臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海岸濕地環境多樣化，基礎生產力高，是許多海水魚類攝食、棲息及繁殖的重要場所，但因容易受到溫度、鹽度、地形、底質等環境因子影響，限制了魚類的出現與活動。菜園濕地位處澎湖內灣，是澎湖縣唯一的地方級濕地。本研究依濕地內魚類可棲息環境形態之不同，將調查地點分為紅樹林區、廢棄魚塭區及潮池區等三處，利用地曳網在樣區中進行跨二年度以上的採樣，藉以了解魚類在不同棲地、季節的出現狀況。
調查從2013年4月至2015年6月共27個月，三樣區每月各一次，計81次採樣，結果共記錄10目30科58屬90種。其中，僅在單一樣區出現有42種，高於三樣區都出現的26種，而β多樣性指數及魚種個體數排序的多樣性在潮池區低於其他兩樣區，顯示潮池區的生態條件較不適合多種魚類棲息。此外，季節組成則以2013年6月至2015年5月之完整二年度數據進行分析，共記錄10目29科55屬80種。二年度中種類數於第一年度以紅樹林區在冬季，第二年度以潮池區在秋季與其他季節有明顯的差異，個體數皆於廢棄魚塭區在第一年度的冬季，第二年度在春季與其他季節有明顯的差異。又比較二年度重覆採集的月份中，同魚種出現比例除1月外，其餘月份皆低於50%，顯示在同樣月份的條件下會有較多不同魚種的出現。若以四季區分，秋季到冬季所出現魚種的相似度低，豐富度及多樣性指數則在冬季和春季時低。從個體數多寡排序之魚種中，出現能短暫或長期停留者，對應測量到的個體全長可得知，數魚種之發育階段為仔稚魚到幼魚階段，且在同棲地有成長的現象，由此推測，菜園濕地可提供魚類作為重要的產卵及哺育場。又以nMDS空間排序和ANOSIM判斷魚類群聚是否具時空變化時顯示，三樣區魚類群聚無顯著差異(Global R=0.169，p<0.001)，但廢棄魚塭區之種類數出現多、且與其他兩樣區還是具有些許差異，推測主要因廢棄魚塭區的出入水口小、水體面積大，使環境因子變化比其他兩樣區小，加上受潮汐影響小所致。若以二年度季節間進行分析魚類群聚的關係亦顯示無顯著差異(Global R=0.336，p<0.001)，但若以兩兩樣區於相同季節再細分時，發現廢棄魚塭區於夏季時與其它樣區，及冬季時與潮池區中之魚類群聚的關係有差異，顯示廢棄魚塭區之環境於夏季和冬季時，能提供許多魚類到此生活。
由以上結果得知，在菜園海岸濕地範圍中，無論在樣區或季節間出現之魚類群聚雖無顯著差異，但從兩兩樣區或兩兩季節間進行分析，可發現棲地形態與時間變化仍是影響魚類群聚的因素，而使魚種組成處於變化之中，因此，維護海岸濕地環境的完整性，並持續進行監測，以長期的數據來解釋時空變化的觀點，仍會是了解濕地生態系最重要的基礎工作，亦是任何改變或從事開發規劃前重要的參考依據。

Coastal wetlands are diverse environments with high basic productivity, and they serve as important habitats and feeding and reproductive sites for many aquatic fish species. These regions, however, are easily affected by factors such as temperature, salinity, topography, and sediment, which limit the occurrence and activities of various fish species. The Caiyuan Wetland in Penghu bay, is the only wetland in this region. This study compared the environmental differences among fish habitats within this wetland; three sampling sites, i.e., mangrove forest, abandoned fish farm, and tide pool were investigated using seine-net to sample each sampling sites across two years to determine the occurrence of fish species in different habitats and seasons.
This study was conducted for 27 months, between April 2013 and June 2015. Each of the three sampling sites was sampled once a month, resulting in 81 samples in total, which comprised 10 orders, 30 families, 58 genera, and 90 species of fishes. Among these, 42 species were detected in a single sampling sites, and 26 species were detected in all three sampling sites. β-diversity and individual fish species diversity index were lower in tide pools than in the other two sampling sites, suggesting that ecological conditions of tide pools make this a relatively unfavorable habitat for a large number of species. Moreover, data from the two years between June 2013 to May 2015 were analyzed; a total of 10 orders, 29 families, 55 genera, and 80 species of fishes were observed. In the two-year period, there were significant differences in the richness in the mangrove forests during winter of the first year, and in the tidal pool during fall and other seasons of the second year. There were significant differences in the abundance in the abandoned fish farm during winter of the first year and in the spring and other seasons of the second year. When data from both years were comparatively evaluated on a monthly basis, the occurrence of the same fish species was consistently lower than 50%, except in January, indicating that more species composition will change in the same season. When categorizing data by the season, the similarity of fish species appearing from fall to winter was lower, and the species richness and diversity index were lowest in winter and spring. When fish species were sorted in the decreasing order of number of individuals, short-term and long-term migratory species appeared. Furthermore, comparison of total length revealed the fishes were in various stages of development, ranging from larval to juvenile stages, as well as the individuals had developed within the sampling habitat or not; these observations suggested the Caiyuan Wetlands serves as a spawning and breeding ground for these species of fish. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) assessment of whether the structure of fish species temporal and spatial variation revealed that fish species in the three sampling areas did not show significant differences in structure (Global R = 0.169, p < 0.001), but the richness in the abandoned fish farm was greater and differed from those in the other two sampling areas. This suggests that the narrow inlets through which water flows in and out and the large surface area of the water body are the main environmental factors that did not change much in the abandoned fish farm than in the other two sampling areas, in addition to being less affected by tides. Analysis of the relationships between the structure of fish species among the seasons of the two years also showed that there were no significant differences (Global R = 0.336, p < 0.001). However, pairwise analysis of sampling areas during the same season showed that the relationship between the structure of fish species differed between abandoned fish farm and other sampling areas in summer, and tide pool in winter. This shows that the abandoned fish farm supports the life of many fish species during summer and winter.
The above results reveal that in the Caiyuan coastal wetland, although the structure of fish species show no significant difference regardless of the sampling area or season, pairwise analysis between sampling areas or seasons reveal that changes in habitat characteristics or time is an important factor affecting the structure of fish species and is a cause of changes in fish species composition. Thus, protecting the integrity of coastal wetland environments, continued monitoring, and long-term use of data to explain spatial and temporal changes comprise the most important foundation for understanding wetland ecosystems, and also serve as important reference data for planning any change or performing any developmental activities.

摘要.....i
Abstract.....iii
誌謝.....v
目錄.....vi
表目錄.....viii
圖目錄.....x
壹、前言.....1
貳、材料與方法.....5
一、採集地點與時間.....5
二、採集方法.....5
1、採集網具及方式.....5
2、水文環境資料蒐集.....6
3、樣本處理.....6
(1)樣本保存.....6
(2)魚種鑑定、個體數的計數及全長測量.....6
三、數據分析.....6
1、棲地環境之數據分析.....6
(1)各魚種於三樣區間的相互關係.....6
(2)樣區間魚種相似度.....6
(3)各樣區中魚類群聚組成及多樣性.....7
2、季節組成之數據分析.....7
(1)各魚種於二年度中出現的頻率.....8
(2)各年度魚種組成之季節變化.....8
(3)年度間魚類出現之差異.....8
(4)兩兩季節間魚種相似度.....8
(5)月間魚種組成之比較.....8
(6)魚種全長組成.....9
(7)魚類群聚結構.....9
參、結果.....11
一、水文環境資料.....11
二、棲地環境之數據分析.....12
1、各魚種於三樣區間的相互關係..... 12
2、樣區間魚種相似度.....13
3、各樣區中魚類群聚組成及多樣性.....13
三、季節組成之數據分析.....13
1、各魚種於二年度中出現的頻率 .....14
2、各年度魚種組成之季節變化.....14
3、年度間魚種出現之差異.....15
4、兩兩季節間魚種相似度.....15
5、月間魚種組成之比較.....15
6、魚種全長組成.....16
7、魚類群聚結構.....17
肆、討論.....20
伍、結論與建議.....28
陸、參考文獻.....29

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