臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來有機蔬菜栽培面積逐年增加，青蔥為宜蘭地區主要蔬菜作物之一，由於青蔥不耐夏季高溫及豪雨，如遇颱風更導致蔥株死亡，蔥農短期內無蔥苗可栽培之問題；而冬季則降雨頻繁，日照不足，使得蔥株生長緩慢。本研究分別以蚓糞肥、幾丁聚醣等有機資材及利用補光方式探討對於有機青蔥種苗生長之影響。
蚓糞肥可改善土壤的理化性質，有助於土壤變得疏鬆多孔、通氣透水且能促進作物根系生長，增加產量。施用蚓糞肥之青蔥種苗株高及葉片數明顯增加，並可增加有機青蔥分櫱數，促進生長，對於有機青蔥種苗之栽培有所幫助。
具有生物活性的幾丁聚醣在農業方面的應用廣泛，可促進植物生長，增加植物對逆境的耐受性，誘導植物對病原菌的免疫力。以青蔥種子浸種低分子量幾丁聚醣溶液後，於35/25℃ 高溫環境下，幾丁聚醣處理的發芽率明顯高於對照組。植株生長時期，幾丁聚醣濃度處理組在植株鮮重、株高及葉片數有最大數值。幾丁聚醣溶液浸種青蔥種子後，栽培於35/25℃ 高溫環境下可促進種子萌發及穩定生長。
光為影響植物生長發育的主要環境因子之一，植物栽培於光量不足的冬季或溫室中將會影響其光合作用及生長。利用不同光質補光青蔥植株結果顯示，以紅光LED補光3小時的生物量有最大值，以紅光LED補光6小時有較佳的生長性狀。紅光LED可促進青蔥生物量增加，從耗能及成本方面考量，補光時數以3小時較佳。
栽培有機青蔥種苗時，以幾丁聚醣溶液浸種青蔥種子，於35/25℃ 高溫環境下可促進種子萌發及植株生長。以分株苗繁殖時，於土壤施用田土：蚓糞肥為10：1之比例，則促進青蔥生長勢，增加分櫱數。冬季或溫室栽培時進行補光，以紅光LED補光3小時較符合栽培管理及經濟效益。

Green onion as Ilan one major vegetable crop, intolerant high temperature and heavy rain in summer. Typhoon usually cause plants death and no seedlings planted in short-term. In winter, rain and more cloudy days making the green onion grow slowly. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the influences of vermicompost, chitosan and light supplement respectively on cultivation of organic green onion seedlings.
Vermicompost improve soil physical and chemical properties, soil becomes loose and porous, permeable ventilation can promote crop root growth and increase production. Application of vermicompost and compost increased plant height and leaf number significantly. Vermicompost also increased the number of tillers and improved the plants growth. It is helpful to cultivation of organic green onion seedlings.
Chitosan with bioactive are widely used in agriculture. It can promote plant growth, increased tolerance of plants to stress, induced plant immunity against pathogens. In this study, Immersed green onion seeds with low molecular weight chitosan solution at high temperature environment, germination of chitosan treatment was significantly higher than others. Plant growth period, the concentration of chitosan treated in plant fresh weight, plant height and leaf number has the greatest value. Green onion cultivated in the high temperature environment, immersed seeds and foliar application chitosan can promote seed germination and stable growth.
Light influence plant growth and development that is the main environmental factor. Plant cultivation in winter or insufficient amount of light in the greenhouse will affect its photosynthesis and growth. Supply different light qualities to cultivation of organic green onion showed three hours red LED supplement had maximum biomass and six hours red LED supplement had better growth traits. Red LED increased biomass of green onion. Considerations to energy and cost, supplemental lighting hour to three hours is better.
In conclusion, immersed seeds and foliar application chitosan in a high temperature environment improved seeds germination and plants growth. The appropriate proportion of vermicompost promote green onion growth potential and increasing the number of tillers. In winter or greenhouse, three hours red LED supplement for green onion cultivation is recommended.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目錄…………………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
表目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅶ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………IX
壹、 前言………………………………………………………………1
貳、 前人研究…………………………………………………………4
一、 青蔥生長與栽培…………………………………………………4
二、 蚓糞肥之特性與應用……………………………………………5
三、 幾丁聚醣之特性與農業應用……………………………………7
四、 光質與補光對植物生長之影響…………………………………8
參、 蚓糞肥對有機青蔥種苗生長之影響……………………………11
摘要
一、 前言………………………………………………………………11
二、 材料與方法………………………………………………………14
三、 結果與討論………………………………………………………19
肆、 幾丁聚醣對有機青蔥種苗耐熱性之影響………………………29
摘要
一、 前言………………………………………………………………29
二、 材料與方法………………………………………………………31
三、 結果與討論………………………………………………………35
伍、 補光對有機青蔥種苗生長之影響………………………………44
摘要
一、 前言………………………………………………………………44
二、 材料與方法………………………………………………………46
三、 結果與討論………………………………………………………54
陸、 結論………………………………………………………………68
參考文獻

尤偉忠、房偉民、成海钟. 2009. 補光及施肥對東方百合‘瑪麗’切花生長和品質的影響. 北方園藝 2:176-179.
王玉洁、朱維琴、金俊、梅凌菲、周幸. 2010. 農業固體有機廢棄物蚯蚓堆製處理及蚓糞應用研究進展. 湖北農業科學 49(3):722-726.
王紹輝、孔云、陳青軍、徐利林. 2006. 不同光質補光對日光溫室黃瓜產量與品質的影響. 中國生態農業學報 14(4):119-121.
付傳明、黃寧珍、趙志國、唐鳳鸞、黃志民. 2007. 光質與補光對水稻幼苗生長及光合速率的影響. 廣西植物 27(2):255-259.
古在豐樹. 2012. 人工光型植物工廠. 財團法人豐年社. 台北.
有機農產品管理作業要點. 2003. 行政院農業委員會.
朱濤、臧壯望. 2007. 光照對保護地蔬菜的影響及調控. 農技服務 24(3):26.
行政院衛生署. 1998. 台灣地區食品營養成份資料庫. 台北.
吳家成. 2001. 幾丁質與幾丁聚醣之理化性質. 食品工業. 幾丁質/幾丁聚醣專輯. 新竹.
吳家森、胡君艷、周啟忠、鄭軍、周國泉、付順華. 2009. LED燈補光對蘿蔔生長及光合特性的影響. 北方園藝 10:30-33.
呂振宇、馬永良. 2005. 蚯蚓糞有機肥對土壤肥力與甘藍生長、品質的影響.中國農學通報 12:236-240.
李軍、劉鳳軍、徐君. 2011. 不同發光二極管(LED)光源補光對大棚秋番茄植株生長及果實產量和品質的影响. 江蘇農業學報 27(6):1339-1343.
李韶山、潘瑞幟. 1993. 植物的藍光效應. 植物生理學通訊 29(4):248-252.
尚慶茂、張志剛. 2006. 蚯蚓糞基質在西瓜穴盤育苗中的應用研究.中國蔬菜 1:14-16.
尚慶茂、張志剛. 2006. 蚯蚓糞基質在辣椒穴盤育苗中的應用. 北方園藝 6(1):8-10.
柯勇. 2006. 植物生理學. 藝軒圖書出版社. 台北.
倪禮豐. 2007. 日本自然農法與循環農法簡介. 花蓮區農業專訊 60:17-22.
孫振鈞、孫永明. 2004. 蚯蚓反應器與廢棄物肥料化技術. 化學工業出版社. 北京.
張志剛、尚慶茂. 2006. 蚯蚓糞基質對茄果類蔬菜穴盤苗耐熱性的影響. 瀋陽農業大學學報 37(3):404-408.
張志剛、尚慶茂. 2007. 蚯蚓糞基質黃瓜、西瓜穴盤苗耐熱性研究. 華北農學報 22(2):164-168.
張曉蕾、王波、王亦丰、趙海濤、單玉華、薛林寶. 2010. 蚯蚓糞複合基質氮素添加量對番茄幼苗生長的影響. 中國蔬菜 16:47-53.
曹陽. 2009. 冬季溫室補光對果菜類作物生長發育的影響(綜述). 河北農業科學 13(3):10-12.
許碩庭. 2011. 光環境與氮肥處理對設施內草苺種苗繁殖之研究. 國立宜蘭大學園藝學系碩士論文. 宜蘭.
陳琮閔. 2012. 溫度對絲瓜生長與幾丁聚醣含量之影響及絲瓜幾丁聚醣之應用. 國立宜蘭大學園藝學系碩士論文. 宜蘭.
黃璋如. 1997. 中德兩國有機農業之發展. 國立宜蘭農工專科學校.
黃錦河、張武男、林深林. 1993. 數種本土化介質之物理性與化學性分析. 興大園藝 18:73-88.
蒲高斌、劉世琦、劉磊. 2005. 不同光質對番茄植株幼苗生長和生理特性的影響. 園藝學報 32(3):420.
趙海濤、吳海波、單玉華、薛林寶、王波、封克. 2010. 蚯蚓複合基質對辣椒幼苗生長的影響. 中國農學通報 26(12):147-153.
趙海濤、許光輝、單玉華、薛林寶、王波、封克. 2010. 蚯蚓糞複合基質不同氮素用量對茄果類蔬菜幼苗生長的影響. 揚州大學學報 31(3):65-69.
劉興榮、楊素絲、陳吉村、陳任芳、楊大吉. 2010. 農業經營專區技術叢書－青蔥栽培管理手冊. 花蓮區農業改良場編印.
潘瑞幟. 2006. 植物的光合作用. p. 67-112. 刊於：植物生理學. 藝軒圖書出版社. 台北.
顏偉益. 2010. 評估有機廢棄物的特性對蚯蚓生長生殖及蚯蚓糞肥的影響. 國立中興大學土壤環境科學系碩士論文. 台中.
Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., A.S. Tantawy, M.A. El-Nemr, and Y.N. Sasssine. 2010. Growth and yield responses of strawberry plants to chitosan application. European Journal of Scientific Research. 39:161-168.
Aira, M., F. Monroy, and J. Dominguez. 2002. How earthworm density affects microbial biomass and activity in pig manure. Eur J Soil Boi 38:7-10.
Amagase, H., B.L. Petesch, H. Matsuura, S. Kasuga, and Y. Itakura. 2001. Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J Nutr. 131:955-962.
Ansari, A.A. 2008. Effect of Vermicompost and Vermiwash on the Productivity of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Onion (Allium cepa) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(5):554-557.
Arancon, N., C.A. Edwards, and F. Yardim, 2002. Management of plant parasitic nematodes by use of vermicomposts. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pests and Diseases 2:705-710.
Arancon, N.Q., C.A. Edwards, and P. Bierman. 2006. lnfluences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology 97:831-840.
Arancon, N.Q., C.A. Edwards, P. Biermam, C. Welch, and J. D. Metzger. 2004. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: l. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource technology 93 (2):145-153.
Atiyeh, R. M., C. A. Edwards, S. Subler, and J. D. Metzger. 2001. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology 78:11-20.
Atiyeh, R. M., N. Arancon, C.A. Edwards, and J.D. Metzger. 2000. Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology 75:175–180.
Batschauer, A. 1998. Photoreceptors of higher plants. Planta 206:479-492.
Bautista-Ban¡os, S., M. Hernandez-Lopez, E. Bosquez-Molina, and C.L. Wilson. 2003. Effects of chitosan and plant extracts on growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anthracnose levels and quality of papaya fruit. Crop Protect 22:1087–1092.
Beeson Jr., R.C. 1996. Composted yard waste as a component of container substrates. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:115-121.
Benhamou, N., P.J. Lafontaine, and M. Nicole. 1994. Induction of systemic resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato plants by seed treatment with chitosan. Phytopathology 84:1432-1444.
Benitez, E., R. Nogales, and G. Masciandro. 2000. Isolation by isoelectric focusing of humic - urease complexes from earthworm (Eisenia fetida) processed sewage sludges. Biol Fert Soils 31:489-493.
Benitez, E., R. Nogales, C. Elvira, G. Masciandaro, and B. Ceccanti. 1999. Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewagesludges composting with Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 67:297-303.
Bhaskara Reddy, M.V., J. Arul, P. Angers, and L. Couture. 1999. Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47(3):1208-1216.
Bittelli, M., M. Flury, G.S. Campbell, and E.J. Nichols. 2001. Reduction of transpiration through foliar application of chitosan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 107:167-175.
Boonlertnirun S., C. Boonraung, and R. Suvanasara. 2008. Application of chitosan in rice production. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 18(2):47-52.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A dye binding assay for protein. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254.
Brown, G.G. 1995. How do earthworms affect microfloral and faunal community diversity. Plant and Soil 170:209-231.
Bugbee, G.J., C.R. Frink, 1989. Composted waste as a peat substitute in peat-lite media. HortScience 24:625-627.
Carlile, W.R. and D.P. Wilson. 1993. Microbial activity in media containing worm-worked duck waste. Acta Horticulturae 342.
Chandrkrachang, S. 2002. The applications of chitin and chitosan in agriculture in Thailand, p. 458-462. In: K. Suchiva, S. Chandrkrachang, P. Methacanon, M.G. Peter (eds.). Advances in Chitin Science. Bangkok.
Chibu, H. and H. Shibayama. 2001. Effects of chitosan applications on the growth of several crops, p. 235-239. In: T. Uragami, K. Kurita, and T. Fukamizo (eds.). Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science, Yamaguchi.
Clapwijk, D. 1981. Effect of season and artificial light on the growth and development of young tomato. Plant Acta Hortic 128: 61-67.
Copping, L.G.(ed.). 2002. The BioPesticide Manual. 2nd ed. British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, United Kingdom.
de Brito Alvarez, M.A., S. Gagne, and H. Antoun. 1995. Effect of compost on rhizosphere microflora of the tomato and on the incidence of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61:194-199.
Devlieghere, F., A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere. 2004. Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiol 703–714.
Doares, S.H., T. Syrovets, E.W. Weiler, C.A. Ryan. 1995. Oligogalacturonides and chitosan activate plant defensive genes through the octadecanoid pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4095-4098.
Domı´nguez, J., C.A. Edwards, and S. Subler. 1997. A comparison of Vermicomposting and composting methods to process animal wastes. Biocycle 38:57-59.
Du, H.T., S.Q. Liu, and Z. Zhang. 2005. Effects of light qualities on growth and activity of enzymes in leaves of color pimientos seedling. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin 20(2):45-48.
Edwards, C.A. and I. Burrows. 1988. The potential of earthworm compost as plant growth media, p. 21-32. In: C.A. Edwards and E.F. Neuhauser(eds.). Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. The Hague, SPB Academic Publishing, Netherlands.
Edwards, C.A. and Q.A. Norman. 2004. Vermicomposts suppress plant pest and disease attacks. Pro Quest Agriculture Journals 45 (3):51-54.
Elvira, C., L. Sampedro, E. Benitez, and R. Nogales. 1998. Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: a pilot-scale study. Bioresource Technology 63:205-211.
Farmer, E.E. and C.A. Ryan. 1990. Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:7713-7716.
Gajalakshmi, S. and S.A. Abbasi. 2004. Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer- cum-pesticide vermicompost. Bioresource Technology 92:291-296.
Gallardo-Lara, F., and R. Nogales. 1987. Effect of the application of town refuse compost on the soil-plant system: a review. Biological Wastes 19:35-62.
Garg, P., A. Gupta, and S. Satya. 2006. Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia fetida: A comparative study. Bioresource Technology 97: 391-395.
Goh, K.M. and R.J. Haynes. 1977. Evaluation of potting media forcommercial nursery production of container grown plants. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 20:363-370.
Gunadi, B. and C.A. Edwards. 2003. The effect of multiple applications of different organic wastes on the growth , fecundity and survival of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) (Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 47(4):321-330.
Gutie’rrez-Miceli, F. A., J. Santiago-Borraz, J. A. M. Molina, C. C. Nafate, M. Abud-Archila, M. A. O. Llaven, R. Rinco’n-Rosales, and L. Dendooven. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology 98:2781–2786.
Hadwiger, L.A., 2013. Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: Solid science or hype. Plant Science 208:42-49.
Hadwiger, L.A., S.J. Klosterman, J.J. Choi. 2002. The mode of action of chitosan and its oligomers in inducing plant promoters and developing disease resistance in plants, p. 452-457. In: K. Suchiva, S. Chandrkrachang, P. Methacanon, and M.G. Peter (eds.). Advances in Chitin Science. Bangkok.
Hadwiger, L.A.; S.J. Klosterman, J.J. Choi. 2002. The mode of action of chitosan and its oligomers in inducing plant promoters and developing disease resistance in plants, In: K.Suchiva, S. Chandrkrachang, P. Methacanon, M.G. Peter (Eds.), Advances in Chitin Science,vol. 5, Bangkok, pp. 452–457.
Knorr, D. 1984. Use of chitinous polymers in food a challenge for food research and development. Food Technol. 38:83-97.
Kowallik, W. 1982. Blue light effects on respiration. Annu Rew Plant Physiol 33:51-72.
Krishnamoorthy, R.V. and S.N. Vajranabhaiah. 1986. Biological activity of earthworm casts: an assessment of plant growth promoter levels in the casts. Proc. Indian Acad 95: 341-351.
Leung, J. and J. Giraudat. 1998. Abscisic acid and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49:199-222.
Lin, K.H., M.Y. Huang, W.D. Huang, M.H. Hsu, Z.W. Yang, and C.M. Yang. 2013. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). Scientia Horticulturae 150:86-91.
Loschke, D.C., L.A. Hadwiger, and W. Wagoner. 1983. Comparison of mRNA populations coding for phenylalanine ammonia lyase and other peptides from pea tissue treated with biotic and abiotic phytoalexin inducers. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 23:163-173.
Marinari, S., G. Masciandaro, B. Ceccanti, and S. Grego, 2000. Influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource Technology 72:9-17.
Masciandaro, G., B. Ceccanti, V. Ronchi, and C. Bauer. 2000. Kinetic parameters of dehydrogenase in the assessment of the response of soil to vermicompost and inorganic fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils 32:479-483.
Massa, G.D., H.H. Kim, R.M. Wheeler, and C.A. Mitchell. 2008. Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. HortScience 43(7):1951-1956.
Nguyen, A.D., P.K. Vo Thi, and T.D. Tran. 2011. Research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. Carbohydrate Polymers 84:751–755.
Nwe, N., S. Chandrkrachang, and W.F. Stevens. 2004. Application of chitosan in Myanmar’s agriculture sector. Proceedings of the Sixth Asia Pacific Chitin and Chitosan Symposium. The National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Orozco F.H., J. Cegarra, and L.M.A.R. Trujillo. 1996. Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients. Biol. Fertil. Soils 22: 162-166.
Ouyang, S. and X. Langlai. 2003. Effect of chitosan on nutrient quality and some agronomic characteristic of non – heading chinese cabbage. Plant Physiology Communication 39: 21-24.
Peniston, Q.P. and E. Johnson. 1980. Process for the manufacture of chitosan. US Patent 4195175.
Peyvast Gh., J. A. Olfati, S. Madeni, and A. Forghani. 2008. Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 6 (1):110-113.
Pospieszny, H., S. Chirkov, and J. Atabekov. 1991. Induction of antiviral resistance in plants by chitosan. Plant Sci. 79:63-68.
Ruan, S.L., and Q.Z. Xue. 2002. Effects of chitosan coating on seed germination and salt-tolerance of seedlings in hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.). Acta Agronomica Sinica 28.
Sæbø, A., T. Krekling, and M. Appelgren. 1995. Light quality affectsphotosynthesis and leaf anatomy of birch plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 41:177-185.
Sembdner, G. and B. Parthier. 1993. The biochemistry and the physiological and molecular actions of jasmonates. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:569-589.
Serra-Wittling, C., S. Houot, and E. Barriuso. 1996. Modification of soil water retention and biological properties by municipal solid waste compost. Compost Science and Utilization 4:44-52.
Shi-wei, Z. and H. Fu-zhen. 1991. The nitrogen uptake efficiency from 15N labeled chemical fertilizer in the presence of earthworm manure, p. 539-542. In: G.K. Vereresh, D. Rajagopal, and C.A. Viraktamath(eds.). Advances in Management and Conservation of Soil Fauna. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India.
Singh, R., R. K. Gupta, R. T. Patil, R. R. Sharma, R. Asrey, A. Kumar, and K. K. Jangra. 2010. Sequential foliar application of vermicompost leachates improves marketable fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.). Scientia Horticulturae 124: 34–39.
Singh, R., R. R. Sharma, S. Kumar, R. K. Gupta, and R. T. Patil. 2008. Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.). Bioresource Technology 99: 8507–8511.
Struszczyk, H. and H. Pospieszny, 1997. New applications of chitosan and its derivatives in plant protection, p.171-184. In: M.F.A. Goosen (ed.). Applications of Chitin and Chitosan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., USA.
Subler, S., C.A. Edwards, and J.D. Metzger. 1998. Comparing composts and vermicomposts. Biocycle 39:63–66.
Sukwattanasinitt, M., A. Klaikherd, K. Skulnee, and S. Aiba. 2001. Chitosan as a releasing device for 2,4-D herbicide, p. 142-143. In: T. Uragami, K. Kurita, and T. Fukamizo (eds.). Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science, Yamaguchi.
Tinus, R.W. and S.E. Mcdonald. 1979. How to grow tree seedlings in containers in greenhouse. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Tomati, U., A. Grappelli, and E. Galli. 1987. The presence of growth regulators in earthworm-worked wastes, p.423-435. In: A.M. Bonvicini Paglioi and P. Omodeo (eds.). On Earthworms. Proceedings of International Symposium on Earthworms. Selected Symposia and Monographs, Unione Zoologica Italiana, Mucchi, Modena.
Tomati, U., A. Grappelli, and E. Galli. 1988. The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts on plant growth. Biol Fertil Soils 5:288-294.
Tyler, H.H., S.L. Warren, T.E. Bilderback, and W.C. Fonteno. 1993. Composted turkey litter: I. Effect on chemical and physical properties of a pine bark substrate. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11:131-136.
Valdez-Pereza, M.A., F. Fernandez-Luque˜noa, O. Franco-Hernandezb, L.B. Flores Coteraa, and L. Dendooven. 2011. Cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in limed or unlimed wastewater sludge, vermicompost or inorganic amended soil. Scientia Horticulturae 128:380-387.
Walker-Simmons, M., L.A. Hadwiger, C.A. Ryan. 1983. Chitosan and peptic polysaccharides both induce the accumulation of the antifungal phytoalexin pisatin in pea pods and antinutrient proteinase inhibitors in tomato leaves. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110:194-199.
Wanichpongpan, P., K. Suriyachan, and S. Chandrkrachang. 2001. Effects of chitosan on the growth of Gerbera flower plant (Gerbera jamesonii), p. 198-201. In: T. Uragami, K. Kurita, and T. Fukamizo (eds.). Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science, Yamaguchi.
Willmer, C.M. and M. Fricker. 1996. Stomata. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London.
Wintermans, J.F.G.M. and A. DeMots. 1965. Spectrophotometric characteristics of chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' and their pheophytins in ethanol. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 109:448 453.
Zaller, J.G. 2007. Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media: Effects on germination, biomass allocation, yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties. Scientia Horticulturae 112:191-199.