institute of American Culture, Academia Sinica, 1989). ² Perry, Michael J., The Disproportionate Impact Theory of Racial Discrimination, 125 U. Pa. L. Rev. 540 (1977) ² Reynolds, William Bradford, Individualism vs. Group rights: The Legacy of Brown, 93 Yale L. J. 995 (1984). ² Rosenfeld, Michel, Decoding Richmond: Affirmative Action and the Elusive Meaning of Constitutional Equality, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 1729 (1989). ² Rosenfeld, Michel, Substantive Equality and Equal Opportunity: A Jurisprudential Appraisal, 74 Calif. L. Rev. 1687 (1986). ² Rubenfeld, Jed, Affirmative Action, 107 Yale L. J. 427 (1997). ² Schnapper, Eric, Affirmative Action and the Legislative History of the Fourteenth Amendment, 71 Va. L. Rev. 753 (1985) ² Siegel, Reva B., Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law: How “Color Blindness” Discourse Disrupts and Rationalizes Social Stratification, 88 Calif. L. Rev. 77 (2000). ² Starks, Samuel L., Note, Understanding Government Affirmative Action and Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, 41 Duke L. J. 933 (1991). ² Strauss, David A., Affirmative Action and the Public Interest, 1995 Sup. Ct. Rev., 1. ² Strauss, David A., Discriminatory Intent and the Taming of Brown, 56 Chi. L. Rev. 935 (1989). ² Strauss, David A., The Illusory Distinction between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result, 34 Wm & Mary L. Rev. 171 (1992). ² Strauss, David A., The Myth of Colorblindness, 1986 Sup. Ct. Rev. 99. ² Sullivan, Kathleen M., City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.: The Backlash against Affirmative Action, 64 Tulane L. Rev. 1609 (1990). ² Sullivan, Kathleen M., The Supreme Court─Comment: Sins of Discrimination: Last Term’s Affirmative Action Cases, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 78 (1986). ² Sunstein, Cass R., Public Deliberation, Affirmative Action, and the Supreme Court, 84 Calif. L. Rev. 1179 (1996). ² Sunstein, Cass R., Public Value, Private Interests, and the Equal Protection Clause, 1982 Sup. Ct. Rev. 127. ² Sunstein, Cass R., The Anticaste Principle, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 2410 (1994). ² Tribe, Laurence H., “In What Vision of the Constitution Must the Law Be Color-Blind”, 20 J. Marshall L. Rev. 201 (1986). ² Tussman, Joseph & tenBroek, Jacobus, The Equal Protection of the Laws, 37 Calif. L. Rev. 341 (1949). ² Wechsler, Herbert, Toward Neutral Principle of Constitutional Law, 73 Harv. L. Rew. 1 (1959). ² Westen, Peter, The Empty Idea of Equality, 95 Harv. L. Rev. 537 (1982).
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