臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討「非暴力溝通」之概念的借用與翻譯。「非暴力溝通」 (Nonviolent Communication或NVC) 為一套起源於一九六〇年代的溝通模式，由馬歇爾‧盧森堡 (Marshall B. Rosenberg) 創始，並以觀察、感受、需要、請求等四要素，透過誠實表達自己及同理傾聽他人，來促進人與人之間的溝通，並創造和平與慈悲的交流。隨著盧森堡著作的中譯本問世，「非暴力溝通」於二〇〇九年正式引入中國及台灣，並於華語文化圈開啟新的發展，其中包括工作坊的舉辦以及其他書籍與資料之中譯。

本研究先追溯「非暴力溝通」重要概念之借用，並探討借用過程中的種種轉變。具體而言，本研究探索nonviolence此一概念如何從甘地及馬丁‧路德‧金恩的理念中借用至「非暴力溝通」，追究feelings、needs、empathy等概念又如何自心理學及莊子哲學轉借到NVC，再檢視vulnerability、mourning、appreciation 等概念怎樣從平日的語言借入盧森堡的溝通模式。在探討NVC概念的借用及改編之後，本研究也檢視這些概念的中譯及引介，並探討此過程中的進一步轉變。

在研究方法上，本研究追溯NVC重要概念之來源，檢視借用過程中的改編，再檢驗概念之中譯及引介，並探討其翻譯後的轉化。本研究的素材涵蓋文本與非文本素材。文本素材包括書籍、文章及翻譯文本，而非文本素材則包含工作坊內容及訪談。訪談對象則包括「非暴力溝通中心」認證培訓師，在台灣與中國推廣非暴力溝通的兩位主要引介人，學習並教授「非暴力溝通」的華語實踐者，以及審校非暴力溝通書籍中譯本的審稿人。

本研究發現，在概念的轉借過程中，凡有借用必有改編。為符合非暴力溝通的理念及應用，引借自不同來源的概念，必定在其意義、使用或表達上有所更改。同理，凡有翻譯必有轉變，意即NVC概念之中譯及引介，也必定隨譯者及引介人的解讀與想法而變化。

Nonviolent Communication (or NVC) is a model of communication developed in the 1960s by Marshall B. Rosenberg. With the purpose of supporting human beings to create peace by thinking and speaking compassionately, NVC centers on four components—observations, feelings, needs, and requests—in a two-part process of honestly expressing oneself and empathically listening to others. The model was officially introduced to the public in China and Taiwan in 2009 through the publication of Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life, written by Rosenberg, and the model has continued to develop in Chinese culture through workshops and translations of other books.

The present study aims to engage NVC as the subject of study from perspectives in translation in order to enrich the interdisciplinary field of translation studies, which currently has undertaken only limited exploration in the translation of self-help literature. Moreover, this study aims to complement the research on NVC with fresh perspectives from translation and glimpses of the development of the model in Taiwan and China.

Translation in this study is a broad notion that encompasses the inter-contextual borrowing of NVC concepts from different sources as well as the inter-lingual and intercultural translation of these concepts into Chinese. This study aims to examine the borrowing of NVC concepts and explore the transfer of their historical, theoretical, and/or cultural meanings to the model. Specifically, this study traces the borrowing of the concept of nonviolence from Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., the concepts of feelings, needs, and empathy from psychology and Zhuangzi’s philosophy, and the concepts of vulnerability, mourning, and appreciation from everyday language. Furthermore, as these concepts were adapted to acquire new and specific definitions in NVC, this study explores how these concepts are further transformed when they were translated into Chinese.

The methodology of this study includes the tracing of the concepts’ sources, investigation of their borrowing and adaptation to NVC, and examination of their Chinese translation and introduction to China and Taiwan. The materials examined for this study include textual materials such as books, articles, and translated NVC literature as well as non-textual materials such as workshops and interviews with practitioners, promoters, and translators of NVC in Chinese culture.

This study has found that in the borrowing of concepts from various sources, adaptations were always present in order to incorporate the borrowed concepts within NVC principles and applications. This study has also found that in translating and introducing these concepts to the Chinese target audience, further shifts occurred that reflect the translators’ interpretation of the concepts and their values regarding the introduction of NVC into Chinese culture.

Acknowledgements i
Abstract ii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Nonviolent Communication 2
1.2 Literature Review 11
1.3 Purpose of Study 20
1.4 Methodology 23
Chapter 2: Nonviolence from Gandhi and King 31
2.1 Borrowing from Gandhi 31
2.1.1 Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence 31
2.1.2 Borrowing from Gandhi 35
2.2 Borrowing from King 40
2.2.1 King’s African American Civil Rights Movement 41
2.2.2 Borrowing from King 44
2.3 Name of Rosenberg’s model and its Chinese translations 49
2.3.1 Name of Rosenberg’s model of communication 50
2.3.2 Chinese translations of NVC 54
Chapter 3: NVC Concepts from Psychology and Zhuangzi’s Philosophy 59
3.1 Feelings 59
3.1.1 Borrowing from psychology 59
3.1.2 Translations in Chinese 63
3.2 Needs 69
3.2.1 Borrowing from Maslow 70
3.2.2 Translations in Chinese 73
3.3 Empathy 78
3.3.1 Borrowing from Rogers and Zhuangzi 79
3.3.2 Translations in Chinese 84
Chapter 4: NVC Concepts from Everyday Language 92
4.1 Vulnerability 92
4.1.1 Borrowing from source culture 92
4.1.2 Translations in Chinese 95
4.2 Mourning 101
4.2.1 Borrowing from source culture 101
4.2.2 Translations in Chinese 105
4.3 Appreciation 109
4.3.1 Borrowing from source culture 110
4.3.2 Translations in Chinese 115
Chapter 5: Conclusion 119
5.1 Summary of findings 121
5.2 Limitations and future research 128
Works Cited 129
Appendix 147
Appendix I: The Nonviolent Communication Process 147
Appendix II: Table of NVC books 148
Appendix III: Table of translated NVC books published in Taiwan 152
Appendix IV: Table of translated NVC books published in China 154
Appendix V: Table of NVC research 155
Appendix VI: Table of NVC workshops included in the present study 158
Appendix VII: Table of interviews and personal communication 159
List of Tables
Table 1. Mourning process in NVC 103
List of Figures
Figure 1. The hierarchy of needs based on Maslow’s theory of human motivation 72

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