臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討兒童受到幽門桿菌感染後，他們的注意力是否會產生什麼變化？感染兒童的生長發展是否會受到影響？其家族之間的感染率如何？接受抗生素治療後，其預後情形如何？
參與本研究幽門桿菌簡易測試者，來自台南市濱海地區兩所小學之學童（共238人），以Hexagon H. pylori簡易檢測呈陽性反應者，再轉介到成大醫院進行尿素呼氣試驗及酵素結合免疫吸附法檢測，確認三種測試均呈現陽性反應者編為實驗組。控制組之選取則考量來自同一學區，社經背景不至於差異過大，同班級且年齡相近學童，發展之成熟度接近；本實驗分高年級實驗組、高年級控制組、中年級實驗組及中年級控制組，每組各8人，共32名受試者。以TAP軟體進行注意力的檢測，採其中警覺力測試、靈活性及視覺搜尋為測驗項目。治療前先做測試，並於療程結束一個月（short-term）及三個月（long-term）後分別測試其注意力表現。以t-test檢測藥物治療後對改變認知表現之效果差異，並做前後測之同質性比較。以單因子變異數分析（ANOVA）探討實驗組和控制組間之注意力表現及生長發展之差異。以重複量數相依樣本變異數分析分別探討不同階段注意力表現成對比較之差異。
本研究發現幽門桿菌感染之兒童及其共居家族成員感染幽門桿菌的比率明顯高於學理之感染率。分析前後3個月不同階段的身體質量指數並未發現有顯著差異；但不同階段身高之成對比較則有顯著差異。警覺力測試並未發現有顯著差異，但一致呈現反應變慢之情形。靈活性測試分析發現，中年級實驗組只在前後測反應比較明顯變快，高年級實驗組則各階段反應均明顯變快。分析有目標蹤跡視覺搜尋反應發現高年級實驗組反應顯著變快，中年級實驗組則僅前後測階段比較有顯著變快。無目標蹤跡視覺搜尋反應分析發現高年級實驗組僅前測和追蹤的成對比較有顯著變快；中年級實驗組則沒有明顯差異。推測時間可能是影響預後效果的重要因素；至於，預後效果是否隨著年齡而變化？值得後續之研究探討。
本研究經針對學校、教學、家庭、衛教保健行政及後續研究五個面向提出建議，學校重視衛生保健之推動及落實、教師在教學時藉由多元刺激來提升兒童學習成效、家長應留意兒童的生長及健康狀況並正視衛教及醫療對兒童健康維護之重要性、衛生醫療行政單位更加重視學校在衛教保健推動上所扮演的角色、後續研究可考量增加施測次數及作更長時間之研究以釐清警覺力在預後注意力表現之疑點。

Abstract
This research aimed to investigate how children’s attention might change after Helicobacter pylori infection. Would the development of affected children be affected? What would the rate of transmission between family members be? What would the prognosis period be like after antibiotic treatment?
Participants involving this research on simplified version of Helicobacter pylori test were elementary school students from two schools in coastal area of Tainan city (238 people). Those showed positive response using Hexagon H. pylori test were then transferred to Cheng-Kung Hospital for urea breath test and enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay. Children with positive effect in all three tests were assigned to the experimental group. Children in control group were selected from the same area with similar social and economic background, similar age and close developmental maturity. The experiment was thus divided into senior experimental group, senior control group, junior experimental group, and junior control group. There were eight participants in each group with a total of 32 participants. Softward TAP was used to examine the attention performance of participants. Alertness test, flexibility test and visual search task were selected as test items. The attention performance was tested at three time points: before treatment, one month after final treatment (short-term) and three months after final treatment (long-term). The effectiveness of drug treatment on attention performance was examined using t-test. The homogeneity of pre and post test was also compared. One way ANOVA was used to compare the relationship between attention performance and development differences in experimental and control group. Repeated measure dependent sample variance analysis was then used to compare the attention performance at different stages.
This research discovered that family members of children affected with Helicobacter pylori had higher probability of being affected by Helicobacter pylori than previously reported. No significant difference in body mass index was found at different time points within three months. But significant difference was observed for heights at different stages. Although the results from alertness test did not reach significance, there was a tendency in responding slower as time progressed. Results from flexibility test showed that in junior experimental group was faster than junior control group only in the first and final testing stages but senior experimental group was faster than senior control group in all stages. Results from target present condition in visual search task revealed that senior experimental group was faster than senior control group at all stages but junior experimental group was only faster at first and final stages. Results from target absent condition in visual search task showed that senior experimental group was faster only at first and follow-up stages and no difference between junior experimental and junior control group was observed. It was hypothesize that time is a crucial factor in affecting prognosis performances. Further researches are needed to examine whether prognosis effect varied with age differences.
This research proposed suggestions from five different perspectives: school, teaching, family, health policy and future research. Schools should highlight the importance of promoting healthy habit, teachers should use multi-dimension stimuli to increase the learning of children, parents should look after their child’s development and health condition and regard health education and medication treatment as important for children, health organizations should monitor the role of schools on health education promotion, future research can consider increasing number of testing and longer duration to understand the attention performance at prognosis stage.

中文封面 ------------------------------------ i
英文封面 ------------------------------------ ii
中文摘要 ------------------------------------ iii
英文摘要 ------------------------------------ v
誌 謝 ------------------------------------ viii
目 錄 ------------------------------------ ix
表 目 錄 ------------------------------------ xii
圖 目 錄 ------------------------------------ xix
第一章 緒論------------------------------- 1
第一節 研究動機與目的--------------------- 1
第二節 研究假設--------------------------- 6
第三節 研究的重要性----------------------- 7
第四節 名詞釋義--------------------------- 9
第二章 文獻探討--------------------------- 11
第一節 兒童認知特性與注意力--------------- 11
第二節 疾病與認知表現--------------------- 18
第三節 幽門桿菌與兒童健康----------------- 22
第三章 研究方法--------------------------- 42
第一節 研究流程--------------------------- 42
第二節 研究對象--------------------------- 43
第三節 研究工具--------------------------- 45
第四節 研究設計--------------------------- 49
第五節 資料分析--------------------------- 61
第四章 研究結果與分析--------------------- 62
第一節 家族成員幽門桿菌感染率研究結果與分析-- 62
第二節 身體質量指數及身高之差異分析------- - 70
第三節 注意力表現的測試分析--------------- 80
第五章 結論與建議------------------------- 136
第一節 結論------------------------------- 136
第二節 研究限制--------------------------- 138
第三節 建議------------------------------- 139
參考文獻 ---------------------------------- 141
中文文獻 ------------------------------------ 141
西文文獻 ------------------------------------ 144
附錄 ------------------------------------ 163
附錄一 「幽門桿菌抗體含量分析」檢測同意書-------- 163
附錄二 「幽門桿菌抗體含量分析」暨注意力表現施測同意書 164
附錄三 「幽門桿菌抗體含量分析」暨注意力測試及後續治療同意書
------------------------------------------- 165
附錄四 受試者不同階段身高體重及BMI表
----------------------------------------- 166

中文文獻
王文科譯（1996）。Philips, J. 著。皮亞傑式兒童心理學與應用。台北：心理。
行政院衛生署網站（2005，12月）。台灣地區少年主要死亡原因•2006年5月12日，取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/死因摘要/93年/表5。
行政院衛生署網站（2005，12月）。台灣地區主要癌症死亡原因。2006年5月12日，取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/死因摘要/93年/表10。
行政院衛生署網站（2005，12月）。台灣地區嬰兒主要死亡原因•2006年5月12日，取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/死因摘要/93年/表4。
余芳榮、吳登強、郭昭宏、盧建宇、蘇育正、李易諶、林绣茹、劉景勳、盧昌明、王文明（2001）。糞便中幽門螺旋桿菌抗原的檢測—南台灣的研究。高雄醫誌，2001，17，344-350。
宋淑慧（1992）。多向度電腦神經心理注意力測試編製之研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
宋淑慧（1994）。注意力異常與評量。高市鐸聲，4（2），21-26。
李一賢（2002，6月）。小兒幽門螺旋桿菌感染與消化性潰瘍。高醫醫訊月刊，22（1），2005年4月13日取自http://www.kmu.edu.tw/~kmcj/data/9106/4970.htm。
阮啟宏、呂岱樺、劉佳蓉、陳巧雲（2005）。視覺注意力的研究議題與神經生理機制。應用心理研究，28，冬，25-50。
邱皓政（2002）。量化研究與統計分析。台北：五南。
柯永河（1987）。臨床心理學：心理診斷。台北：大洋。
胡永崇（1999）。認知能力及其評量。台北：師大書苑。
胡錦蕉（1995）。靜坐練習對國小資優兒童的創造力、注意力、自我概念及焦慮反應之影響。國立台灣師範大學特殊教育學習碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
范姜郁美（1994）。禪坐訓練方案對國小學生注意力與生活適應的影響。台北市立師範學院初等教育學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
孫牧虹譯（2002）。Wolinsky,F.D., 2001 著。健康社會學。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
張春興（1988）。心理學概要。台北：三民書局。
張秦松、吳至行（1998）。漫談幽門螺旋桿菌感染及基層醫療之對策。基礎醫學雜誌，13卷，11期，202-208。
梁仲容（1996）。國小學童注意力、認知風格、閱讀策略覺醒與其國語文閱讀成就關係之研究。國立台南師範學院初等教育學系碩士論文，未出版，台南市。
梁瑞珊（1998）。害羞特質 情緒狀態及訊息類型對選擇性注意力的影響。私立中原大學心理學系碩士論文，未出版，新竹縣。
莊喬雄、許博翔（2002）。幽門螺旋桿菌與非潰瘍性消化不良。台灣醫學雜誌6（6），884-891。
莊麗娟（1999）。系統化多元評量模式之發展研究。國立師範大學教育學系博士論文，未出版，高雄市。
許秉毅、黎國洪（2002）。幽門桿菌與消化性潰瘍。台灣醫學雜誌，6（6），876-883。
郭方鈞（2003）。身體活動對學前兒童認知表現的影響之事件關聯電位研究。台北市立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
陳以儒（2003）。高登診斷系統之台灣學童常模及臨床應用之研究。中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹縣。
陳彥妤（2005）靜坐介入方案或開放教育程度差異對幼兒神經生理表現之探討。樹德科技大學幼兒保育系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄縣。
陳淑絹（1999）。不同性別與學習潛能之國小學童在學習適應、注意力與記憶力之比較研究。台中師範學院學報，13，73-99。
陳增興（2005）。造成胃潰瘍的幕後黑手。科學人雜誌，3，80-81。
陳麗芬（2004）。幼稚園實施靜坐練習對幼兒注意力及腦波之影響。樹德科技大學幼兒保育系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄縣。
黃尚怡（2004）。中文化與電腦化的「聽覺注意與反應分測驗」：注意力缺陷過動疾患與一般兒童的表現。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹縣。
黃金源（2000）。自閉症兒童的身心特質與教育治療。國立台中師範學院特殊教育中心。特殊教育論文集，125－156。
黃堅厚（1999）。人格心理學。台北市：心理出版社。
黃棣棟、陳映雪、單延愷、楊雅清（2003）。化學治療和放射治療對兒童腦瘤手術後的認知功能與情緒的影響 ---初步結果。2004年10月14日取自http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~pns/brain_tumor-1.htm
蔡佩倫、襲充文（2005）。以視覺搜尋作業探討忽略症之注意力參考架構。職能治療協會雜誌，23，49-60。
蔡振榮（1995）。台北市兒童幽門桿菌感染之血清流行病學研究。Acta Paediatrica Sinic, 36, 4, 254-256。
聶文通（1997）。台灣中部地區學齡前孩童感染幽門旋曲桿菌的血清流行病學之研究。中山醫學院醫學研究所碩士論文。未出版。台中市。

西文文獻
Al Serouri, A. W., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Greenwood, B., & Costello, A. (2000). Impact of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia on cognitive function and school achievement of schoolchildren in the Yemen Republic. Parasitology, 121, 337-345.
Albenque, M., Tall, F., Dabis, F., & Megraud, F. (1999). Epidemiological study of Helicobactor pylori transmission from mother to child in African. Rev. Esp. Enf. Dig., 78, 48.
Alm, R. A., L. S. Ling, D. T. Moir, B. L. King, E. D. Brown, P. C. Doig, D. R. Smith, B. Noonan, B. C. Guild, B. L. deJonge, G. Carmel, P. J. Tummino, A. Caruso, M. Uria-Nickelsen, D. M. Mills, C. Ives, R. Gibson, D. Merberg, S. D. Mills, Q. Jiang, D. E. Taylor, G. F. Vovis, & T. J. Trust (1999). Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397, 176-180.
Alpers, D. H., Clouse, R. E , Stenson, W. F.（1983）. Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics. Little Brown and Co., Boston.
American Academy of Pediatrics (1992). Health Care and a Child's Ability to Learn: A Survey of Elementary School Teachers. Porter/Novelli: Chicago, 2.
Appelmelk, B. J., Negrini, R., Moran, A. P., & Kuipers, E. J. (1997). Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and the host. Trends in Microbiology, 5(2), 70-73.
Appelmelk, B. J., Monteiro, M. A., Martin, S. L., Moran, A. P., & Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. (2000). Why Helicobacter pylori has Lewis antigens. Trends in Microbiology, 8(12), 565-570.
Atherton, J. C., P. Cao, R. M. Peek, Jr., M. K. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, & T. L. Cover. (1995). Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. Journal Biol. Chem, 270, 17771-17777.
Baker, K. H. & Hegarty, J. P. (2001). Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 87(5), 697-701.
Banatvala, N., Lopez, C. R., & Owen, R. (1993). Helicobactor pylori in dental plaques. Lancet, 341, 380.
Bisse, E., Renner, F., Submann, S., Scholmerich, J., & Wieland, H.（1996）. Hair iron Content: Possible Marker to Complement Monitoring Therapy of Iron Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? Clinical Chemistry 42,8.
Bode, G., Mauch, F., & Malfertheiner, P. (1993). The coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. Criteria for their viability. Epidemiology & Infection, 111(3), 483-490.
Brenner, H., Rothenbacher, D., Bode, G., & Adler, G. (1998). Parental history of gastric or duodenal ulcer and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in preschool children: population based study. Bmj, 316(7132), 28.
Brenner, H., Rothenbacher, D., Bode, G., Dieudonne, P., & Adler, G. (1999). Active infection with Helicobacter pylori in healthy couples. Epidemiology & Infection, 122(1), 91-95.
Brenner, H., Bode, G., & Boeing, H. (2000). Helicobacter pylori infection among offspring of patients with stomach cancer. Gastroenterology, 118(1), 31-5.
Brown, L. M. (2000). Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiologic Reviews, 22(2), 283-97.
Brown, S. C., Glass, J. M., & Park, D. C. (2002). The relationship of pain and depression to cognitive function in rheumatoid arthritis patients, Pain., 96, 279-284.
Budzynski, J., Klopocka, M., Bujak, R., Swiatkowski, M., Pulkowski, G., & Sinkiewicz, W. (2004). Autonomic nervous function in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients with a typical chest pain studies by analysis of heart rate variability. Eur. Journal Gastroenterol Hepatol, 16, 451-457.
Cave, D. R. & Goddard, P. J. (1998). Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Yale Journal of Biology & Medicine., 71(2), 43-51.
Cellini, L., L. Marzio, G. Ferrero, A. Del Vino, E. Di Campli, L. Grossi, S. Toracchio, & L. Artese. (2001). Transmission of Helicobacter pyori in an animal model. Dig. Dis. Sci., 46, 62-68.
Chen, M. H., Lien, C. H., Yang, W., & Wu, C. L. (2001). Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children—A Prospective Study. Acta Paediatr Tw, 42, 278-281.
Choe, Y. H., Kim, S. K., & Hong, Y. C. (2000). Helicobacter pylori infection with iron deficiency anaemia and subnormal growth at puberty. Archives of Disease in Childhood., 82, 136-140.
Chow, T. K., Lambert, J. R., Wahlqvist, M. L., & Hsu-Hage, B. H. (1995). Helicobacter pylori in Melbourne Chinese immigrants: evidence for oral-oral transmission via chopsticks. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(5), 562-569.
Clayton, C. L., Kleanthous, H., Morgan, D. D., Puckey, L., & Tabaqchali, S. (1993). Rapid fingerprinting of Helicobacter pylori by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31(6), 1420-1425.
Cohen, H. (2000). Peptic ulcer and Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 29, 775-779.
Correa, P. (1992). Human gastric carcinomgenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process-first American Cancer Society Award lecture on cancer epidemiology and prevention. Cancer Res. 52, 6735-6740.
Covacci, A., S. Censini, M. Bugnoli, R. Petracca, D. Burroni, G. Macchia, A. Massone, E. Papini, Z. Xiang, & N. Figura (1999). Molecular pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc. Natl. Acad. characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter Sci. U.S.A., 90, 5791-5795.
Cover, T. L., & Blaser, M. J. (1992). Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. Journal Biol. Chem. 267, 10570-10575.
Steven, J. & Steven, & Czinn, M. D. (2005). Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Detection, Investigation and Management. The Journal of Pediatrics , 146, S21-S26.
Dale, A., Thomas, J. E., Darboe, M. K., Coward, W. A., Harding, M., & Weaver, L. T. (1998). Helicobacter pylori infection,gastric acid secretion and infant growth. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition., 26, 393-397.
de Boer W. A. & Tytgat G. N. (2001). Search and treat strategy to eliminate Helicobacter pylori associated ulcer disease. Gut. ,48, 567-570.
de Clercq, D., Sacko, M., Behnke, J., Gilbert, F., & Vercruysse, J. (1998). The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium infection and school performance and attendance in Bamako, Mali. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 92, 851-858.
Demir, H., Saltik, I. N., Kocak, N., Yuce, A., Ozen, H., & Gurakan, F. (2001). Subnormal growth in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. Archives of Disease in Childhood., 84, 89-90.
Dexter, D. T., Wells, F. R., Agid, Y., Less, A. J., Jenner, P., & Marsen, C. D.（1987）. Increased Nigral Iron Content in Post-mortem Parkinsonian Brain. Lancet ii, 1987.
Dominici, P., Bellentani, S., Di Biase, A. R., Saccoccio, G., Le Rose, A., & Masutti, F. (1999). Familial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection: population based study. Bmj, 319(7209), 537-540.
Dore, M. P., Bilotta, M., Malaty, H. M., Pacifico, A., Maioli, M., Graham, D. Y., & Realdi, G., (2000). Diabetes mellitus and Helicobacter pylori infection. Nutrition, 16, 407-410.
Drumm, B., Perez-Perez, G. I., Blaser, M. J., & Sherman, P. M. （1990）. Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(6), 359-363.
Eaton, K. A., Brooks, C. L., Morgan, D. R., Krakowka, S. (1991). Essential role of urease in pathogenesis of gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. Infection & Immunity, 59(7), 2470-2475.
Eaton, K. A., Morgan, D. R., & Krakowka, S. (1992). Motility as a factor in the colonisation of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 37(2), 123-127.
Eaton, K. A., Suerbaum, S., Josenhans, C., & Krakowka, S. (1996). Colonization of geotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori deficient in two flagellin genes. Infection & Immunity, 64(7), 2445-2448.
Fan, X. G., Chua, A., Li, T. G., & Zeng, Q. S. (1998). Survival of Helicobacter pylori in milk and tap water. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1998, 13(11), 1096-1108.
Ferguson,D.A.,Jr.,Li,C.,Patel,N.R.,Mayberry,W.R.,Chi,D.S.,＆Thomas,E. (1993). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from saliva.Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31(10), 2802-2804.
Fernando, D., Wickremasinghe, R., Mendis, K. N., Wickremasinghe, A. R. (2003). Cognitive performance at school entry of children living in malaria-endemic areas of Sri Lanka. Trans R Soc Med Hyg, 97, 161-165.
Feydt-Schmidt, A., Kindermann, A., Konstantopoulos, N., Demmelmair, H., Ballauff, A., & Findeisen, A. (2002). Reinfection rate in children after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2002, 14(10), 1119-1123.
Forman, D., Newell, D. G., Fullerton, F., Yarnell, J. W. G., Stacey, A. R., Wald, & Sitas, F. (1991). Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ, 302, 1302-1305.
Geis, G., Suerbaum, S., Forsthoff, B., Leying, H., & Opferkuch, W. (1993). Ultrastructure and biochemical studies of the flagellar sheath of Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 38(5), 371-377.
Gill, H. H., Shankaran, K., & Desai, H. G. (1994). Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of children and their family members. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 42(9), 719-721.
Go, M. F. & Crowe, S. E. (2000). Virulence and pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 29(3), 649-670.
Goodman, K. J., & Correa, P. (1995). The transmission of Helicobacter pylori. A critical review of the evidence. International Journal of Epidemiology., 24, 875-887.
Goodman, K. J., Correa, P., Tengana, Aux. H. J., Ramirez, H., DeLany, J. P., & Pepinosa, O. (1996). Guerrero Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: a population-based study of transmission pathways. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(3), 290-299.
Goodman, K. J. & Correa, P. (2000). Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings. Lancet, 355(9201), 358-362.
Goodwin, D. M. (1989). A Dictionary of Neuropsychology. New York, Springer-Verlag.
Graham, D. Y., Adam, E., & Reddy, G. T. (1991). Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in India.Comparison of developing and developed countries. Dig Dis Sci , 36, 1084-1088.
Graham, D. Y., Alpert, L. C., Smith, J. L., & Yoshimura, H. H. (1988). Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 83(9), 974-980.
Gramley, W. A., Asghar, A., Frierson, H. F. Jr., & Powell, S. M. (1999). Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in fecal samples from infected individuals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(7), 2236-2240.
Gremse, D. A., & Sacks, A. I. (1996). Symptoms of gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori in children. Southern Medical Association Journal., 89, 278-281.
Guerrant, D. I., Moore, S. R., Lima, A. A., Patrick, P. D., Schoring, J. B., & Guerrant, R. L. (1999). Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive functionfour-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Amj. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 707-713.
Hall, S. R. & Smith, A. P. (1996). Behavioural effects of infections mononucleosis. Neuropsychobiology, 33, 202-209.
Hegarty, J. P., Dowd, M. T., & Baker, K. H. (1999). Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water is associated with clinical infection. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 33(10), 744-746.
Hulten, K., Han, S. W., Enroth, H., Klein, P. D., Opekun, A. R., Gilman, R. H., (1996). Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru. Gastroenterology, 110(4), 1031-1035.
Katoh, M., Saito, D., Noda, T., Yoshida, S., Oguro, Y., & Yazaki, Y. (1993). Helicobacter pylori may be transmitted through gastrofiberscope even after manual Hyamine washing. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 84(2), 117-119.
Kelly, S. M., Pitcher, M. C., Farmery, S. M., & Gibson, G. R. (1994). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology, 107(6), 1671-1674.
Kikuchi, S., Kurosawa, M., & Sakiyama, T. (1998). Helicobacter pylori risk associated with sibship size and family history of gastric diseases in Japanese adults. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 89(11), 1109-1112.
Klerman, L. V. (1988). School Absence – A Health Perspective. Pediatric Clinics of North American, 35, 1254.
Kuipers, E. J., & Meuwissen, S. G. (1996). Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. Scand, Journal Gastroenterol. Suppl, 218, 103-105.
Lambert, J. R., Lin, S. K., & Aranda-Michel, J. (1995). Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology–Supplement, 208, 33-46.
Langenberg, W., Rauws, E. A., Oudbier, J. H., & Tytgat, G. N. (1990). Patient-to-patient transmission of Campylobacter pylori infection by fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 161(3), 507-511.
Leung, W. K., Sung, J. J., Ling, T. K., Siu, K. L., & Cheng, A. F. (1997). Does the use of chopsticks for eating transmit Helicobacter pylori?. Lancet., 350, 31.
Leung, W. K., Sung, J. J., Ling, T. K., Siu, K. L., Cheng, A. F. (1999). Use of chopsticks for eating and Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestive Diseases & Sciences, 44(6), 1173-1176.
Lin, C. W., S. C. Wu, S. C. Lee, & K. S. Cheng (2000). Genetic analysis and clinical evaluation of vacuolating cytotoxin gene A and cytotoxin-associated gene A in Taiwanese Helicobacter pylori isolates from peptic ulcer patients, Scand. Journal Infect. Dis., 32, 51-57.
Lin, D. B., Nieh, W. T., Wang, H. M. Hsiao, M. W. Ling, U. P., Changlai, S. P., Ho, M. S. You, S. L. & Chen, C. J. (1999). Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among preschool children in Taiwan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. ,61, 554-558.
Lin, J. T., Wu, M. S., Shun, C. T., Lee, S. C., Chen, C. J., Wang, H. P., Lee, W. J., Sheu, J. C. (1998). Gastric cancer risk in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection and subtypes of intestinal metaplasia. Br. Journal Cancer, 78, 125-128.
Luzza, F., Imeneo, M., Maletta, M., Paluccio, G., Nistico, S., & Perticone, F. (1998). Suggestion against an oral-oral route of transmission for Helicobacter pylori infection: a seroepidemiological study in a rural area. Digestive Disease & Science, 43(7), 1488-1492.
Madinier, I. M., Fosse, T. M., & Monteil R. A. (1997). Oral carriage of Helicobacter pylori: a review. Journal of Periodontology, 68(1), 2-6.
Mapstone, N. P., Lynch, D. A., Lewis, F. A., Axon, A. T., Tompkins, D. S., & Dixon, M. F. (1993). Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the mouths and stomachs of patients with gastritis using PCR. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46(6), 540-543.
Marshall, B. J., & Warren, J. R. (1983). Unidentified curved bacilli on gastritis epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet., 1, 1273-1275.
Marshall, B. J., & Warren, J. R. (1984). Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet., 1, 1311-1315.
Marshall, B. J., Barrett, L. J., Prakash, C., McCallum, R. W., & Guerrant, R. L. (1990). Urea protects Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid. Gastroenterology, 99(3), 697-702.
McCarthy, A. M., Lindren, S., Mengeling, M. A., Tsalikian, E., & Engvall, J. C. (2002). Effects of diabetes on learning in children. Pediatrics, 109, E9.
McGowan, C. C., Cover, T. L., & Blaser, M. J. (1994). The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole inhibits acid survival of Helicobacter pylori by a urease-independent mechanism. Gastroenterology, 107(5), 1573-1578.
Megraud, F. (1993). Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America,, 22(1), 73-88.
Megraud, F. (1995). Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 9(Suppl 2), 85-91.
Megraud, F., & Lamouliatte, H. (2003). Review article: the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther., 17, 1333–1343.
Mendez, M. A. & Adair, L. S. (1999). Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. Journal Nutr, 129, 1555-1562.
Mitchell, H. M., Bohane, T., Hawkes, R. A., & Lee, A. (1993). Helicobacter pylori infection within families. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, 280(1-2), 128-136.
Monteiro, M. A., Chan, K. H., Rasko, D. A., Taylor, D. E., Zheng, P. Y., & Appelmelk, B. J.(1998). Simultaneous expression of type 1 and type 2 Lewis blood group antigens by Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides. Molecular mimicry between h. pylori lipopolysaccharides and human gastric epithelial cell surface glycoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273 (19), 11533-11543.
Moore, L. W. & Sweeney. J. J. (1993). Differential effects of primary, activity and computer reinforcement on decreasing the off-task behavior of three special education population. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 20(2), 132-144.
Nakayama, K., & Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal attention. Vision Research, 29, 1631-1647.
Namavar, F., Roosendaal, R., Kuipers, E. J., de Groot, P., van der Bijl, M. W., & Pena, A. S. (1995). Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and faeces of patients with gastritis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 14(3), 234-237.
Neeman, A. & Kadish, U. (1994). Selection of patients for treatment of duodenal ulcer infected with Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 19(1), 17-19.
Nomura, A., Stemmerman, G. N., & Chyou, P. H. (1991). Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N. Engl. Journal Med, 325, 1132-1136.
Oderda, G., Palli, D., Saieva, C., Chiorboli, E., & Bona, G. (1998). Short stature and Helicobacter pylori infection in Italian children: prospective multicentre hospital based case-control study. The Italian Study Group on Short Stature and H pylori. BMJ., 317, 514-515.
Ortiz, D., Cavazza, E. C., Rodr′iguez, O., Hagel, I., Correnti, M., Convit, J.（2003）. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Warao Lineage Communities of Delta Amacuro State, Venezuela. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Vol. September, 98(6), 721-725.
Oshowo, A., Gillam, D., Botha, A., Tunio, M., Holton, J., Boulos, P. (1998). Helicobacter pylori: the mouth, stomach, and gut axis. Annals of Periodontology, 3(1), 276-280.
Pakodi, F., O. M. Abdel-Salam, A. Debreceni, & G.Mozsik. (2000). Helicobacter pylori. One bacterium and a broad spectrum of human disease! An overview. Journal Physiol. Paris., 94, 139-152.
Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P., & Ferlay, J. (1999). Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. International Journal of Cancer., 80, 827-841.
Parsonnet, J., Friedman, G. D., Orentreich, N., & Vogelman, H., et al. (1997). Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut, 40, 297-301.
Parsonnet, J., Friedman, G.D., & Vandersteen, D.P. (1991). Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N. Engl. Journal Med, 325, 1127-1131.
Parsonnet, J., Hansen, S., Rodriguez, L., Gelb, A. B., Warnke, R. A., Jellum, E., Orentreich, N., Vogelman, J. H., & Friedman, G. D. (1994). Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. Journal Med., 330, 1267-1271.
Parsonnet, J., Shmuely, H., & Haggerty, T. (1999). Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. Jama, 282(23), 2240-2245.
Perez-Perez, G. I., Peek, R. M., Legath, A. J., Heine, P. R., & Graff, L. B. (1999). The role of CagA status in gastric and extragastric complications of Helicobacter pylori. Journal Physiol Pharmacol, 50, 833-845.
Peterson, W. L., Fendrick, A. M., Cave, D. R., Peura, D. A., Garabedian-Ruffalo , S. M., & Laine, L. (2000). Helicobacter pylori-related disease: guidelines for testing and treatment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(9), 1285-1291.
Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F., & Ferlay, J. (1999). Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. International Journal of Cancer., 83, 18-29.
Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 109（2）, 160-174.
Powell, C. A., Walker, S. P., Himes, J. H., Fletcher, P. D., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (1995). Relationships between physical growth, mental development and nutritional supplementation in stunted child: the Jamaican study. Acta Paediatr, 84, 22-29.
Price, A. B. (1999). Classification of gastritis-yesterday,today, and tomorrow. Eur. Journal Gastroenterol Hepatol, 16, 451-457.
Pytko-Polonczyk, J., Konturek, S. J., Karczewska, E., Bielanski, W., & Kaczmarczyk-Stachowska, A. (1996). Oral cavity as permanent reservoir of Helicobacter pylori and potential source of reinfection. Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 47(1), 121-129.
Richter, T., Richter, T., List, S., Muller, D. M., Deutscher, J., Uhlig, H. H., Krumbiegel, P., Herbarth, O., Gutsmuths, F. J., & Kiess, W. (2001). Five to 7-year-old children with Helicobacter pylori infection are smaller than Helicobacter-negative children: a cross-sectional population-based study of 3,315 children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition., 33, 472-475.
Rothenbacher, D., Bode, G., Berg, G., Knayer, U., Gonser, T., & Adler, G. (1999). Helicobacter pylori among preschool children and their parents: evidence of parent-child transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179(2), 398-402.
Rowland, M., Kumar, D., Daly, L., O'Connor, P., Vaughan, D., & Rumm, B. (1999). Low rates of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in children. Gastroenterology 117, 336-341.
Sakti, H., Nokes, C., Hertanto, W. S., Hendratno, S., Hall, A., Bundy, D. A. P., & Satoto. (1999). Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health., 4, 322-334.
Schwarz, C. & Lui, E. (2000). The link between school performance and health insurance: current research. Consumers Union, CUL-014.
Segal, E. D., Falkow, S., & Tompkins, L. S. (1996). Helicobacter pylori attachment to gastric cells induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(3), 1259-1264.
Seo, M., Okada, M., Shirotani, T., Nishimura, H., Maeda, K., & Aoyagi, K. (2002). Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the long-term outcome of peptic ulcer after successful eradication in Japan. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 34(2), 129-134.
Shankaran, K. & Desai, H. G. (1995). Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 21(2), 82-84.
Sherman, P. M. (2004). Appropriate Strategies for Testing and Treating Helicobacter pylori in Children: When and How? The American Journal of Medicine, September. 6, Volume, 117 (5A), 30S-35S.
Singh, V., Trikha, B., Vaiphei, K., Nain, C. K., Thennarasu, K., Singh K. (1999). Helicobacter pylori: evidence for spouse-to-spouse transmission. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14(6), 519-522.
Smith, A. P. (1992). Effects of influenza and the common cold on the Stroop color-word test. Percept Motor Skills., 74, 668-670.
Smith, P. D. (2000). Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosal inflammation is Th1 mediated and exacerbated in IL-4,but not IFN-gamma, gene-deficient mice. Journal Immunol, 165, 1022-1029.
Sorberg, M., Nilsson, M., Hanberger, H., & Nilsson, L. E. (1996). Morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from bacillary to coccoid form. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 216-219.
Statland, B. E., Winkel, P.（1977）. Relational of Day-to-day Variation of Serum Iron Concentrations to Iron Binding Capacity in Healthy Young Women. Am. Journal Clin. Pathol. 67.
Steven, J. & Steven, & Czinn, M. D. (2005). Helicobacter pylori Infection: Detection, Investigation, and Management. Journal Pediatr, 146, S21-S26.
Stolte, M., Bayerdorffer, E., Morgner, A. Alpen, B. Wundisch, T., Thiede, C., & Neubauer, A. (2002). Helicobacter and gastric MALT lymphoma. Gut. 50 Suppl, 3(III), 19-24.
Suerbaum, S. & Michetti, P. (2002). Helicobacter pylori infection. New England Journal of Medicine., 347, 1175-1186.
Takahashi, M., Kimura, H., Watanabe, K. (2002). Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with idiopathic short stature. Pediatrics International. ,44, 277-280.
Tamula, M. A., Wolters, P. L., Walsek, C., Zeichner, S., & Civitello, L. (2003). Cognitive decline with immunologic stability in four children with human immunodeficiency virus disearse. Pediatrics, 112, 679-684.
Teh, B. H., Lin, J. T., Pan, W. H., Wang, L. Y., Lee, T. K. (1994). Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 14, 1389-1392.
Thomas, J. E., Gibson, G. R., Darboe, M. K., Dale, A., & Weaver, L. T. (1992). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces. Lancet, 340(8829), 1194-1195.
Treisman, A. (1988). Features and objects: The fourteen Bartlett memorial lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40A, 201-237.
Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136.
Tsai, C. J. & Chang, M. H. (1995). Seroepidemiologic Study of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children in Taipei City. Acta Paed Sin, 36, 254-256.
Vaira, D., Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., Axon, A.T., Deltenre, M., Hirschl, A.M. (1999). Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen-based assay. HpSA European study group. Lancet, 354 (9172), 30-33.
Vaira, D., Menegatti, M., Salardi, S., Ali, A., Altomare, Stella, F., Figura, N., Landi, F., Holton, J., Farinelli, S., Cuccaro, V., Miglioli, M., & Cacciari, E. (1998). Helicobacter pylori and diminished growth in children:is it simply a marker of deprivation? Digestive & Liver Disease., 30, 129-133.
Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M., & Appelmelk, B. J. (1998). Helicobacter pylori LPS: molecular mimicry with the host and role in autoimmunity. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 30 (Suppl 3), S259-260.
Vincent, P. (1995). Transmission and acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: evidences and hypothesis. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 49(1), 11-18.
Wang, H. J., C. H. Kuo, A. A., Yeh, P. C. Chang, & W. C. Wang. (1998). Vacuolating toxin production in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori with different vacA genotypes. Journal Infect. Dis., 178, 207-212.
Wang, J. T., Chang, C. S., Jang, J. C., Lin, J. T., Wang, T. H. (1998). Optimized conditions for growth and fermentation of Helicobacter pylori. Journal Microbiol Immunol Infect, 31, 146-150.
Wang, L. Y., J. T. Lin, Y. W. Cheng, S. J. Chou, & C. J. Chen. (1996). Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori among adolescents in Taiwan. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 29, 10-17.
Watts, D. L.（1988）. The Nutritional Relationships of Iron. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 3,3.
White, A. R. & Janice, M. T. (1997). Poor concentration and the ability to process information after glandular fever. Journal Psychosom Res., 44, 269-278.
Windsor, H. M. & O'Rourke, J. (2000). Bacteriology and taxonomy of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 29(3), 633-648.
Wlodarek, D., Pakszys, W., & Barlik, M. (2001). Helicobacter pylori—does it only cause gastroduodenal disease? Pol. Merkuriusz Lek, 11, 456-459.
Wolfe, B. L. (1985). The Influence of Health on School Outcomes. Medical Care, 23, 1127.
Wurzer, H., Bardhan, K. D., Marcelino, M., Jahnsen, J., & Allmaier, M. (2001). Duodenal ulcer healing rates in a one-year follow-up study with ranitidine bismuth citrate and antibiotics. Hepato Gastroenterology, 48(42), 1641-1647.
Yang, Y. J., Wang, S. M., Chen, C. T., Huang, M. C., Chang, C. J., & Liu, C. C.（2003）. Lake of Evidence for Fecal-Oral Transmission of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Taiwanese. Journal Formos Med Assoc 2003, Vol. 102, No.6, 375-378.
Zhang, L., Blot, W. J., You, W. C., Chang, Y. S., Kneller, R. W., & Jin, M. L. (1996). Helicobacter pylori antibodies in relation to precancerous gastric lesions in a high-risk Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 5(8), 627-630.
Zill, N. (1990). Child health and school readiness: Background paper on a National Educational Goal. Child Trends, Inc. Washington DC, 2.