臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文旨在探討漢語會話中的投射現象。各種形式的口語會話要成功有賴會話雙（多）方之合作，「投射現象」則是指在此前提下，會話中說話者所給予聽話者接續言談用的語言∕非語言資訊。本文藉由對於口語語料庫之語料進行言談分析，歸納投射現象的種類，以及其如何幫助會話成功，達到有效的溝通。

Language use is a form of joint action carried out by participants acting in coordination with each other under the circumstances of talk-in-interactions. Since such joint activity cannot be achieved only by one person with no interactions with other participant, there must be resources that allow interlocutors a certain pre-monition/projection as to what the current speakers might be up to next. This thesis attempts to demonstrate how participants in conversation use various resources to make successful projections and take their turns at properly timed places. Through an investigation of various pre’s (preliminaries or pre-sequences), syntactic resources for turn projections, and sequentially sensitive lexical items in Chinese conversation, we show how the joint action is jointly achieved by one participant’s uses of resources for turn projection to successfully predict the other’s action and thus give a proper response at appropriate points in conversation. In addition, by examining the relation between interactional strategies and projections in conversation, we show that the choice of interactional strategies and their occurrences can be predicted, which further strengthens the relationship between projections and talk-in-interactions.

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………i
致謝…………………………………………………………………………ii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………vii
Symbols for Discourse Transcription ………………………………ix
Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………xi
Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………………1
1.1. Literature Review …………………………………………………2
1.2. Database………………………………………………………………5
1.3. Research Questions & Organization of the Thesis …………7
Chapter 2. Pre's in Chinese Conversation …………………………8
2.1. Pre-sequence…………………………………………………………9
2.1.1. Previous studies on pre-sequence …………………………10
2.1.2. Some problems & a new proposal for pre-sequences ……17
2.1.3. Pre-request………………………………………………………22
2.1.3.1. Embeddedness …………………………………………………23
2.1.3.2. Insertions ……………………………………………………24
2.1.4. Pre-announcement ………………………………………………27
2.1.5. Pre-closing statement…………………………………………29
2.2. Pre's as initiators of repairs ………………………………32
2.2.1. Word cut-offs……………………………………………………32
2.2.2. Long pause ………………………………………………………34
2.2.3. Laughter …………………………………………………………35
2.2.4. Word Lengthening ………………………………………………36
2.3. List pre la & continuer a………………………………………37
2.4. Non-verbal pre's …………………………………………………40
2.5. Summary………………………………………………………………41
Chapter 3. Syntactic Resources for Turn projection……………43
3.1. Compound TCU ………………………………………………………44
3.1.1. Adverbial Clause ………………………………………………46
3.1.2. Permeability ……………………………………………………55
3.2. Order of constituents……………………………………………58
3.3. Function words ……………………………………………………62
3.4. Summary………………………………………………………………72
Chapter 4. Sequentially Sensitive Lexical Items ………………73
4.1. Adjacency Pair ……………………………………………………75
4.2. Buhui…………………………………………………………………79
4.2.1. Negation of a sentence ………………………………………79
4.2.2. Interrogative……………………………………………………80
4.2.3. Summary……………………………………………………………81
4.3. Kaiwanxiao …………………………………………………………82
4.4. Buzhidao ……………………………………………………………84
4.4.1. Negation of one's awareness to a certain thing/event 84
4.4.2. Disagreement in a polite way: a statement-response pair
……………………………………………………………………87
4.4.3. Pause filler ……………………………………………………90
4.4.4. The distribution of buzhidao in Chinese conversation 91
4.5. Bushi…………………………………………………………………92
4.5.1. Types of bushi …………………………………………………92
4.5.2. Questions…………………………………………………………97
4.5.3. Factors that influence recipients' interpretations of
bushi………………………………………………………………98
4.6. Summary ……………………………………………………………105
Chapter 5. Interactional Strategies & Projection ……………107
5.1. TRP & Introduction to interactional strategies…………108
5.1.1. Transition Relevance Place (TRP)…………………………108
5.1.2. Non-full turn interactional strategies…………………111
5.1.3. Full-turn interactional strategies………………………113
5.1.4. Model for recipients' responses to current speakers 117
5.2. Backchannel responses …………………………………………121
5.2.1. Backchannel responses at TRP………………………………121
5.2.2. Backchannel responses after pre's of compound TCUs…122
5.2.3. Backchannel responses after tags…………………………126
5.2.4. Backchannels after lengthening/long pauses……………127
5.2.5. Distributions of backchannel responses in Chinese
conversation……………………………………………………128
5.3. Overlaps……………………………………………………………130
5.3.1. Overlaps in the initial position of turn extensions 131
5.3.2. Overlaps in extra words at the turn-end ………………133
5.3.3. Overlaps in tags………………………………………………134
5.3.4. Overlaps in final particles ………………………………135
5.3.5. Overlaps after pre's of compound TCUs …………………137
5.3.6. Overlaps after lengthening or long pauses ……………138
5.3.7. Overlaps in other places within a turn…………………140
5.3.8. Distributions of overlaps in conversation ……………142
5.4. Summary ……………………………………………………………145
Chapter 6. Conclusion…………………………………………………146
References ………………………………………………………………154

Albert, S., and Kessler, S. 1976. Processes for ending social encounters: The conceptual archeology of a temporal place. Journal of Theory of Social Behavior, 6, 147-170.
Albert, S., and Kessler, S. 1978. Ending social encounters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 541-553.
Atkinson, J. M. & Drew, P. 1979. Order in Court. London: Macmillan.
Biq, Yung-o. 1995. Causal relation and information sequencing in Mandarin. Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Berkeley linguistics Society, 47-60.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, ed. by E. A. Goody, 56-331. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1984. How people use adverbial clauses. In The proceedings of the tenth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Chang, Chung-yin. 1997. A Discourse Analysis of Questions in Mandarin Conversation. M.A. thesis. National Taiwan University. .
Chang, Miao-Hsia. 1997. Discourse Functions of Negatives bo and m in Taiwanese. Doctoral dissertation. National Taiwan Normal University.
Chui, Kawai. 1995. Repair in Chinese conversation. In Proceeding of the second international symposium on languages in Taiwan, p.p. 75-96. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Clark, Andy. 1997. Being there: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again. MIT Press.
Clark, Herbert. 1996. Using Language. Cambridge University Press.
Coulthard, M. and D. Brazil. 1992. Exchange structure. In M. Coulthard (ed.) Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis. Routledge.
Ford, Cecillia E. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1986. Conditionals in discourse: A text-based study from English. In E. Traugott, C. Ferguson, J. Snitzer Reilly, and A. Meulen eds., On conditionals, Cambridge University Press.
Ford, Cecilia E. 1993. Grammar in interaction: Adverbial clauses in American English conversations. Cambridge University Press.
Ford, Cecilia E. 1994. Dialogic aspects of talk and writing: Because on the interactive-edited continuum.
Ford, Cecilia E. and Thompson, S. 1996. Interactional Units in Conversation: Syntactic, Intonational and Pragmatic Resources for the Management of Turns. In E. Ochs (ed.) Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Fox, B. A., Hayashi M., and Jasperson R. 1996. Resources and Repair: A Cross-linguistic Study of Syntax and Repair. In E. Ochs (ed.) Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. 1981. Achieving Mutual Orientation at Turn Beginning. The Use of Conversation. Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. 1986 a. Gesture as a resource for the organization of mutual orientation. Semiotica 62 1/2: 29-49.
Goodwin, C. 1986 b. Between and within: alternative treatments of continuers and assessments. Human Studies 9: 205-17.
Goodwin, C. and Goodwin, M H. 1987. Concurrent operations on talk: notes on the interactive organization of assessments. IPRA Papers in Pragmatics 1.1: 1-54.
Goody, E. (eds.). 1978a. Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1967 Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-face Behavior. Anchor books.
Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. Syntax and semantics, vol. 3, Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole and J. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
Haiman, John. 1978. Conditionals are topics. Language, 54-3: 564-589.
Heine, Bernd. et al.1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. University of Chicago press.
Hsieh, Hsin-yun. 1999. Coherence via Collaboration: A Study of Chinese Causal Connectives. Paper presented at the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, information and Computation.
Hsieh, Hsin-yun. 2001. The Discourse Functions of Final Particles in Taiwanese. MA thesis. National Taiwan University.
Huang, Shuanfan. Discourse Particles as Epistemic Attitudinals─towards a theory of particles. In Shuanfan Huang (to appear), The Discourse Basis of Grammar.
Huang, Shuanfan and Chang, Chung-yin. 1997. Declarative Questions and Sequentially Sensitive Grammars. Paper presented at the First Symposium on Discourse and Syntax in Chinese and Austronesian Language. June 14—15. Taipei.
Huang, Shuanfan. 1999. 語法之言談基礎 (II). 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告. National Taiwan University.
Huang, Shuanfan. 2000. The Story of Heads and Tails─On a Sequentially Sensitive Lexicon. Language and Linguistics, Volume 1, No. 2.
Jefferson, G. 1973. A case of precision timing in ordinary conversation: overlapped tag-positioned address terms in closing sequences. Semiotica 9: 47-96.
Jefferson, G. 1983. Notes on Some Orderlinesses of Overlap Onset. Tilburg Papers in Language and Literature 28 (1): 1-28.
Jerfferson, G. 1985. List-construction as a task & resource. Interactional Competence.
Labove, William and D. Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic Discourse. Academic Press.
Lerner, Gene H. 1987. Collaborative turn sequences: sentence construction and social action. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine.
Lerner, Gene H. 1989. Notes on overlap management in conversation: the case of delayed completion. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53: 167-77.
Lerner, Gene H. 1991. On the Syntax of Sentences-in-progress. Language in Society 20, 441-458.
Lerner, Gene H. 1996. On the “Semi-permeable” Character of Grammatical Units in Conversation: Conditional Entry into the Turn Space of Another Speaker. In E. Ochs (ed.) Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Merritt, M. 1976. On questions following questions (in service encounters). Language in Society, 5-3, 315-317.
Pomerantz, K. 1984. In structures of Social Actions.
Ramsay, Violeta. 1987. The functional distribution of preposed and postposed “if” and “when” clauses in written narrative. In R. S. Tomlin ed., Coherence and grounding in discourse, Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Sacks, H. 1974. An analysis of the course of a joke’s telling in conversation. In R. Bauman and J. Sherzer (Eds.), Exploration in the ethnography of speaking, 337-353. Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, H. et al. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50 : 696—735.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1972. Sequencing in Conversational Openings. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication ed. by John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes. Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Publishers.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1979. The relevance of repair to syntax-to-conversation. Syntax & Semantics, 12.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1980. Preliminaries to preliminaries: “Can I ask you a question?” Sociological Inquiry, 50, 104-152.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1982. Discourse as an interactional achievement: some uses of “uh huh” and other things that come between sentences. In Deborah Tannen (ed.), Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk, 71-93. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1984. On some gestures’ relation to talk. Structures of Social Action.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1988. Pre-sequences & Indirection. Journal of Pragmatics, 12: 55-62.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1990. On the organization of sequences as a source of coherence in talk-in-interaction. Conversational Organization and Its Development.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1992. Reflections on language, development and the interactional character of talk-in-interaction. In M. Bornstein et al. (eds) Interaction in Human Development.
Schegloff, Emanuel. 1996. Turn organization: one intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs (ed.) Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel, and Sacks, H. 1973. Opening up closings. Semiotica, 8, 289-327.
Schegloff, Emanuel, Gail Jefferson, and Harvey Sacks. 1977. The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 50: 696-735.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge University Press.
Schleppergrell, Mary J. 1991. Paratactic because. Journal of Pragmatics 16:323-337.
Stenström, Anna-Brita.1994. An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. Longman.
Streek, Jürgen. 1986. The significance of gesture: how is it established. Journal of Pragmatics 2: 1-2.
Streek, Jürgen. 1993. Gesture as communication: its coordination with gaze & speech. Communication Monographs, 60: 275-299.
Streeck, Jürgen. 1995. On projection. In E. Goody (ed.) Social Intelligence and Interaction. Cambridge University Press.
Tao, Hongyin. 1996. Units in Mandarin Conversations. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Tannen, Deborah. 1989. Interpreting interruption in conversation. Papers from the 25th annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Part II: Parasession on Language in Context, 266-87. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Terasaki, A. 1976. Pre-announcement Sequences in Conversation. Social Science Working Paper 99. School of Social Science, University of California, Irvine.
Ting, Li-ping. 1997. Sequential Organization of Requests: A Discourse Analysis Based on Spoken and Written Chinese Texts. MA thesis. National Taiwan University.
Thompson, Sandra A and Rovert E. Longacre. 1985. Adverbial clauses. In Shopen Timothy ed., Language typology and syntactic description, Vol II complex constructions, Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, Sandra A. 1987. “Subordination” and narrative even structure. In Russell S. Tomlin ed., Coherence and grounding in discourse, Benjamins.
Tomlin, Russells S. (ed.) 1987. Coherence and grounding in discourse. Benjamins.
Wang, Yu-Fang. 1996. The Information Sequences of Adverbial Clauses in Chinese Spoken and Written Discourse. Ph. D. dissertation, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Weber, Elizabeth. 1993. Varieties of questions in English Conversation. John Benjamins.
Yang, Mei-hui. 1992. Na in Chinese Spoken Discourse. M. A. Thesis, Graduate Institute of English, National Taiwan Normal University.
Yeh, Hui-chen. 2000. Temporal and Conditional Clauses in Chinese Spoken Discourse: A Function-based Study. Paper presented at 14th international symposium on Pacific Asia Conference, Feb. 15-17, 2000.