臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

有關策略管理之理論研究及實務方面，過去以來一直由競爭典範所主導；競爭策略的應用，反映出公司為獲取競爭優勢、佔有產業中的優勢地位、並開發出難以模仿之獨特競爭力的導向。惟由於競爭策略太過於強調組織與競爭者及其他利害關係人間為零合遊戲，而忽略了組織的社會關係，因此有學說主張以合作策略來彌補競爭策略的缺失。

競爭與合作，在早期被視為是兩個極端，毫不相容；如今競爭與合作策略的併用，已被視為是企業追求成功不可或缺的條件。

綜合相關文獻，發現相關的研究皆分別從合作或競爭的觀點出發，且只進行單方面之探討，然對於企業間同時採用競合策略之論述卻不多。此外由文獻中亦可得知，企業間資源之不對稱，亦將直接影響策略之形成，然而有關不對稱性之論述仍顯不足，因此本研究以資源不對稱性及競合策略之角度切入，期能彌補從單一的競爭策略或合作策略研究面向之不足。

在研究設計方面，為控制產業別差異之因素，本研究選定以模擬器產業為主要研究對象。同時採用個案研究為主要的研究方法，並輔以社會網絡分析法，來分析所研究的個案在競合關係中，其競合策略之採行與競合強度等有關問題。
本研究收集之資料除報章、雜誌等相關報導及公開說明書等次級資料之蒐集外，亦以人員深度訪談方式，獲得個案研究所需之初級資料。而所收集之個案資料，經系統性地歸納整理與分析後，獲得下列結果：

一、在理論方面：
本研究發展了下列之命題：
(一)企業特性會影響該企業與其他廠商間之資源不對稱性。
(二)企業特性不同，其所採取之策略亦不同。
(三)擁有資源優勢之企業，傾向採取競爭策略；反之，企業屬資源條件弱勢者，傾向採取合作策略。

二、在實務方面：
本研究藉由社會網絡分析觀念，導出了競合強度評量模式，以利企業作為其採行競爭或合作時決斷之參考依據。

In the past, concerning the theory studies and practical aspects of the strategy managements, they were always led mainly by the quintessence of competitions. The adoption of competition strategy reflected the competitive dominance that the company had pursued for, the advantageous position in the field of industry that the company was tend to occupy, and the business direction of this company was always guided by developing something that was difficult to copy that created a unique competitive power.

However, the competition strategy had over-emphasized the organization, the competitors and other personnel with conflict of interests, and as a result, the human relationship became a repetition game of competition and cooperation. Thus, the social relationship of organization was neglected, and therefore, there were doctrines to contend the cooperation strategy in order to compensate the deficiency of the competition strategy.

The competition and the cooperation had long been regarded as two extremenesses, there was absolutely no space for compatibility. Today, the strategies of competition and of cooperation are adopted jointly, and this is deemed the unexpendable condition for an enterprise to pursue its success.

Integrating the relevant documents, one finds that the relevant studies had all but started from the points of view respectively, either of cooperation or of competition, and only to proceed the research unilaterally, and little of these studies have discoursed on enterprises adopted jointly both the strategies of competition and of cooperation simultaneously. Additionally, it is known, also from these documents, the resources of the enterprises are not proportional, that will affect the forming of strategies, but the discourses of this relevant non-proportional condition are apparently not enough, therefore, this study cut in from the angle of resource non-proportion and from competition & cooperation strategies, in the expectation of compensating the deficiency of the studies by starting from either competition strategy or from cooperation strategy unilaterally.

As the design aspect of this study, for controlling the factors of the differences among various industries, this study has chosen the simulator industry as a main study object. At the mean time, this study has adopted the case study as its main study method, and used the social network analytical method as a backup, to analysis the relevant queries concerning the adoption of competition and of cooperation strategies and the degree of competition and of cooperation for this individual case to be studied in its relationship of competition and of cooperation.

As for the data collected for this study, in addition to those from the relevant reports on newspapers, magazines and subsidiary information from publicized brochures, the in-depth personnel interview has also been adopted, in order to obtain the primary information needed for this study. Of all the case data collected, after systematic induction, ordination and analysis, attained the following results:

I. In the Aspects of Theory:
This study has developed the following propositions:
1.The characteristics of an enterprise will affect the resource non-proportional condition among this enterprise and other suppliers.
2.Enterprises with different characteristics, the adoptions of competition or of cooperation strategies are also different.
3.The enterprises with resource dominance have the tendency to adopt competition strategy; whereas those enterprises with soft resource condition have the tendency to adopt cooperation strategy.

II. In the Aspects of Practice:
This study has derived via social network analysis concept, a measurement mode for the intensity of competition and of cooperation. This result will serve as a reference to enable the enterprises in making decisions on the adoption of either the competition or the cooperation.

中文摘要………………………………………………………Ⅲ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………Ⅴ
目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅷ
表目錄………………………………………………………………Ⅹ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………ⅩⅠ

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3

第二章 重要參考文獻 5
第一節 合作策略……………………………………………. ..5
第二節 競爭策略……………………………………………..9
第三節 競合策略…………………………………………….13
第四節 資源不對稱性與合作及競爭策略之關係 17
第五節 社會網絡及其結構 21
第六節 文獻探討之意涵 34

第三章 研究方法 37
第一節 研究架構 37
第二節 研究變項定義與衡量 39
第三節 研究方法設計 47
第四節 研究範圍與對象 53


第四章 研究結果 55
第一節 模擬器產業概況 55
第二節 個案綜合比較說明 66
第三節 資料分析與命題發展 80
第四節 競合強度評量模式 94

第五章 結論與建議 114
第一節 研究發現與結論 115
第二節 研究限制 123
第三節 研究建議 124

附錄一 個案介紹 132
中山科學研究院簡介…………………………………………132
仲琦科技股份有限公司簡介…………………………………151
漢翔航空工業有限公司簡介…………………………………162

附錄二 訪談題綱……………………………………………..174

參考書目………………………………………………………….181

表 目 錄

表2.3.1夥伴關係中的競合態度 16
表2.3.2以資源基礎理論、競局理論及社會經濟理論為基礎之競合策略 16
表2.5.1網絡組織之定位 25
表2.5.2社會網絡之結構與特性構面及定義 31
表4.1.1模擬器產品層級與市場發展分佈區隔 65
表4.2.1企業特性比較表 67
表4.2.2核心資源強度比較表 71
表4.2.3競爭策略比較表 76
表4.2.4合作策略比較表 78
表4.4.1台灣模擬器市場1995至2001廠家競合網絡資料表 95
表4.4.2廠家競爭與合作互動之頻率統計表 97
表4.4.3個案企業網絡競爭頻率半矩陣表 103
表4.4.4個案企業網絡合作頻率半矩陣表 105
表4.4.5企業網絡競合頻率矩陣 106
表4.4.6個案企業競爭與合作強度矩陣表 109
表5.1.1資源不對稱性與企業特性構念變項間之因變關係 116
表5.1.2策略與企業特性構念變項間之因變關係 117
表5.1.3策略與資源不對稱性構念變項間之因變關係 119
表5.1.4命題綜整表 120

圖 目 錄

圖3.1.1 研究架構圖…………………….……………….38
圖3.2.1 研究流程圖…………..…………….…………..53
圖4.4.1 模擬器廠家競爭網絡圖……………...……..101

壹、中文部份

一、書籍
郭生玉，心理與教育研究法，台北：精華書局，民國八十一年。
D’Aveni, R.A.， 超優勢競爭：新時代的動態競爭理論的應用。 台北：遠流，民國八十七年。
司徒達賢，策略管理新論。台北：智勝文化，民國八十九年。
齊思賢譯，策略聯盟新紀元。台北：先覺出版社，民國八十九年。

二、期刊
吳思華，「策略九說─第四說：資源說」，世界經理文摘，第89期(民國八十三年一月)，74-87。
三、學術論文
司徒達賢，「資源基礎論與企業競爭優勢關係之探討」，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。民國八十四年一月。
林晉寬，「從資源基礎論探討資源特性與成長策之關係」，博士論文，政治大學企業管理研究所。民國八十四年六月。
蔡啟通，「組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係」，博士論文，台灣大學商學研究所。民國八十六年六月。
彭朱如，「醫療產業中跨組織合作關係類型與管理機制之研究」，博士論文，政治大學企業管理研究所。民國八十七年六月。

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