臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以台灣沙發主對於歐洲沙發客的主人凝視(host gaze)為主軸,透過了解 其接待歐洲沙發客時的互動交流,試圖探討台灣沙發主是否透過沙發衝浪行為形 塑了對於歐洲沙發客以及歐洲的一種特定文化期待與想像,而這樣的想像與當前 沙發衝浪群體的文化交織後產生了什麼樣的互動。另外本文試圖翻轉過去多聚焦 於沙發客的研究視角,將研究對象轉而聚焦於沙發主,以期為當前沙發衝浪研究 領域增添新的討論空間。

本文假設台灣沙發主對於歐洲沙發客本身以及沙發衝浪這樣的旅行方式有特定形式的文化想像及實踐,並透過研究訪談進一步探析這兩者所交互影響下所產生的文化意象轉變。因此本文第二章將首先對背包旅行、沙發衝浪、情緒觀光等領域做概略爬梳;第三章將敘述本研究之對象與範圍,以及文本及論述分析之研方法與假設。

第四章將聚焦於台灣沙發主在不同空間、不同身分的轉換當中,如何透過各媒介體現沙發衝浪所體現的特定生活方式以及意象,同時台灣當前的沙發主群體用哪些活動試圖實踐沙發衝浪交流之宗旨,同時歐洲沙發衝浪客以及這項旅遊方式為台灣沙發主帶來了什麼樣的思考。第五章則聚焦於台灣沙發主與歐洲沙發客的情緒交換與主客互動,同時由於該社群所包含的人際網絡揉合了網路空間與實體的面對面交流,本章也將探討這種類型的人際網絡造就了什麼型態的旅行模式、借宿之前與之後的關係又如何凝聚與延續,並探析台灣沙發主透過接待歐洲沙發客所獲得的歐洲印象與本文之假設前提是否符合。

關鍵字 : 沙發衝浪、歐洲印象、幻想、主人凝視、文化期待

This study focuses on the Taiwanese couchsufing hosts’ “host gaze” upon European couchsurfers. By understanding the interaction and communication between both sides, this study tried to understand how does Taiwanese couch surfing hosts picture and create a certain image of Europe and European couch surfers, also how this imagery intertwine with the modern couch surfing society. Also, this study tried to switch the research target from couch suffers to couch surfing hosts, in order to explore more possibilities and research area for couch surfing studies.

This study assumes that Taiwanese couch surfing hosts hold a certain form of cultural expectation and practice, and step further to examine the transformation of cultural imagery throughout the process. In chapter two, a brief literature review of backpacking travel, couch surfing, and emotional tourism will be integrated and introduced. In chapter three, the research target, range, and method will be displayed and explained.

In chapter four, the focus will be how Taiwanese couch surfing hosts practiced the certain imagery and how they treat couch surfing as a way a life through various mediums, within the the constant switching in terms of space and identity. Also how couch surfing community has been running in Taiwanese society, and what reflection had been brought into Taiwanese community will be discussed.

In chapter five, the study will be focusing on the the emotional flow and the host-guest interactions between Taiwanese couch surfing hosts and European couch surfers. The interaction between two parties has been take place in virtual spaces and actual face-to-face spaces, how this form of communication affects the way of travel will also be discussed. Additionally, how the relationships between two parties shifts and changes before and after the accommodating process will then be explored. To conclude, the study will then examine how the result echo to the assumption.

Key Word : Couchsurifng, European Image, Imagery, host gaze, cultural expectation

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
一、沙發衝浪歷史脈絡 2
二、沙發衝浪組織運作模式與發展 6
第二節 研究目的與問題意識 10
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 旅行、旅人與沙發衝浪 11
一、閒暇與旅行 12
二、背包客與旅人概念演變 15
三、沙發衝浪相關研究 19
第二節主人凝視 (HostGaze)與觀光主客關係 (host-guestrelation) 23 一、主人凝視(host gaze) 26
第三節 情緒觀光與禮物經濟 28
一、情緒與觀光 29
二、禮物經濟 31
第三章 研究方法 34
第一節 研究對象與範圍 34
第二節 研究方法 36
一、文獻分析與論述分析 36
二、參與觀察 38
三、深度訪談 39
第四章 沙發衝浪之意象型塑 41
第一節 官網與文本的中介 42
一、社交平台的意象建構 42
二、官網中的會員交流 51
第二節 沙發衝浪在台灣 54
一、跨文化聚會 / CS Weekly Meetup 54
二、沙發客來上課 55
第三節 去標籤化的在地生活體驗 59
一、去標籤化 59
二、個人化的在地生活體驗 61
第五章沙發衝浪情緒交換/主客關係 64
第一節 台灣沙發主對歐洲沙發客的心理期待 64
一、情緒勞動心態轉變 64
二、台灣沙發主的自我要求 70
三、同住家人對歐洲沙發客之期待 71
第二節 「家」的緊密與陌生 72
一、東/西、主/客之間的相互妥協 73
二、空間配置與「家」的想像 75
第三節 關係的凝聚與消散 77
第六章 結論 82
第一節 研究小結 82
第二節 研究限制與建議 83
參考文獻 86

中文文獻
參考文獻
Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (1997). 啟蒙的辯證 (林宏濤譯)。台北:商周。 Inglis, F. (2000). 假期:愉悅的歷史(鄭宇君譯)。台北:韋伯文化國際出版公司。 Kottak, C. P. (2014).文化人類學:文化多樣性的探索。(徐雨村譯)。台北:巨流圖
書公司。
Löfgren, O. (1999). 度假(朱耘譯)。台北:藍鯨出版社。
Mauss. M. (1989). 禮物: 舊社會中交換的形式與功能(何翠萍、汪珍宜譯)。臺
北:遠流出版公司。
Foucault, M. (1993). 不同空間的正文與上下文 (Text/Contexts of Other Spaces)(陳
志梧譯)。夏鑄九、王志弘編著,空間的文化形式與社會理論讀本 (頁 399-409),
台北‥明文書局。
Pieper, J. (2005).閒暇:文化的基礎(劉森堯譯)。新北市: 立緒文化。
Urry, J. (2007). 觀光客的凝視(葉浩譯)。台北市:書林。 汪天穎、陸林、陸幸福(2015)。徽州村落旅遊中遊客及東道主的凝視行為。旅遊
學刊,30(4),23-32。 林琦敏(2013)。用沙發交換全世界─沙發客的旅行故事。國立台灣大學新聞研究所
學位論文,台北市。
林鴻麟 (2008)。你家沙發借我睡-沙發客私密遊記。台北:時報出版。
李明璁 (2011)。旅居經驗與觀光凝視的折射/轉向:台灣和日本遊學生的比較研
究。2011 台灣社會學會年會「研究新世代」發表論文。台北:國立台灣大學
社會學系。 易中天(2007)。閒話中國人。台北:馥林文化。
88
胡晴舫 (2001)。旅人。台北:八旗文化。
徐佳穗 (2016)。虛擬擁有物的情感連結:人與其虛擬擁有物之間的情感關係。成
功大學工業設計學系學位論文,台南市。
陳向明 (2002)。社会科學質的硏究。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
哈比、凱莉 (2013)。姐妹背包客 ON 歐洲沙發。台北:華成圖書。
吳秀慧 (2012)。女性自助旅行者跨文化的旅行體驗與影像述說。國立臺北教育大
學社會與區域發展學系學位論文,台北市。
葉士愷 (2015)。在家環遊世界!:400 沙發客住我家。台北:華成圖書。 連美恩 (2010)。我睡了 81 個人的沙發。台灣:遠景出版社。
練蕙竹 (2012)。沙發衝浪/公路旅行:環遊美國 88 天美西行。台北:開企。 郭夢 (2014)。騎車到拉薩:沙發客向世界出發。台灣:佳魁資訊。
黃家珊 (2010)。照片、背包客、京都-台灣背包客在京都的影像再現。國立嘉義
大學史地學系研究所。嘉義市。
黃玉琴 (2002)。禮物、生命李怡和人情圈-以徐家村為例。社會學研究,4,88-101。 黃家珊, & 梁炳琨. (2010). 觀光凝視與影像再現-台灣背包客在京都的影像再現
之探討. 鄉村旅遊研究, 4(1), 59-80. 楊俊情、王晶(2013)。基於主客交往分析旅遊對目的地文化的影響-以瀘沽湖為例。
紅河學院學報,11(3),101-104。 劉詠芬(2011)。旅出生活:談青年旅舍在當代中國社會情境下的空間想像與實踐。
清華大學人類學研究所學位論文,新竹市。 蔡盈緩(2014)。沙發客的旅遊動機、參與特性及旅遊體驗。國立臺北教育大學社
會與區域發展學系學位論文,台北市。
蔣宜汝(2014)。觀光中的情緒政治: 台灣遊歐沙發客經驗敘事。國立台灣師範大學
歐洲文化與觀光研究所學位論文,台北市。
89
蕭鈺梅 (2013)。沙發衝浪:棄業、充電、找回自己的大旅行。台北:上旗文化。
英文文獻
Abram, S., Waldren, J., & Macleod, D. V. (1997). Tourists and tourism: identifying with people and places. Berg Publisher Ltd.
Ahmed, S. (2013). The cultural politics of emotion. Routledge.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of tourism
Research, 19(4), 665-690.
Aramberri, J. (2001). The host should get lost: Paradigms in the tourism theory. Annals
of Tourism research, 28(3), 738-761.
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2008). Social representations theory: A progressive
research programme for social psychology. Journal for the theory of social
behaviour, 38(4), 335-353.
Baxendale, J., Long, P., & Palmer, N. J. (2007). The Construction of the Past and the
Origins of Royal Tourism in 19th-Century Britain. Royal tourism: excursions
around monarchy, 26.
Bialski, P. (2006). Emotional tourism: An interpretive study of online hospitality
exchange systems as a new form of tourism. Retrieved October 25, 2015 from
HospitalityGuide. Net.
Bialski, P(2007). Intimate Tourism : Friendships in a state of mobility – The case of
online hospitality network. Master Thesis, Institute of Sociology Warsaw. Bradbury, R. L. (2013). Couchsurfing In North Texas: A Localized View of A Global
Phenomenon. Master Thesis, The University of Texas, Texas.
Boorstin, D. (1964). A guide to pseudo-events in America. New York: Harper.
Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for
90
management of resources. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe
canadien, 24(1), 5-12
Chan, Y. W. (2006). Coming of age of the Chinese tourists The emergence of
non-Western tourism and host—guest interactions in Vietnam's border tourism.
Tourist Studies, 6(3), 187-213.
Chen, D. J. (2011). Global concept, local practice: Taiwanese experience of
CouchSurfing. Hospitality & Society, 1(3), 279-297.
Clifford, J. (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century.
Harvard University Press.
Cohen, E. (1973). Nomads from affluence: Notes on the phenomenon of
drifter-tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 14, 89. Dann, G. (1999). Writing out the tourist in space and time. Annals of Tourism
Research, 26(1), 159-187.
Doron, A. (2005). Encountering the ‘other’: Pilgrims, tourists and boatmen in the city
of Varanasi. The Australian journal of anthropology, 16(2), 157-178 Gnevosa, S. (2011). Phenomenon of Couchsurfing as Alternative Tourism. Master
Thesis, Université de Toulouse, Le Mirail.
Graburn, N. H. (1977). Tourism: The sacred journey. Hosts and guests: The
anthropology of tourism. Smith, V. L. (2012, Ed.). P. 33-47. University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to
conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(1),
95.
Greenwood, D. J., & Smith, V. L. (1989). Culture by the pound: an anthropological
perspective on tourism as cultural commoditization. Hosts and guests. The 91
anthropology of tourism., (Ed. 2), 171-185.
Hall, S.(1997).Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices.
London:Sage.
Hochschild, A. R. (2003). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling.
Univ of California Press.
Jenkins, O. (2003). Photography and travel brochures: The circle of representation.
Tourism Geographies, 5(3), 305-328.
Lauterbach, D., Truong, H., Shah, T., & Adamic, L. (2009, August). Surfing a web of
trust: Reputation and reciprocity on couchsurfing. com. In Computational Science and Engineering, 2009. CSE'09. International Conference on (Vol. 4, pp. 346-353). IEEE.
Liu, J. (2012). The Intimate Stranger On Your Couch: An analysis of motivation, presentation and trust through Couchsurfing. Master Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
Loker-Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. L. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of tourism research, 22(4), 819-843.
Lynch, P., Di Domenico, L., & Sweeney, M. (2007). Resident hosts and mobile strangers: Temporary exchanges within the topography of the commercial home. Mobilizing hospitality: The ethics of social relations in a mobile world, 121-144.
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American journal of Sociology, 589-603.
- (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Univ of California Press. Maffesoli, M. (1996) The time of the tribes : the decline of individualism in mass
society. London: Sage.
Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221-239.
92
- (2007). Backpackers’ motivations the role of culture and nationality. Annals of tourism research, 34(1), 122-140.
Mauss, M., & Halls, W. D. (1990). The gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies (No. 378). Routledge.
Meethan, K. (2001). Tourism in global society. Place, culture, consumption. Houndmills, Basingstoke:Palgrave.
Molz, J. G. (2007). Cosmopolitans on the couch: Mobile hospitality and the
Internet. Mobilizing hospitality: The ethics of social relations in a mobile world, 65-83.
- (2012). CouchSurfing and Network Hospitality: 'It's not just about the furniture'. Hospitality & Society, 1(3), 215-225.
- (2013). Social networking technologies and the moral economy of Alternative Tourism: The Case of Couchsurfing. org. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 210-230.
Molz, J. G., & Gibson, S. (Eds.). (2012). Mobilizing hospitality: The ethics of social relations in a mobile world. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
Moufakkir, O., & Reisinger, Y. (Eds.). (2013). The host gaze in global tourism. CABI. Murphy, L. (2001). Exploring social interactions of backpackers. Annals of Tourism
Research, 28(1), 50-67.
Muzaini, H. (2006). Backpacking Southeast Asia: strategies of “looking local”.Annals
of Tourism Research, 33(1), 144-161.
O’Regan, M. (2009). New technologies of the Self and Social Networking Sites:
hospitality exchange clubs and the changing nature of tourism and identity. In Y. Abbas & F. Dervin (Eds.) Digital Technology of the self (pp. 171-198). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
93
O’Reilly, C. C. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist: Mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 998-1017.
Piia L. (2010). Creative Travel - Study of Tourism from a Socio-cultural Point of View - The Case of CouchSurfing. Master Thesis, University of Tampere.
Riley, P. J. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travelers. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 313-328.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). Widening perspectives in backpacker research. The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice, 253-279.
Ronzhyn, A. (2013). Online identity: constructing interpersonal trust and openness through participating in hospitality social networks. The Journal of Education Culture and Society, (1), 47-56.
Rosen, D., Lafontaine, P. R., & Hendrickson, B. (2011). CouchSurfing: Belonging and trust in a globally cooperative online social network. New Media & Society, 13(6), 981-998.
Salazar, N. B. (2012). Tourism imaginaries: A conceptual approach. Annals of Tourism research, 39(2), 863-882.
Sapir, E. (1924). Culture, genuine and spurious. American Journal of Sociology, 29(4), 401-429.
Sørensen, A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research,30(4), 847-867.
Thacker, B. (2009). Sleeping around: a couch surfing tour of the globe. Allen & Unwin.
Towner, J. (1985). The Grand Tour: A Key Phase in the History of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(3), 297-333.
Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: Mobility for the twenty first century. 94
London: Routledge Books.
Welk, P., Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The beaten track: anti-tourism as an
element of backpacker identity construction. The global nomad: Backpacker
travel in theory and practice, 77-91.
Whitfield, P. (2011). Travel: a literary history. Bodleian Library.
Yan, Y. (1996). The flow of gifts: Reciprocity and social networks in a Chinese village.
Stanford University Press.
Yeh, J. H. Y. (2003). Journeys to the West: travelling, learning and consuming
Englishness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Lancaster.
Yannopoulou, N., Moufahim, M., & Bian, X. (2013). User-generated brands and social
media: Couchsurfing and AirBnb. Contemporary Management Research, 9(1), 85.