臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

1945年世界二次大戰結束，同盟國在二戰中獲勝，卻也付出慘痛的代價。二戰後，美國不但願意幫助日本重建，還要保有日本裕仁天皇，此舉引發各國撻伐。美國內部亦燃起諸多反對聲浪，然經過政壇上的一番辯論，杜魯門總統最終決定保有日本天皇。本論文要旨便是要探討1945年美國保有日本天皇之因素與其決策過程。
1945年7月二戰進入尾聲之際，因著日本接連戰敗，美國總統杜魯門與英國首相邱吉爾（Winston Churchill）在柏林郊外波茨坦會議上便已開始討論戰後治理日本的計畫。在8月6日和9日，美國分別在廣島和長崎投下了兩枚原子彈，此事促使日本昭和天皇於8月10日緊急透過瑞典及瑞士政府向中、美、英、蘇四國照會接受波茨坦公告，不久後日本無條件投降。戰後美蘇二國開始對處理日本問題出現政治理念上的矛盾，美國亦開始尋找能夠箝制蘇聯的基地。日本正好位於亞洲東北隅，它的優越地理位置獲得美國青睞，美國便極力向同盟國爭取單獨管理日本的權利，經過一番努力，日本由盟國共同監管，而以美國取得主導權。 8月28日，駐日盟軍總司令麥克阿瑟將軍開始接管日本，並展開一系列重建日本的計畫。值此同時，遠東軍事法庭成立，其目的為審判戰敗國之相關罪犯，但日本天皇亦被歸為此類，他正等待著法庭的傳喚與審判。而正在此刻，美國政府決定幫助日本保有天皇，這樣做的目的係為取得日本國民的信任，以方便日後管理日本。
從理性行為者模式（Rational Actor Model）的觀點來看，華府堅持戰後應保有日本天皇是根據其派駐在日本的麥克阿瑟將軍，在日本所做的民意調查結果，此份調查顯示，天皇是維繫日本社會和諧不可或缺的一環。易言之，保有天皇可以穩定日本社會秩序，亦可利用與天皇友好而幫助美國更輕易地管理日本。而從組織行為者模式（Organizational Behavior Model）的角度來看，杜魯門總統在戰後對日本政策方面，顯然更信任戰爭部而非國務院。在戰後天皇存廢問題方面，當時負責處理遠東軍事事務的戰爭部比國務院更佔上風，亦是件自然不過的事，戰爭部遠比國務院擁有更多的戰後處理經驗，因此更得總統信任。而在此案例中，國務院與戰爭部對於保有天皇的觀點卻是不謀而合，因此少了雙方諜對諜的激烈鬥爭，但是從細部觀察，仍可窺見杜魯門總統在處理日本事物上顯然更依賴戰爭部。再從政府政治模式（Governmental Politics Model）觀之，副國務卿格魯（Joseph C. Grew, 1880-1965）為杜魯門總統所青睞，格魯曾任駐日大使，其精闢的對日見解，成為美國重建日本經濟與政治的藍圖；而戰爭部底下之遠東軍事總司令官麥克阿瑟（Douglas MacArthur）因為具備專業作戰知識與實地駐紮日本的經驗，其建言又比格魯更容易影響杜魯門的最終決策。儘管麥克阿瑟在後幾年的遠東處事立場上，逐漸與杜魯門產生矛盾，但在1945年面對日本天皇的存廢問題時，他們兩者的關係尚稱和睦。相形之下，國務卿貝爾納斯（Byrnes）雖是總統摯友卻無特殊專業軍事背景，因此無舉足輕重。此外，在規劃處理對日事務的案例中，麥克阿瑟確實比格魯與貝爾納斯又多一份經驗。另外，麥克阿瑟駐紮日本總攬大權，總是越級報告總統，因此他擁有更多接近總統的機會。以上因素促使杜魯門總統體認到，美國如能成功佔領日本並期望從中得益，領導日本成為一個「自由民主」 與一個「資本主義」的國家，將會符合美國利益，而幫助日本保有天皇又使美國得以從中獲利，因此他同意保有日本天皇的決策。
學生期望透過本論文使讀者更加瞭解美國在二戰後積極保有天皇制度的決策過程與考量因素，進而了解艾里遜決策理論三個模式之實用性。而在此論文撰寫之過程中，學生也發現，「美國保有天皇制度之決策過程」是美國身為一個個體，為維護自己的利益所做出知明智決策。

In the wake of the end of World War II in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union, which were originally belonged to the same camp (Allies), have lost their common enemy—Japan. There were different political ideas between the two giant powers: the United States was a free and democratic country which led the democratic and free countries in the postwar years, whereas the Soviet Union was a Communist regime after World War II. The two superpowers keenly competed with each other in the military or technological dimensions.
Japan’s destiny was uncertain after the World War II. At this point the United States actively strived for the leading authority to control Japan so that it could establish its dominant position in East Asia and closely monitor Soviet behaviors. As a result, the main purpose of this thesis is to understand the process of how and the reasons why the U.S. decided to retain the imperial system of Japan after the WW II.
From the perspective of Rational Actor Model (RAM), this thesis finds that, during the war years, Grew, then undersecretary of State Department, advised President Harry S. Truman to retain Hirohito as a way to make a compromise with Japan, but the president did not agree with him. The main reason behind President Truman was that he demanded an unconditional surrender from Japan. When the World War II was over, Crew’s proposal was presented once again, but the president worried that once the decision of maintaining the imperial system was made, the mainstream opinions of the postwar world would be arisen against him. It was not until General MacArthur sent a telegram to inform the president, by saying “If you are not allowed to retain the emperor, then please you send another one million troops to support here.” It goes without saying that these impressive words made President Truman change his mind. As a result, the president decided to retain the Japanese emperor in order to maintain the interests of the United States and the lives of American soldiers. If a policy option can prove that it pays less and get more benefits, it will be much easily to be adopted.
From the perspective of Organizational Behavior Model (OBM), President Truman was more likely to trust the Defense Department than the State Department because the military organization had more combat experience and expertise than the civilian organization. The president’s preference in this case demonstrates that the stronger capabilities an organization owns, the easier its views will be adopted.
From the perspective of Government Political Model (GPM), it is quite clear that although the president has the final say in the decision-making process, an important official who have frequent access to the president will influence the judgment of the president. General MacArthur often reported to Truman directly regardless of the hierarchical red tape. In this way, he significantly increased the interaction between the president and him. It suggests that even the president has the final say, an official who has more action channels will get his way to have his policy option adopted.
Personally I believe that the American stance in retaining the Imperial system was also significantly influenced by the attitude of the Japanese Imperial Palace Group (including the Emperor himself). In his memoirs, General MacArthur greatly praised Emperor Hirohito who in turn accommodated to the requests of the U.S. government. The benign interaction between the Japanese Emperor and the U.S. government demonstrate the strategic goals and motivations of the United States to retain the imperial system for Japan. Therefore, the main theme of this thesis is that the United States decided to retain the imperial system because it wanted to maintain its leading authority to control Japan so that it could not only establish its dominant position in East Asia but also closely monitor Soviet behaviors from the perspectives of RAM, OBM, and GPM.

目錄
第一章 緒論…1
第一節 研究目的與主旨…4
第二節 研究方法與限制…6
第三節 文獻回顧…10
第四節 章節安排…13

第二章 理論架構與命題假設…15
第一節 理性行為模式及假設…16
第二節 組織行為模式及假設…21
第三節 政府政治模式及假設…25
第四節 小結…28

第三章 以理性模式驗證美國政府保留日本天皇之決策考量…31
第一節 二戰後的國際局勢影響…33
第二節 二戰後美國的決策考量…41
第三節 二戰後日本國內之情況與其策略…46
第四節 二戰後日本社會演變與對美態度…50
第五節 小結…55

第四章 以組織行為模式驗證杜魯門政府各組織對保留天皇之決策互動…57
第一節 美國國務院內部意見整合…59
第二節 遠東軍立場及麥帥觀點…72
第三節 日本皇宮組織之立場與考量…77
第四節 小結…82

第五章 以政府政治模式驗證美國保有日本天皇之決策過程…85
第一節 麥克阿瑟將軍…86
第二節 駐日大使格魯之立場…90
第三節 費勒斯淮將…93
第四節 日本主和派之親美作為…95
第五節 杜魯門總統之最終決策…105
第六節 小結…108

第六章 結論…111
參考書目…114

表目錄
表2-1美國保有日本天皇假設驗證一覽表…28

壹、中文部分
一、專書著作（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
土肥昭夫。2007。《現代社會轉型中的天皇制和基督教》。華夏出版社。
王金林。2001。《日本天皇制及其精神結構》。天津人民出版社。
王振鎖。1996。《日本戰後五十年，1945-1995》。北京:世界知識出版社。
比 克。2004。《真相：裕仁天皇與侵華戰争》。新華出版社。
半藤一利。1965。《日本最漫長的一天︰決定命運的八月十五日》。中國：重慶出版社。
半騰一利著，林錚顗譯。2011。《昭和史第二步（上1945~1989）》。台北：玉山社出版。
布羅代爾著，楊起譯。1977。《資本主義的動力》。北京：生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店。
安丸良夫。2010。《近代天皇觀的形成》。北京大學。
安川壽之輔。2013。《福澤諭吉的戰爭論與天皇論》。中國大百科全書。
吉田裕。2001。《昭和天皇與戰爭責任》。桃園：水牛出版社。
竹田恒泰。2008。《日本天皇史話》。商訊文化。
吉田裕著，陳鵬仁譯。1992。《昭和天皇の終戦史》。東京：岩波書店出版。
呂理州。1989。《日本戰後經濟史》台北:時報文化出版企業有限公司。
李德‧哈特。2008。《第二次世界大戰戰史》。台北：麥田出版社。
林明德。1996。《日本近代史》。三民書局。
林閔甫。2009。《反恐政策下的美日關係》。三民書局。109-147。
周文欽。2008。《研究方法概論補充教材-文獻探討》。台北：國立空中大學。
約翰. W. 道爾。1999。《Japan in the Wake of World WarⅡ》。香港：三聯書店。
俞天任。2013。《天皇的皇上有五顆星：麥克亞瑟如何改造日本》。東方出版社。
姜建強。2012。《另類日本天皇史》。三聯書店（香港）有限公司。
栗屋憲太郎，1987。《東京審判秘史》。中國：世界知識出版社。
高橋哲哉。《戰後責任論》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
歐文•拉鐵摩爾。1996。《蔣介石的美國顧問—歐文•拉鐵摩爾回憶錄》。上海：復旦大學出版社。
張 瓊。2005。《麥克阿瑟回憶錄》。新竹：文國出版社。
張蘊領主編。2000。《合作還是對抗─冷戰後的中國、美國和日本》。台北三民書局。
許龍君。2005。《五星智慧：麥克阿瑟的領導管理》時報。
菲爾德。2012。《在垂死皇帝的王國：世紀末的日本》。江蘇人民出版社。
笠原英彥。2004。《日本歷代天皇略傳－人物誌》。臺灣商務印書館。
陳鵬仁譯。〈昭和天皇回憶錄〉，《新生報》，頁234-239。
賀柏特。2002。《裕仁天皇－歷史與現場144》。時報文化出版。
賀柏特‧畢克斯著，林添貴譯。2002。《裕仁天皇》。台北：時報出版社。
梅朝榮。2006。《為何不追究天皇的罪責》。中國：武漢出版社。
程永明。2011。《裕仁天皇傳》。天津社會科學院。
賀柏特‧畢克斯著。林添貴譯，2002年。《裕仁天皇與近代日本的形成》。台北：時報出版。
傅建中。2012。〈華府看天下－最後的「中國通」戴維斯〉，《中國時報》。
趙英宏、趙元和。2010。《結構分析》。台北：五南出版社。
蔡德金、丁曉強、王士花、馬宇誠。1992。《天皇和日本投降》。中國：檔案出版社。
緒方智幸。2000。《後冷戰時期美日安保條約之研究-論雙邊關係的轉變》。三民書局。
劉世龍。2003。《美日關系》。中國：世界知識出版社。
戴振豐。2007。〈邁向和談之路：吉田茂在佔領改革下的和談戰略（1945-1951）〉，《亞太研究論壇》，第38期，頁93-124。
錫德尼．梅耶。2005。《麥克阿瑟在日韓－日本的重建與韓戰的慘敗》。台北：星光出版社。
錫德尼著，周維杰譯。2002。《麥克阿瑟（新版）》。星光。
邊紅彪。2000。《吉田茂對華外交思想（1906—1972）》。社會科學文獻出版社。
露絲．本尼迪克特。2008。《菊與刀》。笛藤出版。

二、學術期刊（依作者姓名筆劃排序）
朱坤容。2012。〈文化傳統意義下的戰後日本天皇制論爭－以和辻哲郎的立場為中心〉，《臺灣東亞文明研究學刊》，第9卷第1期。
杜繼平。2007。《新日本軍國主義的新階段》導讀（中），第48期。
______。2008。《新日本軍國主義的新階段》導讀（三）。第51期。
______。2008。《新日本軍國主義的新階段》導讀（四）。第55期。

貳、日文部分
一、專書著作（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
池上哲司。1994。《全体主義と個人の倫理》。東京：岩波書店。
石田雄。1957。〈天皇制の問題〉，岩波書店主編，《岩波講座現代思想11：現代日本の思想》。東京：岩波書店。
加藤哲郎。2005。《象徴天皇制の起源: アメリカの心理戦「日本計画」》。平凡社。
小牧治。1999。《和辻哲郎》。東京：清水書院。
小森陽一。2003。《天皇の玉音放送》。東京：五月書房出版社。
中村政則。1989。《通向象征天皇制的道路》。東京：岩波新書。
谷川徹三。1988。〈天皇制の在り方について〉，岩波書店主編《生涯一書生》。東京：岩波書店。
松村寬之。2005。〈戰爭と国民意識〉，歷史學研究會、日本史研究會主編，《日本史講座9：近代の轉換》。東京：東京大學出版會。
升味準之輔。1998。《昭和天皇とその時代》。東京：山川出版社。
吉田裕。1997。《現代歴史学と戦争責任》。東京：青木書店。
橫田耕一。1990。《憲法と天皇制》。東京：岩波書店。
和辻哲郎。1977。《和辻哲郎全集》。東京：岩波書店。

參、英文部分
I.Governmental Publication and Official Documents
U.S. Department of State Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. 1969. Japan: Foreign Relations of United States (hereinafter FRUS).Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Extract From Minister of Twentieth Meeting of State-War Navy Coordinating Committee. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Diplomatic Papers of United State Foreign Relations. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to the Chiefs of Staff. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to the Chief of Staff. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to the Chief of Staff. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Instruction to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Instruction to General of Army Douglas MacArthur: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Instructions to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the War Department to the Department of State. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent). : United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs to the Deputy Director of the Office of European Affairs: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs to the Deputy Director of the Office of European Affairs: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs to the Under Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1945.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Special War Problems Division to the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Special War Problems Division to the Office of the Legal Adviser and the Division of Japanese Affairs: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman. : United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Special War Problems Division to the Office of the Legal Adviser and the Division of Japanese Affairs. United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Special War Problems Division to the Office of the Legal Adviser and the Division of Japanese Affairs: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to President Truman.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Strategy Services to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Special War Problem Division to the Chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State to the Secretary: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Conversation by the Director of the Officer of Far Eastern Affairs: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the War Department to the Department of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation by the Acting Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Meeting of the Secretary of State, War, and Navy: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Memorandum by President Truman’s Naval Aide.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. President Truman to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Report by the State – War – Navy Coordinating Subcommittee for the Far East: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Report by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee’s Subcommittee for the Pacific and Far East.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Report by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee’s Subcommittee for the Pacific and Far East.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945 FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The British Ambassador to the Acting Secretary of State. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Ambassador in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Ambassador in the Soviet to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Assistant Secretary of War to the Assistant Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Ambassador in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Minister in New Zealand to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Minister in Switzerland to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Acting Political Adviser in Japan to Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Acting Political Adviser in Japan (Acheson) to Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Chief of Staff (Marshall) to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Acting Political Adviser in Japan (Acheson) to President Truman.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Acting Political Adviser in Japan: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. Statement Issued by the Supreme Commander: United States Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Acting Political Adviser in Japan. : United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The United State Commissioner, United Nations War Crimes Commission (Hodgson) to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Swiss Charge: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Secretary of War, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, D.C. United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Chief of Staff (Marshall) to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur.: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Under Secretary of State (Crew) to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Department of State to the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee. United State Foreign Relation Policy. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the British Ambassador. 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Missions: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1945.
_________. 1969. The Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Soviet Union to President Truman: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1945.
_________. 1969. The Department of State to the British Embassy: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1945.
_________. 1969. The Department of State to the British Embassy. : United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1945.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Acting Political Adviser in Japan: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Acting Political Adviser in Japan: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Ambassador in China to the Secretary of State: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Secretary of State to the Acting Political Adviser in Japan: United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
_________. 1969. The Acting Political Adviser in Japan to the Secretary of State. United State Foreign Relation Policy, 1945. FRUS. Vol. VI. 1945. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

II. Books
Allison, Graham T. 1971. Essence of Decision the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston Little: Brown & Company.
Acheson, Dean. 1969. My Years at the State Department. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
Arnold, R. Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Buckley, Roger. 1982. Occupation Diplomacy: Britain, the United States and Japan 1945-1952. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Buhite, Russell D. 1981. Soviet American Relations in Asia, 1945-1954. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Beevor, Antony. 2002. Berlin: The Downfall 1945. UK: Penguin Publishers.
Bernstein, Barton J. 1970. Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration Second. UK: Franklin Watts.
Barber, James David.1972. The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Bernstein, Barton J. 1996. The Truman Administration: A Documentary History First. New York: Harper Collins.
Bix, Herbert P. 2002. Hirohito and the making of modern Japan. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bloomfield, Lincoln P. 1982. The Foreign Policy Process: A Modern Prime. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Byrnes, James F. 1974. Speaking Frankly. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Bix, Herbert P. 1992. Peasant Protest in Japan. New York: University Press.
Bergamini, David. 1971. Japan''s Imperial Conspiracy. New York: William Morrow.
Cooney, Kevin J. 2007. Japan''s Foreign Policy Since 1945. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Caprio, Mark E, and Yoneyuki Sugita. 2007. Democracy in Occupied Japan: The U.S. Occupation and Japanese Politics and society. New York: Routledge.
Drea, Edward J. 1998. Chasing a Decisive Victory: Emperor Hirohito and Japan''s War with the West (1941–1945). Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.
Dower, John W. 1999. Japan in the Wake of World War II. NY: Norton Company.
Eiji, Takemae. 2003. The Allied Occupation of Japan. NewYork, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Franziska, Seraphim. 2006. War Memory and Social Politics in Japan, 1945-200. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Feis, Harper. 1970. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War I. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Frank, Richard B. 2001. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New Yoyk: Comell University press.
Ferrell, Robert. H. American Diplomacy: A History. New York: Norton, 1969.
Gar, Alperovitz. 2010. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Knopf Publishers.
George, Alexander L. 1974. Presidential Decision-making in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Glantz, David M. 1995. The Soviet Invasion of Japan. Quarterly Journal of Military History. vol. 7, no. 3. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
Gar, Alperovitz. 2010. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Knopf Publishers.
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. 2011. How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz And His Admirals. Arkansas: Globe Pequot Press.
Harries, Meirion. 1987. Sheathing the Sword: The Demilitarization of Japan1987. UK: Macmillan.
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. 1992. Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man. Praeger Publishers.
an and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan. London: Macmillan.
Hogan, Michael J. 1989. The Marshall Plan. Britain: Cambridge University.
Jones, Howard. 2009. Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. 1968. Recent American Foreign Policy: Conflicting Interpretations. Illinois: Dorsey Press.
Morris, Seymour. 2014. Supreme Commander: MacArthur''s Triumph in Japan. New York: Harper.
Miscamble, Wilson, D. 2011.The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bombs, and the Defeat of Japan. Cambridge: Essential Histories.
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1978. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5thed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Ricketts, Robert. 2002. Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy. New York: Continuum.
Snyder, Glenn Herald, and Paul Diesign. 1978. Conflict among Nations : Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. New Jersey : Princeton University Press.
Schonberger, Howard B. 1992. Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945-1952. Ohio: Kent State University Press.
Schlesinger, Meier. 1973. The Imperial Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schaller, Michael. 1985. The American Occupation of Japan: the Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schaller, Michael. 1985. The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Truman, Harry S. 1986. Memoirs By Harry S. Truman: 1945 Year of Decisions. New York: Da Capo Press.
Toland, John. 2003.The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Modern Library.
Wetzler, Peter. 1998. Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.

III. Online Databases
http://www.japan-101.com/history/japanese_instrument_of_surrender.htm
http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19450902.O1E.html
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/japanese_surrender_document/
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Crane.html
http://japanfocus.org/home