臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

柯普蘭（Aaron Copland, 1900~1990）是二十世紀美國著名的作曲家、指揮家、教育家和音樂評論家。他畢生致力於發展美國音樂，其具「美國精神」的音樂作品，對當時乃至現今仍造成深刻而廣泛的影響。由於時代背景的驅使與勇於嘗試各種作曲技法，柯普蘭的創作風格極其多變，其中三、四０年代是創作最豐富的時期，以通俗易懂的音樂語彙為主，此類作品結構簡單、旋律優美，廣受大眾喜愛。本論文所探討的作品《為長笛與鋼琴的二重奏》（Duo for Flute and Piano, 1971）雖為晚期之作，但即採用四０年代最受歡迎的音樂風格寫成。

本論文分為四部分來探討，第一部份討論柯普蘭的生平簡史及各時期的音樂創作風格，第二部分藉由文獻資料的蒐集與評論，探究《為長笛與鋼琴的二重奏》之創作背景，第三部分則以理性的角度分析樂曲的創作手法，最後第四部分，整合創作背景與樂曲分析，進而提供樂曲詮釋方式與建議練習方法，以期在演奏時有更多實質上的幫助。


【賴禹伶長笛演奏會曲目】

莫札特：C大調奏鳴曲，作品14
卡格埃勒：交響抒情詩
周利維：里諾之歌
達瑪斯：音樂會奏鳴曲
皮耶佐拉：布宜諾斯艾利斯的冬天
蓋瑞夏克：三首舞曲

Aaron Copland(1900~1990)is a well-known American composer, conductor, educator and musical criticism in twentieth century. He devoted his whole life to develop American music, and his music work of “Americanism” still influenced deeply and extensively from the time to present. In the trends of the times background and the courage to try various skills in composing, the creative style of Copland is highly changeable. Moreover, the most abundant period of creation is in the thirties and forties, and the main of that is simple music lexicon. This kind of work has simple structure and tuneful melody, and is widely loved by the public. The inquiring work at this thesis “Duo for Flute and Piano, 1971” is in the evening work, but it accomplishes by the most popular music style in the forties.

This thesis is inquired by four parts. In the first part, it discusses Copland’s life story and his creative style of music in each period. In the second part, it discusses creative background of “Duo for Flute and Piano” by the collection and commentary of literature documents. In the third part, it analyzes the creative skills of musical composition from the rational angle. In the final part, it integrates creative background and melody analysis, and furthermore provides the method of melody annotation and propositional practice, and anticipates that it can have more substantial helps in musical performance.



「Yu-Ling Lai Flute Recital Program」

W. A. Mozart: Sonata in C major for Flute and Piano, K. 14
Sigfrid Karg-Elert: Sinfonische Kanzone für Flöte und Klavier
André Jolivet: Chant de Linos pour Flûte et Piano
Jean-Michel Damase: Sonate en Concert pour Flûte et Piano
Astor Piazzolla: Invierno Porteno for Flute and Piano
Gary Schocker: Three Dances for Two Flutes and Piano

第一章 緒論1
第一節 研究動機與目的1
第二節 研究方向3
第二章 柯普蘭的音樂創作背景4
第一節 柯普蘭的生平簡介4
第二節 柯普蘭的音樂創作特色9
第三章 《為長笛與鋼琴的二重奏》之創作背景17
第一節 創作動機17
第二節 演出背景與評論21
第三節 柯普蘭與演出者的討論與校正24
第四章 《為長笛與鋼琴的二重奏》之樂曲分析26
第一節 曲式結構27
第二節 調式與轉變33
第三節 和聲35
第四節 旋律40
第五節 節奏43
第五章 《為長笛與鋼琴的二重奏》之音樂詮釋探討45
第一節 第一樂章45
第二節 第二樂章51
第三節 第三樂章57
第六章 結論63
參考文獻65

【外文專書】
Baines, Anthony (1991). Woodwind Instruments and Their History. New York: Dover Publication, Inc.
Bauer, Marion (1978). Twentieth Century Music. New York: Da Capo Press.
Berger, Arthur (1953). Aaron Copland. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chase, Gilbert (1966). America’s Music. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Copland, Aaron (1963). Copland On Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Copland, Aaron (1968). The New Music 1900-1960. New York: W. W. Norton ＆ Company, Inc.
Copland, Aaron (1980). Music and Imagination. London: Harvard University Press.
Copland, Aaron and Perlis Vivian (1989). Copland: since 1943. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Diamond, Harold J. (1991). Music Analyses “ An Annotated Guide to the Literature.” New York: Schirmer Books-A Division of Macmillan, Inc.
Ewen, David (1968). The World of Twentieth-Century Music. United States: Prentice- Hall, Inc.
Gleason, Harod and Becker, Warren (1980). 20th-Center American Composers. Indiana: Frangipani Press.
Howaed, John Tasker (1946). Our American Music. New York: Tomas Y. Crowell Company.
Morgan, Robert P. (1990). Twentieth-Century Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company
Pellerite, James J. (1978). A Hand Book of Literature for the Flute. United States: Zâlo Publication.
Pisani, Michael V. (1998). I’m an Indian Too: Creating Native American Indian Identities in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Music. The Exotic in Western Music, ed. Jonathan Bellman. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Pollack, Howard (1999). Aaron Copland: The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Robertson, Marta and Armstrong, Robin (2001). Aaron Copland : A Guide Research. New York: Routledge.
Schwawrtz, Elliott & Godfrey, Daniel (1993). Music Since 1945. New York: Schirmer Books-An Imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company.
Toff, Nancy (1996). The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers. New York: Oxford University Press.

【中文專書】
于润洋 (2002)，《西方音乐通史》，上海：上海音乐出版社。
大林．黎翁 (Dallin, Leon) (1974)，《二十世紀作曲法》(Techniques of 20 th Century Composition)，康謳 譯 (1977)，台北：全音樂譜。
大英百科全書公司（Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.）主編 (2002)，《大英簡明百科》（Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia），大英百科全書台灣分公司編輯部編譯 (2004)，台北：遠流出版公司。
何平 (2001)，《科普蘭：他寫出了美國的音樂》，台北：世界文物。
沈旋、谷文娴、陶辛 (2001)，《西方音乐史简编》，上海：上海音乐。
姚�絣i (2001)，《二十世纪作曲技法分析》，上海：上海音乐。
姚�絣i (2003)，《现代音乐分析方法教程》，长沙市：湖南文艺。
柯普蘭．阿隆 (Copland, Aanon) (1939)，《怎樣欣賞音樂》(What to listen for in Music)，劉燕當 譯 (1965)，台北市：樂友書房。
音樂之友社編 (1999)，《新訂標準音樂辭典》，林勝儀 譯，台北：美樂。
徐頌仁 (2001)，《音樂演奏的實際探討》，台北：全音樂譜。
馬青 (2000)，《二十世紀歐美音樂風格》，台北：揚智文化。
高惠宗 (1998)，《20世紀音樂的理論發展與分析－從貝多芬到後現代》，台北：小雅。
國立編譯館編訂 (1994)，《音樂名詞》，台北：桂冠。
麥凱．喬治 (Mckay, George)，《現代和聲學》(The Technique of Modern Harmony)，康謳 譯 (1975)，台北：天同。
楊沛仁 (2003)，《音樂史與欣賞》，台北：全音樂譜。
漢彌許．米恩 (1994)，《西洋音樂百科全書○8二十世紀音樂（下）》，台北市：台灣麥克股份有限公司。
劉志明 (1981)，《曲式學》，台北：全音樂譜。
蔡良玉、王晡编 (1993)，《美国音乐文论集》，北京：人民音乐。

【期刊論文】
Barcekkona, John (1993). Performing Aaron Copland’s Duo for Flute and Piano. Flute Talk, 13. p. 8~11.
Berger, Arthur (1992). Aaron Copland: 1900-1990. Perspestives of New Music, 30. p. 269~98.
Clinton, Kerry (1999). Images for Copland’s Duo. Flute Talk, 18/6. p. 13~14.
Perlove, Nina (1998). Performing Copland’s Duo. Flute Talk, 18/4. p. 12~16.
Perlove, Nina (2000). Inherited Sound Images. Native American Exoticism in Aaron Copland’s Duo for Flute and Piano. American Music, 18/1. p.50~77.
Perlove, Nina (2003). Ethereal fluidity: The late flute works of Aaron Copland. Ph.D. diss. University of Cincinnati.
Starr, Lawrence (1981). Copland’s Style. Perspectives of New Music, 19. p. 68~89.
Wyton, Richard (1992). The Copland-Solum Correspondence, 1967~1975: The Duo for Flute and Piano Commission. The Flutist Quarterly, 17/1. p. 33~43.
何孟蒔 (1999)，《論爵士樂與古典音樂創作技巧之混合》，未出版之碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學音樂研究所，台北市。
吳宏哲 (2002)，《柯普蘭「阿帕拉契之春」音樂分析與指揮詮釋研究》，未出版之碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學音樂研究所，台北市。

【網站資料】
Bate, Philip/Solum, John. Kincaid, William. The New Grove Dictionary of Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 2 July 2006), from http://www.grovemusic.com
Boriskin, Michael. Aaron Copland: Timeline of a Musical Life. Copland House (Accessed 20 June 2006), from http://www.coplandhouse.org
Parker, Robert. Chávez, Carlos. The New Grove Dictionary of Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 13 July 2006), from http://www.grovemusic.com
Pollack, Howard. Aanon Copland. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2006), from http://www.grovemusic.com
Schott, Howard. Solum, John. The New Grove Dictionary of Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 2 July 2006), from http://www.grovemusic.com
Shirley, Wayne. Aaron Copland Timeline: 1900-1990. The Copland Collection Ca. 1900-1990 (Accessed 19 June 2006), from http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ collections/copland/actime.html
Tomatz, David. Goldmark, Rubin. The New Grove Dictionary of Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 13 July 2006), from http://www.grovemusic.com

【樂譜】
Copland, Aaron. Duo for Flute and Piano. U.S.A.: Boosey & Hawkes, Inc., 1971.

【有聲資料】
Robison, Paula (Flute) & Hester, Timothy (Piano) (1989). American Masterworks. USA: Musicmasters (Compact disc No. 1612-67019-2)
Shaffer, Elaine (Flute) & Copland, Aaron (Piano) (1974). Duo for Flute and Piano. A Copland Celebration Vol. 2-Chamber Music and Rarities (2000). USA: Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (Compact disc No. 9699-89326-2)
Stallman, Robert (Flute) & Buechner, David (Piano) (1993). The American Flute. England: Stereo (Compact disc No. 43625-08692)
Wincenc, Carol (Flute) & Sanders, Samuel (Piano) (1985). Wincenc, Carol. USA: Nonesuch (Compact disc No. 7559-79114-2)