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Table of Contents
Verification letter from the Oral Examination Committee i
Chinese Acknowledgement ii
English Abstract iv
Chinese Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
CHAPTER ONE 1
Introduction 1
1.1 An Existing Threat to Beijing 1
1.2 Political Issues: China’s Hong Kong Policy 3
1.2.1 Pragmatism and the Status Quo in Hong Kong 3
1.2.2 Ideology and the Changing Status Quo in Hong Kong 6
1.2.3. Beyond Pragmatism and Ideology: Security 8
1.3 Theoretical Issues: The Discursive Construction of Political Security 11
1.3.1 Security as Speech Act 11
1.3.2 Securitization in Political Sector 15
1.4 Research Issues 18
1.4.1 Data Sources 19
1.4.2 Data Specifications 20
1.4.3. Research Methods 22
1.5 Research framework 25
1.6 Thesis Organization 27
CHAPTER TWO 29
Textual Analysis and Topic Model Specification 29
Chapter introduction 29
2.1 Structural Topic Modelling (STM) 30
2.2 Analytical Procedures of Structural Topic Modelling 31
2.3 Model Specification 34
2.3.1 The Desired Topic Number Determination 34
2.3.2 The Topic Model Generation 36
2.3.3 Topic Selection 37
2.3.4 Topic Label Assignment 38
Chapter Conclusion 41
CHAPTER THREE 42
An Overview of How Hong Kong’s Democracy Became a Security Agenda in China 42
Chapter introduction 42
3.1 The Hong Kong Issue and “One Country, Two Systems” 42
3.1.1 The Origin of Hong Kong Issue 42
3.1.2 The Idea of “One Country, Two Systems” and Its Restriction on Beijing Policy Action 45
3.2 The 1989 Tiananmen Incident: Hong Kong as a “Subversive Base” 49
3.3. After the 1997 Handover: Beijing’s Fear of and Response to Universal Suffrage 53
Chapter Conclusion 59
CHAPTER FOUR 60
Jiang Zemin’s ruling period: A Brewing Period of Securitizing Universal Suffrage 60
Chapter introduction 60
4.1 Summoning to Surrender: Soft Tactics toward Subversive Forces 61
4.2 A Judgment Threatening Chinese Sovereignty 64
4.3 The Taiwan Issue: A Chinese Vulnerability 69
4.3.1 National Rejuvenation: The Pillar of Beijing’s Political Legitimacy 69
4.3.2 Taiwan’s Independence Movement: A Threat to Beijing’s Unification Project 71
4.4 Making National Security Law: A Broadly Defined National Security Policy 75
4.4.1: The Public Order Ordinance 76
4.4.2: Article 23 of the Basic Law (National Security Act) Consultation 79
Chapter Conclusion 84
CHAPTER FIVE 86
Hu Jintao’s Ruling Period: Transition to Securitizing Universal Suffrage 86
Chapter introduction 86
5.1 The Indefinite Shelving of the National Security Bill and the Frame of the “Color Revolutions” 88
5.2 Adding the Principle of “Patriots Governing Hong Kong”: A Deployment 90
5.3 Controlling the Pace of Constitutional Development 94
5.3.1 Foreign Intervention 95
5.3.2 The NPCSC’s Interpretations and Decisions 96
5.4 Consensus Politics: Promoting Political Promise 101
5.5 “Five District Resignation”: Taiwanization 103
Chapter Conclusion 110
CHAPTER SIX 112
Xi Jinping’s Ruling period: Resuming the Overall Jurisdiction Over the HKSAR 112
Chapter Introduction 112
6.1 The Political Security Goal of Hong Kong Universal Suffrage 113
6.2.1 Setting the Bottom Line of Universal Suffrage for the Chief Executive: Political loyalty 114
6.2.2 Raising the Nominating Threshold for Chief Executive Candidates: “Organization Nomination” verse “Civil Nomination” 118
6.2 Occupy Central Movement 121
6.2.1 “Hong Kong Version Color Revolution”: Subverting the HKSAR regime 122
6.2.2 The illegal “Occupy Central” 125
6.3 Localism: Shifting the political agenda to “Hong Kong Independence” 128
6.3.1 The Localist Clashes: Shaping the Violent Image for the “Pro-Hong Kong Independence” Activists 129
6.3.2 Disqualification of the Pro-Hong Kong Independence Candidates: the Prevention of Hong Kong Taiwanization 131
Chapter Conclusion 138
CHAPTER SEVEN 139
Conclusion 139
7.1 The Security Implication of when Beijing says Democracy 139
7.1.1 The Dynamic Conditions of Beijing’s Securitizing Moves 139
7.1.2 The Motivations, Intentions, and the Political Agendas over Hong Kong Affairs 140
7.1.3 Why Beijing takes securitizing move as a ruling strategy 141
7.1.4 What Does it Mean when Beijing says “democracy” over Hong Kong 141
7.1.5 The Achievement of Beijing’s Securitization Moves 142
7.1.6 Identification of Beijing’s Discourse Pattern 143
7.2 The Long-Term Influence of Securitizing Move to “One Country, Two Systems” 146
7.3 Implications of this Thesis 148
7.4 Limitation of this Thesis 149
7.5 Recommendation for Future Research 149
Bibliography 150
List of Figures
FIGURE 1. 1 SECURITIZATION SPECTRUMS 11
FIGURE 1. 2 A SCREENSHOT OF WISENEWS INTERFACE 21
FIGURE 1. 3 DATASET FOR ANALYSIS AND ITS DISTRIBUTION BY YEAR 22
FIGURE 1. 4 THE THREE CHINESE LEADERSHIP RULING PERIODS 24
FIGURE 1. 5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 27
FIGURE 2. 1 A SCREENSHOT OF RSTUDIO WORKPLACE FOR STM 31
FIGURE 2. 2 THE PROCEDURES OF STRUCTURAL TOPIC MODELING 34
FIGURE 2. 3 DIAGNOSTIC VALUES BY NUMBER OF TOPICS (10-TOPIC TO 50-TOPIC) 35
FIGURE 2. 4 DIAGNOSTIC VALUES BY NUMBER OF TOPICS (25-TOPIC TO 40-TOPIC) 36
FIGURE 2. 6 THE TOP TOPICS FOR THE 36-TOPIC MODEL IN THIS THESIS 37
FIGURE 2. 7 TOPIC QUALITY 38
FIGURE 4. 1 THE TREND LINE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY TOPIC 62
FIGURE 4. 2 THE TREND LINE OF THE JUDICIAL REVIEW TOPIC 65
FIGURE 4. 3 THE TREND LINE OF THE CCP-LED NATIONAL REJUVENATION TOPIC 70
FIGURE 4. 4 THE TREND LINE OF THE TAIWAN TOPIC 71
FIGURE 4. 5 THE TREND LINE OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW TOPIC 76
FIGURE 5. 1 THE TREND LINE OF THE “PATRIOTISM” DEBATE TOPIC 94
FIGURE 5. 2 THE TREND LINE OF THE FOREIGN INTERVENTION TOPIC 96
FIGURE 5. 3 THE TREND LINE OF THE NPCSC’S DECISION TOPIC 101
FIGURE 5. 4 THE TREND LINE OF THE CONSENSUS POLITICS TOPIC 103
FIGURE 5. 5 THE TREND LINE OF THE FIVE DISTRICT RESIGNATION TOPIC 104
FIGURE 6. 1 THE BOTTOM LINES OF UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE 117
FIGURE 6. 2 THE TREND LINE OF THE NOMINATING THRESHOLD TOPIC 121
FIGURE 6. 3 THE TREND LINE OF THE “HONG KONG VERSION COLOR REVOLUTION” TOPIC 125
FIGURE 6. 4 THE TREND LINE OF THE ILLEGAL “OCCUPY CENTRAL” TOPIC 127
FIGURE 6. 5 THE TREND LINE OF THE LOCALIST CLASHES TOPIC 131
FIGURE 6. 6 THE TREND LINE OF THE DISQUALIFICATION TOPIC 132
FIGURE 7. 1 ANNUAL PROPORTION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL THREAT TOPICS 144
FIGURE 7. 2 ANNUAL PROPORTION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTROL TOPICS 146
List of Tables
TABLE 2. 1 RESULTS SUMMARY FOR SEARCHK (10-TOPIC TO 50-TOPIC) 34
TABLE 2. 2 RESULTS SUMMARY FOR SEARCHK (25-TOPIC TO 40-TOPIC) 35
TABLE 2. 3 TOPIC LABEL ASSIGNMENT 39
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