臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　隨著低成本航空 (low-cost carriers, LCC)崛起與快速發展，航空市場競爭越趨激烈。低成本航空囿於短程航線策略無法運用網路經濟效果，難以進入長程市場，且近年來低成本航空刺激市場需求之能力已不多，部分航線市場已接近飽和，為提高競爭、增加營運規模，低成本航空開始採取新的營運策略模式，試圖朝向低成本航空聯盟(如JetBlue與Aer Lingus、Air Asia與Jetstar聯盟)。面對複雜的協調整合規劃決策環境，低成本航空聯盟模式、聯盟航線決策與航線班次規劃問題，便成為重要之研究課題。由於低成本航空聯盟尚屬發展階段，過去研究較缺乏低成本航空進行策略聯盟之營運規劃問題，故本研究著重低成本航空聯盟之聯盟航線決策與航線班次規劃，於學術面及實務面確具研究重要性及研究貢獻。
　　本研究主要探討低成本航空進行共用班號聯盟(code-share alliance)之聯盟航線決策、航線班次與航線基本費率之航線網路規劃問題。考慮聯盟協商互動及聯盟與聯盟外競爭者之競爭互動，本研究設計兩階段互動式求解演算法，第一階段為聯盟協商互動，為同時追求聯盟整體網路與個別低成本航空網路最佳化，分別建構聯盟前低成本航空公司個別航線網路模式與聯盟後整合網路之航線網路規劃模式，應用參考點法所建立之互動式求解機制，分析聯盟兩造之協商互動；透過互動式規劃求解，探討低成本航空最適聯盟規劃。第二階段為低成本航空聯盟與聯盟外全服務航空間之競爭互動，透過競爭情境分析，求解在不同航線市場競爭下低成本航空聯盟所對應之最適聯盟規劃。
　　本研究以亞洲低成本航空公司為對象進行數值範例分析，驗證模式可行性。研究結果顯示，在最適聯盟決策與協商互動下，平行式共用班號使聯盟兩造之總利潤皆增加、總營運成本皆有效降低、航線市場佔有率亦提升，而互補式共用班號則使低成本航空進入長程航線市場且增加市場營運範圍並提升營收。進一步透過情境分析提供低成本航空聯盟決策彈性，情境中假設聯盟外競爭者採取價格競爭，結果顯示，競爭者採取降低航線基本費率策略時，低成本航空聯盟之低價優勢將逐漸減少，當競爭者採取較大之價格競爭時，惟調整低成本航空之定價策略，得維持原市場規模且使聯盟後市佔率提升。本研究成果不僅在學術上做為低成本航空聯盟網路規劃問題之建模基礎，在實務上亦可提供低成本航空業者聯盟策略與決策彈性參考。

　　Low-cost carriers (LCCs) are an increasingly important part of the global air transportation industry. Due to the short-haul strategy, LCCs are more difficult on long-haul market and hard to achieve economies of density. However, the ability of LCCs to stimulate demand is running out, and many markets seem to be at or near the saturation point. To differentiate themselves from other LCCs, some low-cost operators are adopting different business models that include entering alliance (JetBlue and Aer Lingus, Air Asia and Jetstar). One current trend is that while international alliances among major airlines continue, some low-cost airlines have formed and some are now preparing for low-cost airline alliances. Since LCC alliance is in the initial stage, few researches have been paid to the operational strategies for LCC alliance. Therefore, how to determine the airline flight frequencies is very important for LCC alliance.
　　This study develops an airline network modeling and interactive programming responsive to LCCs code-share alliances, to determine the operational strategies in airline network design, airline flight frequencies and airfare. Consider bargaining interactions by international code-share alliances agreements and competitive interactions by LCCs alliance with full service carriers (FSCs), this study designs a two-stage interactive algorithm. In the first phase, the bargaining interactions between two partner–LCCs in a LCC alliance negotiation was taken into consideration. In order to determine the LCC alliance networking and the optimization of the individual LCCs, this study formulates the network modeling of pre-alliance and the integrated alliance network, respectively. In the second phase, the competitive interactions between LCC alliance and the other competitor in airlines market was taken into consideration. Through competitve scenario analysis were determined. The optimal operational strategies corresponding to different competitor reactions.
　　A numerical example with an Asian LCC and an Australian LCC were provided to illustrate the results and the application of the proposed models. Moreover, a group of optimal solutions for airline flight frequecies and airfares was determined. An optimal LCCs alliance operational strategy was also determined. The results showed that the parallel code-share alliance makes both sides of LCC members increase profits, reduce operating costs and also increase market shares. On the other hand, the complementary code-share alliance makes them enter long-haul market and extend the network scope. Scenario analyses are also discussed. The results of this study explore the effect of LCC alliances on airfares, allied routes and route frequencies, and the allied network structure. In addition, it is envisaged that the results of this study may shed light on low-cost alliance strategies.

目錄
誌謝 i
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
符號說明 xi
第一章、緒論 1
1.1. 背景與動機 1
1.2. 研究目的 4
1.3. 研究範圍 6
1.4. 研究流程 7
第二章、文獻回顧 9
2.1. 航空公司策略聯盟相關文獻 9
2.2. 低成本航空相關文獻 16
2.3. 小結 23
第三章、模式建構 24
3.1. 決策變數與基本參變數設定 24
3.2. 低成本航空聯盟航線網路班次規劃模式 29
3.3. 低成本航空聯盟協商互動求解 33
第四章、數值範例 38
4.1. 低成本航空網路數值設定 38
4.2. 低成本航空聯盟網路規劃分析 44
4.2.1. 平行聯盟網路 44
4.2.2. 互補聯盟網路 50
4.2.3. 聯盟整合網路 56
4.3. 競爭者反應情境分析 59
4.3.1. 情境一：競爭者基本費率降低5% 60
4.3.2. 情境二：競爭者基本費率降低10% 72
第五章、結論與建議 99
5.1. 結論 99
5.2. 建議 102
參考文獻 103

表目錄
表2.1航空聯盟相關文獻彙整表 14
表2.2航空聯盟規劃相關文獻彙整表 15
表2.3低成本航空相關文獻彙整表 21
表2.4低成本航空聯盟文獻彙整表 22
表3.1總營運成本項目 26
表4.1起迄對城市對照表 41
表4.2低成本航空公司航線網路集合定義 41
表4.3航空公司機隊規模相關資料 42
表4.4航線市場總運量與航線設定 42
表4.5低成本航空公司之初始值設定 43
表4.6聯盟前個別航空公司航線班次規劃 47
表4.7低成本航空聯盟協商過程-平行聯盟 48
表4.8平行聯盟航線班次規劃 49
表4.9低成本航空聯盟協商過程-互補聯盟 53
表4.10互補聯盟航線班次規劃 54
表4.11聯盟後個別航空公司航線班次規劃 55
表4.12平行聯盟前後低成本航空公司航線班次、市佔率與費率比較 58
表4.13低成本航空聯盟整體航線班次與市佔率比較 58
表4.14競爭者基本費率降低5% 62
表4.15情境1低成本航空聯盟協商過程-平行聯盟 62
表4.16情境1平行聯盟航線班次規劃 63
表4.17情境1低成本航空聯盟協商過程-互補聯盟 66
表4.18情境1互補聯盟航線班次規劃 67
表4.19情境1聯盟後個別航空公司航線班次規劃 68
表4.20情境1平行聯盟前後低成本航空公司航線班次、市佔率與費率比較 71
表4.21情境1低成本航空聯盟後航線班次與市佔率比較 71
表4.22競爭者基本費率降低10% 75
表4.23情境2-1低成本航空聯盟協商過程-平行聯盟 75
表4.24情境2-1平行聯盟航線班次規劃 76
表4.25情境2-1低成本航空聯盟協商過程-互補聯盟 79
表4.26情境2-1互補聯盟航線班次規劃 80
表4.27情境2-1聯盟後個別航空公司航線班次規劃 81
表4.28情境2-1平行聯盟前後低成本航空公司航線班次、市佔率與費率比較 84
表4.29情境2-1低成本航空聯盟後航線班次與市佔率比較 84
表4.30目標低成本航空與夥伴低成本航空調整後費率 87
表4.31低成本航空調整成本加成率後之總利潤 87
表4.32情境2-2低成本航空聯盟協商過程-平行聯盟 88
表4.33情境2-2平行聯盟航線班次規劃 89
表4.34情境2-2低成本航空聯盟協商過程-互補聯盟 92
表4.35情境2-2互補聯盟航線班次規劃 93
表4.36情境2-2聯盟後個別航空公司航線班次規劃 94
表4.37情境2-2平行聯盟前後低成本航空公司航線班次、市佔率與費率比較 97
表4.38情境2-2低成本航空聯盟航線班次與市佔率比較 97

圖目錄
圖1.1研究架構流程圖 8
圖2.1航空公司共用班號聯盟類型(EU commission, 2007) 10
圖3.1分段線性成本函數曲線 27
圖3.2低成本航空聯盟協商互動與航空網路競爭互動二階段架構 36
圖3.3低成本航空聯盟航線班次規劃求解流程 37
圖4.1目標低成本航空聯盟航線網路 (a) L-M1平行聯盟 (b) L-M2互補聯盟 40
圖4.2平行聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 49
圖4.3平行聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 49
圖4.4互補聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 54
圖4.5互補聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 54
圖4.6情境1平行聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 63
圖4.7情境1平行聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 63
圖4.8情境1互補聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 67
圖4.9情境1互補聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 67
圖4.10情境2-1平行聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 76
圖4.11情境2-1平行聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 76
圖4.12情境2-1互補聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 80
圖4.13情境2-1互補聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 80
圖4.14情境2-2平行聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 89
圖4.15情境2-2平行聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 89
圖4.16情境2-2互補聯盟協商過程總利潤變動圖 93
圖4.17情境2-2互補聯盟協商過程總營運成本變動圖 93
圖4.18平行聯盟航線1-2不同競爭下之市佔率變化 98
圖4.19平行聯盟航線1-6不同競爭下之市佔率變化 98
圖4.20互補聯盟航線1-9不同競爭下之市佔率變化 98

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